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Report details:

Title: JAWALAKHEL HANDIICRAFT CENTER

Submission Date: 21st December, 2011

Submitted to: Mr Narayan Pradhan, NCM

Submitted by: Group SNSS.

Group members: Shruti Kunwar,(A11013),

Neha Maharjan (A11014),

Sujan Maharjan(A11015),

Shreya Malla (A11016)

Acknowledgement

There are many co-operative helping hands in the course of completion of this report. And so we would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all of them.

We would like to give special thanks to Mr. Narayan Pradhan , professor, NCM for providing us with this opportunity to know about the real world practices in carpet industry. We also acknowledge the support and coordination provided by Jawalakhel Handicraft Centre. Moreover, we are very grateful to Mr. K.P. Maskey.

We would also like to show our sincere gratitude to the management and faculty members of NCM, who have been very co-operative and helpful. We finally thank all the other who have helped us either directly or indirectly to accomplish our project.

Executive Summary

The project has encompassed the details on the handicraft industries of Nepal. The project actually has cited the knowledge on the carpet industries of Nepal.

The project has explained the details under the following major headings:

a) Introduction:

The detail introduction on the carpet industry of Nepal. The industry’s major introduction is included here on this section of the report.

b) History of carpet industry in Nepal:

The history of the industry has been explained in detail in this section of the report. This section of the report has dealt with the contents that sets light on how this industry was before.

c) Objectives of the industry:

The section sorts out the major objectives of the industry.

d) Different process under manufacturing of the carpet:

The section deals with the major process on how the carpets are produced. The section gives idea about the methods used in producing carpets here in Nepal.

e) Interview with K.P. Maskey:

The interview section covers the details that were extracted on the course of questioning the exertise of the field.

CONTENTS Title Page no.

Introduction to Carpet Industry……………………………………………….…5

History of Carpet in Nepal……………………………………………………….6

Objectives of Carpet Industry………………………………………………..….7

Different Porcess under Carpet Manufacturing…………………………….....8

How It Boosted………………………………………………………………….10

What caused It to fall down…………………………………………………….11

Present Situation………………………………………………………………..13

The major carpet industries of Nepal (CCIA)………………………………...14

Industry Visit and Interview with K.P. Maskey……………………………….16

Reason For the Success……………………………………………………….17

Concrete solutions to uplift the carpet industry………………………………18

Conclusion. …………………………………………………………………..…19

Recommendation……………………………………………………………….20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Carpet Export of Nepal……………………………………………..13

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Organizational chart ………………………………………………...15

Figure 2:Gantt chart of our report preparation on carpet industry…………21

INTRODUCTION OF CARPET INDUSTRY

One of the major factors to enhance Nepal’s economy and tourism, the industry which one can never miss out, is the carpet industry. Nepal has become famous for its hand woven carpets, and throughout the 1980s and 1990s, carpets were one of Nepal’s largest exports. Carpet industry has occurred to be an industry that has helped the country to utilize all its resources which are not easily available everywhere else in the world. We cannot deny the fact that rural development was possible through establishment of small carpet industries in places where people are not well educated or even not literate. Be it small, medium or large scale, these types of industries has indeed helped a lot of people get employment and become economically and skillfully independent. Every industry requires raw materials, skilled manpower, labor, capitals, facilities of transport, communication market and machines. Nepal being a country that is acquired with the natural resources essential for making carpets has excelled in exporting carpets. Rich in nature, our country has good production of the fibers that are required in knitting carpets. And as a result Nepal has become self-reliant in the field of carpet manufacturing.

Carpet industry comes under the cottage industry which includes materials like radi, pakhi, pashmina, carpets. It is motivated towards providing customers service rather than being profit motive.

History of carpets in Nepal

Being an unindustrialized country in the past, Nepal started making handmade carpets by knitting, weaving and stitching. The art of weaving is an old tradition in Nepal especially in mountainous region of the country. Radii, pakhi, bakhhu, darhi (with pile) are well known Nepalese product produced in these regions using indigenous wool. The marketing of these was confined to the domestic product. It was in the early sixties that the development of an export quality carpets was initiated with the influx of the Tibetan refugees.

Credit goes to the Swiss Agency for Technical Assistance (SATA) for their contribution, in the development of the carpet industry in Nepal through financial & technical support to the Tibetan refugees’ re-settlement programs. In the beginning, it was launched as a source of livelihood for the Tibetan refugees and marketing was limited to tourists visiting the country.

Hand processed carpets are believed to be the most reliant where qualities ranging from 60-150 knots per square inch is contained in the Nepalese –Tibetan carpets. The beautiful and distinct design created in these carpets are influenced by the Buddhism religion but in recent years Nepalese manufacturers have introduced modern design and colors in line with the present day market tastes.

The traditional size has been replaced by a wide range of sizes from 0.25Sq.m. to 56m2 in shapes such as round, octagon and customs shapes. The desired designs, styles and shades are the creation of local designers & engineers with regular feedback from the market.
At present, 95 percent of the production of carpet is concentrated in the Kathmandu valley with the remaining 5 percent is spreading over a number of other districts of the country.
OBJECTIVES OF CARPET INDUSTRY ❖ To foster good relationship and unity among the trading community and industrialists. ❖ To organize Trade and industrial fairs and to co-operate with Nepalese participates in such fairs. ❖ To issue certificate of Origin for the Nepalese exportable products. ❖ To develop links with all the commercial, industrial, and other similar associations of the world and to co-operate with each other for the betterment of national economy in particular. ❖ To establish or to encourage establishment of academic institutions relating to industry and commerce. With the fulfillment of these objectives Nepal has been broadening the scope of carpet industry. Even though our country had to face lot of struggles regarding weak economy, cut throat competition with developed countries and instable government, the carpet industry has been making several efforts to increase its demand. These objectives are meant to tackle the failures that come in the way.

Different process under carpet manufacturing

Prior to 1984, no machineries were used in the production process. The whole process from the sorting of the wool to the packaging stage of the finished product was carried out by hand process. The production process of Nepalese Tibetan carpet includes:

• Wool Sorting & Washing: Wool from Tibet is generally imported in raw form requiring careful sorting to pick-out the foreign particles such as vegetable materials. The Tibetan wool also requires washing to remove dirt and executive greases which is followed by sun drying for two to three days. The Tibetan wool has a strong good fiber length is imported in scoured form, good luster and a high resilient value. The New Zealand wollen are of 36 micron, 100 mm barb length and is identified as type 128. British wool meeting regulatory standards have also started being available in the market.

• Carding: The carding process allows the fiber stand to flow smoothly when spinning. This is also the stage for blending different wools and to ascertain the ratio of different origins. Traditionally, carding was performed by hand and machine carding was introduced when the industry grew. However hand carded product is still available if a customer so desires.

• Spinning: The carded wool is spun into yarn by hand using a charkha (Spinning wheel). The thickness of the yarn depends on the quality of the carpet and generally a 3 ply yarn is used .

• Dyeing: The traditional pot dyeing method has been largely replaced by machine dyeing in closed Chambers. Dues containing harmful substances such as AZO are banned and dye-stuffs from renowned international manufacturers are used. These dyes have a high degree of fastness. The dyed yarn has to be dried in the sunlight for one to three days depending on the weather .Pot dyeing and vegetable (natural) dyeing are still being used by some manufacturers. • Carpet Knotting: Carpet knotting is an art by itself. The worker known as the weavers is well trained and skilled in their art and has a very high versatility in knotting. One or more weavers work on a loom depending on the size of the carpet. Each weaver makes individual knots row after row. The designs are chartered out on a graph and the weavers translate the graphic designs into knots on a carpet. The dyed yarn is made into balls and scissors, iron rod, levers, comb beaters are used as tools.

• Trimming: The finished carpet taken off from the loom and the designs & patterns are curved out by scissors.

• Washing and Drying: The trimmed carpet is washed with the fresh water & chemicals. The washed carpet is dried in the sunlight up to four or five days. While the bulk of the carpets are manually washed in Nepal a notable quantity is washed in Switzerland.

• Final Finishing: The dried carpets are given the final finishing touch by retriming and stretching, where necessary to bring it to as close to the ordered size. o Packing: All washed carpets are rolled and wrapped in polythene sheet and is sealed at each end. Again, it is wrapped in Hessian cloth and sewn. Generally around 14m² are packed In each bale. o Payment: Export proceeds must be received through an irrevocable letter of credit (L/C) or advance payment.

How it boosted A major tourist destined country in the world Nepal had once made a huge investment in carpet manufacturing which engrossed the country’s economy into a new level. With its great leap on such carpet production, Nepal had been able to export carpet in countries like Denmark and Germany. The production of such handmade not only leaded to excel our encouragement in crafting them more beautifully but also helped the women in rural areas to come out of their houses and employ themselves engaging in learning new skills. One of the major reason of it’s rise in market is the successful tourism year 1998.

What caused It to fall down

Despite its economy raising improvement under carpet industry, from the year the mid 1990s this industry started to fall down. It did not catch up its speed as it used to in the early 1960s till 1993. Due to this Nepal could not export its carpet as much in the ratio like in the mid 1970s.

The major reasons for this downfall were as follows:

1) Economic recession in euro zone :

Germany, the country which imported a lot of Nepali goods acted like a bridge to our country to increase the export or even recommend it to others. But due to the economic recession in Europe the main source to export the carpet i.e. Germany was completely cut off arising from the various economic problems in euro zone.

2) Competition with Chinese , Afghani and Indian carpets:

These countries started producing carpets from machines whereas Nepal the then an economically and resourcefully weak country made only hand knotted carpets. All carpets were made by hand knitting. It required a lot of effort, efficiency, concentration and patience to prepare a hand knotted carpet. Thus mainly countries like India, China and Afghanistan were successful in outnumbering carpets in mass productions through machines. It eventually resulted in our country to lie far behind in terms of mass production.

3) Nepal Carpet Exports Association:

Apart from its continuous effort, the NCEA could not enlighten the export of carpets in foreign countries.

It could not take the carpet industry to the same height even after the tourism year 1998. With Nepali carpets reaching only in countries like Denmark and Germany that also occasionally this industry named to recognize Nepal did not contribute to increase its export.

4) Cost production did not decrease:

With the pressure to exist in the competition Nepal had to bring raw materials from India , process the preparation in Nepal and then again had to send it back to India for final finishing through machine.

5) Government instability:

Due to instability in government in the last two decades Nepal could not increase its overall economy in the carpet industry under the factors considered to support tourism in Nepal.

Some other causes for the fall down:

• Rising cost of Production.

• Insecurity among entrepreneurs due to political and labor unrest.

• Low profit and return in term of Investment. • No Direct or Indirect support from Government to encourage the stake holders to retain in the business. • No Labour act in accordance with nature of industry to maintain industrial harmony. • Different unnecessary document and fee regimes such as Tax, CO, GSP etc.
Against WTO level (Turkey’s case). • Unauthorized bureaucrats and slow government actions and decisions.

PRESENT SITUATION:

Nepalese carpet industry with interesting facts and figures about the development and the current situation of the rug industry in Nepal, the problems and the competition with the Indian carpet industry.

The whole situation in our view occurs also due to a self-made problem of the Nepalese carpet industry. They grew too fast in the 1980s and 1990s. And in order to grow, they jumped on cheap mass production by accommodating to Western tastes, and by giving up the original identity of the Tibetan carpet as they once were.
The major problem; Tibetan rugs as they once were made in Tibet are a fascinating product of excellent quality. But with their strong colors and unusual designs, Nepal is not being able to compete in the market with its hand-knotted production and low economy.
Despite its continous effort in this field, Nepal could not elaborate the export of carpets. In spite of all its attempts to uplift the carpet industry in the tourism year 2011/10, the NCEA could not increase the demand of Nepali handmade ones in the foreign country including Asia. The present situation is quite critical according to the survey.
|CARPET EXPORTRS FORM NEPAL |
|Fiscal year |Quantity in m |
|1999/00 |25,09,452.43 |
|2000/01 |22,42,692.93 |
|2001/02 |16,93,196.75 |
|2002/03 |1,566,950.17 |
|2003/04 |16,64,117.71 |
|2005/06 |1,484,484.42 |
|2006/07 |1,341,757.00 |
|2007/08 |1,149,895.94 |

Source: Annual magazine of CCIA.

The major carpet industries of Nepal

CCIA

Introduction of CCIA:

Central Carpet Industries Association (CCIA) is an association of whole carpet industries in Nepal. CCIA is a non-profitable organization and non-governmental organization. It is representative of all the possibilities and difficulties of the carpet industry. There are many member industries involved in this association around Nepal.

Objectives of CCIA:

• To bring together all the scattered carpet industries and promote organized efforts for the betterment of the carpet industry. • To maintain and ensure a sustained supply of raw materials for the benefit of carpet industries. • To promote the market potentialities of the carpet and safeguard it from market crisis. • To stabilize the market price and quality of raw wool used in carpet. • To check all the activities that hampers the quality of Nepalese Woolen Carpet. • To work as a negotiator in the dispute of the member industries. • To provide advisory services to government and lobby as and when required in formulation and execution of carpet related policies and programs. • To promote relationship and co-operation with other organizations having similar objective. • To organize trade fairs, exhibitions, seminars, and related programs in order to develop the industry. • To train manpower and bring new technologies for the improvement in the carpet field. • To collect information related to carpet industry and disseminate them to the members. • To carry out child rights research with the co-operation of related organizations and conduct child welfare activities. • To carry out other functions for the fulfillment of objectives of the Central Carpet Industries Association.
Members of CCIA:

FIGURE 1: Organizational structure of members.

[pic]Mr.Madan Kharel
Director, Commercial Department
Tel: +977-1-4224562 ext. 2320/2321 (PA)
Fax: +977-1-4231740, +977-1-4225348
Email:dirm@nac.com.np
INDUSTRY VISIT AND INTERVIEW WITH K. P. MASKEY

To get the bird’s eye view i.e. detail investigation, we continued our survey by visiting the first carpet industry established in Nepal.

“ JAWALAKHEL HANDICRAFT CENTRE (P) LTD “

Jawalakhel Handicraft Center, the pioneer Tibetan Carpet industry in Nepal popularly known as Tibetan refugee camp was set up in 1960 under the initiative of International Red Cross and Swiss Development Corporation (S.D.C.) then know as Swiss Aid for Technical Assistance (S.A.T.A.) in co-operation with His Majesty's Government of Nepal. Its main objective is to help the Tibetan refugee to do something nice and support themselves.

Our team had interviewed the executive manager of the, renowned organization.

Despite his busy schedule he gave a strong opinion on carpet industry and its scope in Nepal.

We inquired him about the rise, development, fall and scope of carpet industry. According to him,’’ the rise of carpet industry in Nepal started at the beginning of 1960’s. Its graph went on ascending leaving no sign of economic loss. It’s graph went on ascending, leaving no sign of economic loss. It was from 1993 that the graph of carpet industry started to flow in descending order. Thus, cut throat competition with other country resulted to down fall of carpet industry.

Reasons for the success

Carpet industry, in spite of being interrupted many times in its development process and having been questioned frequently in different issues at different times during the course of its progressive journey from various internal as well as external sources, has been successful in achieving the present day image and recognition at home and abroad.

The success of the Nepalese carpet can be attributed to

a) Quality of the carpet:

Nepalese carpets are handmade carpets, and fabrics used in its production have their own significance in making this product superior in quality as compared to other product superior in quality as compared to other products. This quality standard of Nepalese carpets in the foreign markets has set its own brand value in foreign market.

b) Credibility and innovative capacity of the manufacturers and exporters:

The hand woven carpets of Nepal had maintained their own brand value in the market. The foreign customers actually found the product highly durable and superior in quality due to superior quality raw materials used during its production. The hand woven carpets required much effort and serious dedication into the work of production thus making it highly durable and strong.

CONCRETE SOLUTIONS TO UPLIFT THE CARPET INDUSTRY

1. Government stability:

Government stability is must for carpet industries or any industries to improve. Until and unless there is no proper stability maintained inside the nation no industry or development sector can improve. The long two decades of political instability in Nepal has been a reason why there could be less improvement in carpet industry sector.

2. Quality improvement to meet international demands:

The Nepalese products have been facing a serious competition in the foreign markets, not on the basis of quality but on the basis of mass production. The competing nations of this sector like India have been using advanced technologies so as to manufacture in large scale. This is why Nepalese carpets have been outnumbered in the foreign markets in terms of mass production. Due to improper technology the cost of production of Nepalese carpets have been around 20 percent higher than that of India.

3. Feasibility studies for new target markets:

New markets for carpets should be approached to sustain the industry. The European and American markets are traditional markets and there has to be other markets approached as well. The markets like that of Brazil, Japan, Turkey, and other Gulf countries are the emerging markets of today. They have to be studied and hence have to be captured so as to sustain through this hard time of crisis.

4. Keeping cost of production in range so as to face market competition:

As said earlier above the cost of production could be serious factor to divert the customers from the product. The Nepalese carpets have their cost of production around 20 percent higher than that of competing products of countries like India. This is one of the reasons why the demands of Nepalese carpets in Europe have declined by around 30 percent. There has to be policies and solutions developed to keep cost of production at check so as to make the existence of the product in markets possible.

Conclusion:

The industry has been in declining stage for a considerable amount of time. The industry has been facing the dire problems of market failure. The weight of export to the foreign markets has been declining due to global recessions. The industry could go into the stage of being permanently stagnant if not given a proper look around by the government. The country has been relying on this industry as a major form of export industry.

The cost of production of the Nepalese carpets is relatively high as compared to the international competitors. This has extrinsically created the heavy need for technological advancement in Nepalese carpet industry. The demand for Nepalese carpets in foreign lands –even though having superior quality- are declining due to high cost as compared to competing products of other nations.

Recommendations:

It is very much vivid fact that only proper government focus into this sector could build a strong foundation to propel the industry further. The external factors like economic recessions even though out of nation’s control should be kept under proper monitoring, so as to improve the condition to where possible.

The demand of the Nepalese products could be enhanced in foreign markets by improving the product quality and reducing production cost. The best possible way to do both is to improve the technology that is used to produce the products. There should be a proper awareness program to why this industry is important for economic development and so as to persuade the locals to get involved to increase factor inputs.

Figure 2: Gantt chart of our report preparation on carpet industry.

|Activity |1st week |2nd week |3rd week |

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Field visit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |analysis | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Report preparation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Slides preparation | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Report editing | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Bibliography

• www.ccianet.org/

• www.nepalcarpet.org/

• www.travel-nepal.com/craft/jhc/index.html

• www.google.com.np/

• Magazine, prospectus

-----------------------
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Honorary Members

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...Prostitution is a highly debated term. Its common definition is the exchange of sexual services for compensation, usually in the form of money or other valuables (Ditmore, 2006; Edlund & Korn, 2002; Esselstyn, 1968). Yet, there are many activities that can fall into this category, and it can be argued that getting married for the purpose of having a home and livelihood qualifies as prostitution (Edlund & Korn, 2002). Some add that to differentiate prostitution from other forms of nonmarital sexual activities, it must be devoid of emotional attachment between partners (McGinn, 1998). Others, such as Edlund and Korn, argue that an element of promiscuity must also be involved. However, the notions “devoid of emotional attachment” and “promiscuity” are also vague. A young woman maintaining a long-term sexual relationship with a “sugar daddy” may not fall in this category, while others may argue that this is indeed a form of prostitution. There is also difficulty in determining the number of partners one should have to be considered promiscuous. For example, the following was noted: A woman who had sex with more than 23,000 men should be classified as a prostitute, although 40 to 60 would also do. However, promiscuity itself does not turn a woman into a prostitute. Although a vast majority of prostitutes are promiscuous, most people would agree that sleeping around does not amount to prostitution. (Edlund & Korn, 2002, p. 183) John Ince, a lawyer and leader of the Sex Party, a Canadian...

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Prostitution

...The problem with prostitution   Over the past two decades, Canada's prostitution laws have faced a number of challenges. Soon they will face another.   By The Vancouver Sun August 27, 2007 Over the past two decades, Canada's prostitution laws have faced a number of challenges. Soon they will face another. A group of Vancouver lawyers and sex workers have initiated a Charter challenge arguing that our present laws violate their right to life, liberty, security, equality and free expression. Our laws don't actually prohibit prostitution per se. They just ban any mechanism of engaging in it -- from soliciting for the purposes of prostitution to operating a common bawdy house. Those bringing the challenge argue that the laws do more harm than good. They argue that our criminal laws expose sex workers to significant harm: Physical and sexual violence, lack of access to police protection, social stigma, inequality, exploitation and murder. Their solution? Strike down the laws and institute a regulatory scheme to help make being a prostitute safer. There is something fundamentally wrong with this vision. Prostitution laws don't expose sex workers to an increased risk of physical and sexual violence, psychological injury, kidnapping and death. Prostitution does that. Should drug dealers challenge laws banning the selling of drugs because those laws force them to sell drugs in alleys and deal with shady individuals in their business? No. They should stop selling drugs...

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Prostitution

...Mitchell Wong English 93 King May 13, 2013 Prostitution Should prostitution be legalized? Prostitution is known as one of the world’s oldest professions. Prostitution is a risky industry filled with women and men being paid to please the opposite sex sexually. Prostitution is risky because the sex workers are easily exposed to abuse and drugs. An estimate shows there are over 100,000 prostitutes in the U.S, but it is impossible to count them all. Nick Kristof, an expert on human trafficking from New York Times studies show that about 2/3 of prostitutes have been sexually abused/raped , while other studies show 60 to 90 percent are abused. This shows almost all female prostitutes get abused. Statistics show that female prostitutes have it really bad, yet why do they still continue to sell sex? According to Norma Ramos from the New York Times, “Vast majority of prostitution results from conditions like childhood sexual abuse, gender inequality, poverty, racism, etc.” Prostitution and drugs go hand and hand. Most prostitutes use drugs to numb themselves in order to continue working from all the physical and mental pain. Others turn to prostitution as a last resort to score drug and money for an ongoing drug habit. While prostitution is still a choice, troubled women find it is an easy path to escape to. Prostitution should not be legalized because it promotes domestic abuse and drugs associated with the profession. Legalization will bring more power to the predators...

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Prostitution

...Prostitution Prostitution: Legal or Illegal Ashley Garcia 5/25/13 CM220: College Composition II Prostitution: Legal or Illegal Prostitution is one of the oldest illegal professions of all times. It is not going anywhere so I suggest that it be legalized to make it safer for society. Rape, child pornography and sex/drug crimes could also lower because of legalization. Think about it for a moment; when someone is told not to do something it makes them want to do it that much more, and when someone is told that they can do something, and then it’s not as intriguing to them. I will be doing a lot of research for my project. I will be using the Kaplan library and many different websites. I plan to go to my local library as well. I have not thought about interviewing anyone just yet. I plan to not let emotions or any of my own beliefs get involved in the writing of my paper. I am going to go on just facts. I am not sure what government websites could be useful at this point but I plan to look into it more deeply. Prostitution should be legalized because it can make society safer and calmer. If the prostitutes were made to get a weekly health screening and were given health cards to present, then maybe it will cut down on the STD part of the dilemma. Prostitutes also help to relieve stress from some marriages. If a man can go out and pay for sex, that he is not getting pleased with at home, without any commitments, then it can help to save a marriage. There...

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Prostitution

...Prostitution Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Prostitution is said to be one of the oldest profession in the world. It is the giving or receiving of the body for sexual activity for hire but excludes sexual activity between spouses. It is the performance for hire where there is an exchange of value, any of the following acts: Sexual intercourse; sodomy, or; manual or other bodily contact stimulation of the genitals of any person with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desires of the offender or another. Background of the Study Prostitution is the performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history the majorities have been women, reflecting both the traditional socioeconomic dependence of women and the tendency to exploit female sexuality. Although prostitution has often been characterized as the “world’s oldest profession,” the concept of women as property, which prevailed in most cultures until the end of the 19th century, meant that the profits of the profession most often accrued to the men who controlled it. Men have traditionally been characterized as procurers...

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Prostitution

...Glady Rose C. Bunao IV-23 BSE- Values Prof. Arabit DISCRIMINATING PROSTITUTION IS IMPOSSIBLE ABSTRACT: Prostitution was considered as the “oldest profession” in the world because of its commonality. This is one of the most abundant societal issue recognize all over the country that can’t be avoided nor discriminate at all. This term paper aims : 1.) To define prostitution 2.) To understand the history of prostitution in the Philippines; 3.) To classify the type of prostitution; 4.) To identify the cause and effect of prostitution; 5.) To specify the cause of men in buying prostitutes 6.) To give facts about prostitution all over the world. The researcher used to have interview with the buyer of prostitute specifically in Bulacan. This methodology will strengthen the 3 major theories namely: a.) Symbolic Interactionism, b.) Functionalism c.) Conflict Theory. Charles Darwin stated that there’s a need for survival. Prostitution was a product of never ending poverty in the world and in order to survive, even though they don’t want to engage to this kind of work, they don’t have choice but to follow where the money is or else, they will die in hunger. The scarcity of primary needs pushed people to desperately make some money even if they became “immoral” .It is considered as immoral because until now, it is not accepted in the society and there’s still debate if the world must accept this profession since it can’t be stop as the powerful group protects and control the illegality...

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Premium Essay

Prostitution

...Chapter I The Problem and its Background Introduction Prostitution is said to be one of the oldest profession in the world. It is the giving or receiving of the body for sexual activity for hire but excludes sexual activity between spouses. It is the performance for hire where there is an exchange of value, any of the following acts: Sexual intercourse; sodomy, or; manual or other bodily contact stimulation of the genitals of any person with the intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desires of the offender or another. Background of the Study Prostitution is the performance of sexual acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant sexual favors to others in exchange for money, gifts, or other payment and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a specified sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history the majorities have been women, reflecting both the traditional socioeconomic dependence of women and the tendency to exploit female sexuality. Although prostitution has often been characterized as the “world’s oldest profession,” the concept of women as property, which prevailed in most cultures until the end of the 19th century, meant that the profits of the profession most often accrued to the men who controlled it. Men have traditionally been characterized as procurers and customers...

Words: 2182 - Pages: 9