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Project Management

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Kompania Konkrete Masonry (CMC), pasi ishte lider në industri për 25 vjet, vendosi të dilte jashtë biznesit të prodhimit të betonit. Megjithëse vitet e fundit ka pasur një bum në ndërtimin e godinave të banimit, puna komerciale ishte në rënie. Si rezultat I kësaj, të gjithë fabrikat e prodhimit të betonit të pararendur po qendronin larg punëve të mëdha. Në mënyrë që të mbijetonte CMC kishte të ofronte punë jashtë zonës së tyre gjeografike. Të mbijetonte varej nga të qënit konkurues. Në 1975, çmimi mesatar i shitjes së një këmbë kubi beton ishte 8,35$ dhe në vitin 1977, çmimi mesatar i shitjes kishte rënë në 6,85. CMC ishte duke prodhur me një normë prej një milion këmbë kubike në vit (nuk nevojitej shumë matematikë për të kuptuar se ata merrnin një million e gjysëm dollarë në vit, që ishte më pak se ajo që merrnin për të njejtin produkt më pak se dy vjet më parë.
Menaxhimi i produktit ishte realizuar nga CMC duke përdorur formën e organizimit matricë. Menaxheri i projektit të CMC kishte përgjegjlsit të plotë që nga dizenjimi deri tek përfurnimi I projektit të ndërtimit. Megjithaët me uljen e pjesës së tregut, dhe me ndyrshimin e tregut, suksesi që CMC kishte pasur më pare vihej në pikpyetje
History- The concrete blockm business
CMC ishte nisur futur në biznesin e prodhimit të blloqeve të betonit në 1946. Në fillimet e saj, CMC u bë lideri i tregut për dy arsye: Së pari, kishte një teknologji të avancuar në prodhim dhe së dyti kishte një sistem inovativ shpërndarjeje. Me pajisje moderne, veçanërisht për paketimin e blloqeve në stiva, CMC ishte në gjëndje të bënte forma të ndryshme të blloqeve pa pasur nevojën për të bërë shumë ndryshime në makineri. Ky ndryshim, sëbashku me përdorimin e pirunjtë, që mundësuar nivele të larta të eficencës, ulja e kostos të shpërndarjes, të gjitha këto kanë kontribuar në suksesin e bizneseve të blloqeve të CMC.
Si pasojë, suksesi i biznesit të blloqeve siguroi kapitalin e nevojshëm që i duhej CMC për të hyrë në biznesin e prodhimit të betonit të pararendur.
History- the prestressed concrete business
Prodhimi i betonit të paranderur bëhet duke hedhur beton përreth kabllove të çelikut të cilët tendosen nga kriku hidraulik. Pas ngurtësimit të betonit, kabllat lëshohen dhe kështu betoni është i ngjeshur. Betoni është më i fortë kur ai është i ngjeshur. Çeliku është më i fortë kur në të përdoret tension ose kur tendoset. Në këtë mënyrë, CMC kombinonte cilësinë e dy materialeve. Efektiviteti i kësaj teknike duket qartësisht duke përdorur një shembull, duke vendosur dy rreshta librash horizontal ushtrojmë presion tek cdo fund rreshti poshtë qëndrës së gravitetit.
Fabrika e prodhimit të blloqeve ishte një bazë natyrale në të cilën më pas hyri në biznesin e ngurtësimit të blloqeve, sepse trarët e parë të betonit prodhoheshin duke vendosur rreshta të blloqeve të betonit, në të cilat ngurtësimi ndodhte duke përdorur tension të lartë në telat në pjesën bazë të blloqeve. Në tela ishte vendosur tension i lartë, dhe për këtë arsye fundi i trarëve mbushej. Më pas, tensioni ulej që të ngjeshej mbushja në pjesjen e poshtme. Kjo forcë e ushtruar në fund të mbushjes tenton të kundërveproj për të shmangur rënien e gjithë peshës të pjesës së sipërme. Në sajë të këtij procesi, mbushja dhe ngurtësimi i betonit mbush tre herë ose katër hapësirën në beton sesa betoni tradicional.
Në 1951, pas disa udhëtimesh në Washington, DC, dhe një punë ekselente si shitës tek themelimi i CMC, T. L. Goudvis, CMC ishte në gjëndje tja jepte volumin e parë të tyrë të projektit të blloqeve të prodhuara tek the Corps of Engineers. Kontrata autorizonte përdorimin e trarëve të betonit dhe kështu ata u përdorën për të ndërtuar kulmet e depove, ku ishin ndërtuar depo komplekse të Forcave ajrore në Shelby, Ohio. Ndërtesat ishin të sukseshme dhe CMC menjëherë fitoi prestigjin si një lider në biznesin e prodhimit të betonit.
Trarët ëest cast ishin zhvilluar më pas. Për këto, në vend të blloqeve të betonit, kabllat ishin vendosur në një formë të gjatë, dhe vendosej tension i dëshiruar, dhe më pas hidhej betoni i dëshiruar për të krijuar travetat.
Në fillim, ata prodhonin vetëm për ndërtimin e çative dhe tavaneve, por në fillimet e viteve 1960, ata filluan të përfshinin prodhimin e betonit për struktura më komplekse. CMC filloi të dizenjonte dhe nuk prodhonte vetëm tra, por dhe kolona dhe çfarë do lloj komponenti tjetër për ta bërë një strukturën të plotë.
Manaxhimi i projektit
Të ndërtoje një ndërtesë të tërë, si në rastin garazhdit të parkimit, do të thoshte se punët kishin filluar të bëheshin komplekse duke respektuar ndërvarësinë në përmbushjen e detyrave. Në vitin 1967, për këtë arsye, u krijua manaxhimi i projektit. Departamenti funksional bënte punën, por menaxheri i projektit e shihte nëse projekti i caktuar ishte realizuar në kohë, brenda buxhetit dhe specifikimeve të nevojshme.
Një organizatë me strukturë matric ishte adoptuar dhe përdorur efektivisht nga CMC. Koncepti i organizimit në formë matric i aplikuar nga CMC ishte një sistem organizativ që kishte një rrjet marrëdhëniesh, në vend të një organizimi linjë ku marrëdhënia e stafit ishte e kushtëzuar nga varësia e detyrave.
Çdo manaxheri projekti i ishte caktuar një personel me kualifikimet e nevojshme të marrë nga departamenti funksional për kohëzhjatjen e projektit. Kështu projekti i organizatës përbëhej nga manaxheri i projektit dhe nga grupi i personelit të departamentit funksional. Manaxheri i projektit nuk kishte vetëm përgjegjësi dhe jepte llogari për përfundimin e suksesshëm të kontratës, por gjithashtu kishte dhe autoritetine deleguar për përshkrimin e punës, detyrave për personelin e grupit funksional dhe procedurat e përcaktimit të marrëdhënieve.
Zona me funksion më të rëndësishëm për manaxherin e projektit ishte departamenti i inxhinieringut sepse prodhimi i betonit të pararendur ishte një produkt inxhinierik. Kërkohej një bashkëpunim i lartë dhe kordinim midis manaxherit të projektit dhe departamentit të inxhinieringut thjesht që të ishin të sigurt që çdo gje shkonte në rregull dhe përputhej me strukturën. Një inxhinier bënte dizajnin. Puna e manaxherit të projektit ishte të shikonte nëse dizajnin ishte bërë siç duhej dhe me eficenc. Skedulimi i prodhimit bëhej nga manaxheri i projektit, dhe modifikime të vogla bëheshin nga centrali. Menaxherit të projektit i kërkohej të bënte të gjitha kordinimet me klientin, arkitekin, ndërtueson dhe punonjësit. Në fund, duhej të kishte bashkëpunim midis manaxherit të projektit dhe departamentit të shitjes për të pare nëse produkti që menaxheri i projektit ishte duke bërë ishte ai që departmanti i shitjeve kishte shitur.

Estimated- which department
Në një kohë ose përgjatë historisë së CMC, vlerësimi ishte bërë nga çdo fushë funksionale në organizatë, nga shitja, inxhinieringu, prodhimi dhe administrimi. Për të përcaktuar se kush duhej të bënte vlerësimin ishte një problem për CMC. Për një fare kohe vlerësimi ishte funksion me vete dhe raportonte direkt te manaxheri i përgjithshëm.
Caktimi i këtij funksioni te ndonjë nga departamentet sillte disa probleme, jo direkt te CMC, por tek punonjësitë, natyra njerëzore. Për shembull, kur vlerësimi bëhej nga departamenti i shitjeve, vlerësimi i kostove kishte tendencë të ishte i ulët. Tek shitjet, vlerësures e dinte se shefi kërkonte të ishte ofruesi me koston më të ulët, pasi dikush mund ti thoshte se pse na duhet 10 ditë kur mund ti bëjme paralelisht 3 në të njejtën kohë.

Kur vlerësimi bëhej nga prodhuesi, vlerësimi tentonte të ishte i lartë. Ko për arsye se vlerësuesi nuk donte që shefi, manaxheri i prodhimit të vinte e ti thonte: Si e vlerëson ti këtë me 5$ për kubë kur kjo realisht kushton 6 $ për kubë? Nuk është kosto e prodhimit keq, është vlerësimi keq.
Ë.S. Lasch, manaxheri i përgjithshëm i CMC, ka komenin e tij në lidhje me vlersimin në situatat e menaxhimit të projektit.
Është shumë e vështirë për të dhënë llogari për vlerësimin e projektit. Kur disa projekte janë ballgames, një sasi e madhe informacioni do të vij nga shumë anë. Aty ka shumë artë dhe shkencë. Nuk mund të thoni me siguri një qind për qind se kostot janë të larta sepse është një lloj si të thuash që vlerësimi është shumë i ulët.
Kështu si një kompromis pjesa më e madhe e vlerësimit bëhet nga inxhinierët. Ndërkohë që ajo zgjidhte disa probleme, krijonte disa të tjera. Inxhinierët do të ishin më të drejtë, i bënin vlerësimet ashtu siç ishin. Gjithsesi, ata duhej ti përgjigjeshin departamentit të shtijeve dhe ngarkesa që ata kishin ishte një problem. Për shembull, një inxhinier është në mes të vlerësimit të një garazhdi, një detyrë që merr disa ditë. Në atë moment dikush nga departamenti I shitjeve do që ai të ndalojë së vlerësuari atë dhe të vlerësojë një punë tjetër. Është departamenti I shitjeve ai që merr vendimin sepse është ai që e di se cilat janë prioritet e punës. Pra edhe pse vlerësuesi punonte tek departamenti I inxhinieringut, ai në fakt varej nga departamenti I shitjeve dhe ngarkesa e tij e punës ishte shqetësuese.

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...Project Management By Present Project management techniques can be used to improve the ampletion of project by planning and scheduling a project to develop the work break down structure. This involves identifying the activities that must be performed in the project. An activity is a job or task that is a part of a project. There may be varying levels of detail, and each activity may be broken into its most basic components. The time cost resource requirement predecessors and persons responsible are identified for each activity. When this has been done a schedule for the project can be developed. For example the most realistic project that organizations like Microsoft, General Motors, or the U.S. Defense Depart undertake are large and complex. A builder putting up an office building for example must complete thousand of activities costing millions of dollars. NASA must inspect countless components before it launches a rocket. Almost every industry worries about how to manage similar large scale, complicated projects effectively. In addition to managing the time and cost involved in a project, a manager must also be concerned with resources used in a project. These resources might be equipment for people. In planning a project and often as part of the work break down structure, a manager must identify which resources are needed with each activity. For example, in a construction project there may be several activities requiring the use of heavy equipment such as...

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Premium Essay

Project Management

...01 1.1 Introduction of Project Management Although project management history starts further back in latter 19th century modern project management began in the early 1960s. The need of the project management increased with the development of business around projects and to communicate and co-ordinate work across departments and people. According to the PMBOK (2008) project defines as "temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product or service.Temparary means that every project has a definite end. Unique means that the product or service is different in some distinguishing way from all similar product or service." PMBOK (2004) analyse project management as “the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities in order to meet stakeholder’s needs and expectations from a project." Where, Grham (1985) identified project management as "a set of people and other resources temporarily assembled to reach a specified objective, normally with a fixed budget and with a fixed time period. Projects are generally associated with products or procedures that are being done for the time or with known procedures that are being altered." These two definitions clearly show the difference of identifying the project management in time to time. Success or failure of the project can influence by project manager. He integrates and co-ordinates and guides them to successfully complete the project. Below are some desirable project manager attributes (Burke...

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