...Protein Article Research Brittnie Parkinson SCI 241 June 22, 2014 Stephen Murray Protein Article Research Protein is considered to be an organic compound that is made up of large molecules composed of long chains of amino acids. Protein is an essential part of all living organism especially as structural components of body tissues like muscle, hair, collage, along with enzymes and antibodies. Since Proteins are made up for amino acids, there are 20 that can be combined together to make all different types of proteins. Since our own bodies cannot make some amino acids, they are considered to be essential amino acids. Within the essential amino acids there are complete protein source and incomplete protein source. A complete protein source provides all of the essential amino acids. A complete protein source is also known as a high quality protein. They are animal-based foods such has meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs and cheese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oct.). An incomplete protein source, also known as complementary proteins are made up of two or more protein sources that when combined provides enough amounts of all the essential amino acids. Proteins are made up of chains of smaller building blocks called amino acids, which are chemically linked to each other. When our bodies digest the proteins in food, it is broken down into amino acids, which in turn are absorbed by the blood capillaries and transported to the liver. Amino acids are then synthesized...
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...* * * * * * * Protein Research Article * SCI 241/Nutrition * Your name goes here * School name * Instructors name, Faculty * date * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Proteins * Proteins are complex molecules, chains of amino acids are proteins. Proteins are responsible for regulating our organs and body tissues, we must have them in order for our bodies to have structure and for our bodies to function properly.20 different amino acids work together to form a particular protein. The National Institute of Health shares that “The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function” (nih.gov, 2013).Messenger proteins(Immunoglobulin G) are responsible for sending signals assisting in biological transactions among the different cells, bodily tissues and our organs. Enzymes (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase) interpret genetic information that our DNA holds, and they are responsible for chemical reactions within the body’s cells. Antibodies (Growth Hormone) bond with and protect the body from foreign particles. The structural components grace us with bodily movement. The transport/storage team (Ferritin) protein binds and delivers to our cells minute molecules and atoms. (nih.gov, 2013). * * Amino Acids * Amino Acids safeguard our cardiovascular functions because they produce...
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...Protein is found in every cell, muscle and tissue of our body and is also present in many of the foods that we eat daily. Protein is a major component of all muscles, tissues and organs and is vital for practically every process that occurs within the body such as metabolism, digestion and the transportation of nutrients and oxygen in the blood. The protein in our body is essentially the same as the protein in our food, except that it is structured differently. (Unknown author- (2001-2010) Protein - an introduction to protein in the diet) Based upon chemical composition, proteins are divided into two major classes: simple proteins; which are composed of only amino acids, and conjugated proteins; which are composed of amino acids along with additional organic and inorganic groupings, also known as prosthetic groups. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press) Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins. Amino acids are chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which combine together into different structures to form the various types of protein that the body needs. The body requires 20 different amino acids, 8 of which are referred to as essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized by the human body. Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by body but this does not mean they are less important because they are. The body is capable of producing enough protein to meet the demands for...
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...A person cannot survive without amino acids in their diet, which is why they are so important. They perform many metabolic functions that are vital to the body, and are the reason amino acids are so important for athletes. The usual intake of amino acids comes from foods like seafood, meat, and legumes. Some people, mainly athletes will use an amino acid supplement to further their intake. The amount intake of amino acids for a regular person is 1.2 grams whereas for an athlete or body builder, it is approximately 2.2 grams. Amino acids help with the building of muscles. Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) can help gain muscle tissue which in turn helps build bigger muscles. Amino acids also help in the building of stamina. Cross country runners for instance take a high amount of amino acids to prevent damage to muscle tissue since it is an extremely strenuous activity. Recovering from fatigue quicker by the intake of amino acids is another reason athletics take them. Amino acids actually slow the production of lactic acid, which causes fatigue. Besides physically fatigue, amino acids also help with mental fatigue. Serotonin in the brain can actually make a person lose willpower. When taking amino acids, it slows the production of serotonin. These are the many reasons why it is important for an athlete to take almost doubled the amount of amino acids of a non-athletic person. Fitness Builds Health. (2007). Vitamins: Amino Acids for Stamina and Muscle-Building...
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...SCI/241 Week 5 Misty Bagwell Protein Article Research Protein is a part of every cell, tissue, and organ that is in a person’s body. The proteins in a body are constantly braking down and being replaced. With the proteins that are in found in our foods that we eat and they are digested into amino acids in our bodies that are used to replace the proteins that are in our bodies. Proteins are known to be made up of amino acids and there are about 20 different amino acids that join to make different types of proteins. But not all amino acids can be made by a person’s body and this is known as essential amino acids. There are two types of proteins and those proteins are a complete protein source and an incomplete protein source. With a complete protein source, it provides all of the essential acids that a body needs. These proteins are also can be called high quality proteins and they can be found in animal-based foods. With an incomplete protein source, it is low in one or more of the essential amino acids that a body needs. There are risks that are associated with protein deficiency and overconsumption. These risks can increase a person’s risk of getting osteoporosis. There has been research done and it shows that women who are on a high protein diet based on meat have a higher rate of loss on their density compared to the women who don’t. A high protein also puts strain on a person’s kidneys, it also may contribute to cancer, and it also can cause damage to a bodies...
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...Protein Article Research Julie Giuliano SCI/241 December 13, 2012 Angela Pendergast Protein Article Research Proteins are always being produced, broken down and replaced in every part of our body. Proteins are found in body tissue, cells and all organs. You can get your daily protein by eating the following foods: Milk and Dairy products such as cheese Eggs Fish, Meat and Poultry Dry Beans and Peas Seeds and Nuts Grains Some Vegetables Some Fruits There are approximately 20 different types of amino acids that make up different proteins. Our bodies cannot produce essential Amino Acids; those types must be consumed by our diets. A source that contains all of the needed Amino Acids is called Complete Proteins. They can come from fish, meat, poultry, dairy products, milk, eggs and dry beans. For my age group I need to consume 46 grams of protein in my daily diet. By consuming too much protein in your daily diet could mean also consuming too many calories causing you to put on the pounds. Consuming too much protein can also cause health issues such as a higher rate in bone density loss in women which causes osteoporosis, some cancers are believed to be caused by high protein diets and some nutritional deficiency’s are due to high protein diets. For people that have high protein diets and cut all grains from their diets do not get the proper amount of dietary fiber. This can cause deficiency in both vitamins B and E along with Irritable Bowel Syndrome...
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...Article Critique: The Metabolism Miracle For Women Over 40 Teresa L. Kurtansky Yates Harrisburg Area Community College Nutrition 104 Professor Karen Friedman-Kester July 15, 2013 Introduction As a woman in her mid-40s, I have observed from a first-hand perspective the challenges of weight maintenance. Even eating a gluten-free and vegetarian diet, containing primarily organic, preservative-free, unprocessed food, I struggle with keeping the scales where they were only 10 years ago. The article “The Metabolism Miracle For Women Over 40” from Prevention magazine deals with just this issue. In it, author Jenna Bergen discusses the factors contributing to weight gain after age 40, and what steps to take to reverse and prevent weight gain. Section 1: Article Summarization According to Ms. Bergen’s article, most individuals begin to lose muscle mass around the age of 30, and continue to do so at a rate of about half a pound per year. Since muscle burns calories even at rest (Staff, Mayo), the loss of muscle results in the loss of calorie-burning potential. Bergen offers a few suggestions to increase metabolism and assist in building and maintaining muscle mass. These include a moderate-calorie diet rich in protein, and an exercise routine which incorporates two days of strength-training and three days of short cardio workouts per week. In addition to the diet and exercise suggestions for muscle-building, Bergen offers four metabolism-boosting recommendations...
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...Protein Spy Researchers at Rice University have a method to rapidly trigger the universal tagging of proteins being produced by a cell. The tagging method they use is like a switch. They tag proteins with a controllable enzyme switch. This allows researchers to get a snapshot of proteins being produced by a cell at any time. This is a divide and conquer kind of strategy. What hypothesis was tested? The hypothesis that was tested was attach bio-orthogonal that is non-interfering an amino acids to transfer RNA. This gives a snapshot of total protein synthesis. How was it tested? They tested this hypothesis by using an azidonorleucine amino to tag proteins in Escherichia coli bacteria cells. The switch is controlled like a computer program. The switch only charges transfer RNA cells with azidonorleucine efficiently when the switch is synthesized and a chemical is present in the cell to flip the switch. Instead of physically separating a cell from a mixture to find the proteins being made, they can use this engineered switch to put what amounts to a fishhook on every proteins synthesized in a given cell....
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...Canyon University EBP 325 Wendy Cockron PICOT Literature Review This literature review examines the available research on the topic of the administration of natural surfactant vs synthetic surfactant in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a deficiency, dysfunction, or inactivation of pulmonary surfactant and is a significant cause of morbidity or mortality of preterm infants. The literature reviewed, highlights the differences in extracted natural surfactants and synthetic surfactants and whether one proves to be more beneficial over the other. Pfister RH, Soll R, Wiswell TE. Protein-containing synthetic surfactant versus protein-free synthetic surfactant for the prevention and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006180. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006180.pub2. In the above article the use of synthetic surfactant is discussed with regards to protein containing or non-protein containing synthetics. The synthetics that contain proteins have shown a higher efficacy in preventing respiratory distress syndrome than those without. The research suggests the reasoning for this is due to the synthetic containing proteins acting like naturally occurring surfactant proteins. This research lends to the rationale that the synthetic containing protein surfactants effectiveness being like that of a natural surfactant could be more readily available than natural surfactant...
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...Article Critique | * | This week’s critique I decided to do my paper on how researchers unlocked how cells determine their functions. In the reading, researchers found how proteins bind to target DNA and activate certain genes will function in the body. The protein that researchers found was called epigenetic activators, which they found another protein pretty similar to one that they had found in a fruit fly, called the Ash 1 protein. These genes turn on expression on specific target genes. The activators recognize also bind to the target gene was unknown to researchers and further study was conducted to pin point why. While conducting their research, they found that the epigenetic activator Ash1 enlisted specific genes through cell types for certain non-coding RNA, stated Dr Sauer. While Ash1 binds to the targeted DNA elements called Thrithorax-response elements (TREs) which is located in the Ultrabithorax. How this works, non-coding RNA is produced and retained at the TRE of UBX, helping activate the expression of the UBX gene, by doing so this function attacks the Ash1 to the TREs. This stage changes the function of the cells. Knowing this, they can now use the non-coding RNA to actively control the destiny. Over several years studies were conducted on how noncoding RNAs silences genes. The works that Dr Sauer and others have now gained a wider knowledge then what was previously thought to be. They had suggested understood how the genes could be silence, now they...
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...Meat vs Vegetarian: the War of Strong Opinions The question whether the views of people with strong but scientifically unsupported opinions should be given prominence equal to those with compelling scientific evidence in the decades-long battle of ‘conclusive evidence’ between the Meat and the Veg camp, seems to have surfaced again in the debate. On one hand, there is always a moral choice camp for whom vegetarianism and veganism are choices of non-violence towards animals. PETA is the biggest advocate for moral vegetarianism and much alike other followers of this principle, is not too much concerned with the ultimate healthiness of the food choice, as long as it does not involve killings. “Soy sausages and “Fib Ribs to Tofurky jerky and mock lobster” that PETA is citing as its meat alternatives, do not sound too ingredient-friendly. On the other hand, people choosing vegetarian or meat diet for its health-related advantages are faced with dire straits of scientific burden of proof because health is a long-term domain of high science. ‘Compelling scientific evidence’ appears to be a strong word sequence with almost magical powers, practically an idiom, but, of course, it has to be handled carefully. In many examples of bad or ‘yellow’ journalism, the phrase “British [American, sometimes on gets Chinese for exoticism] scientists have discovered” often validates, or at least serves as modality qualifier for the stories with unchecked or altogether invented facts.’...
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...Michael Castelli April 23, 2015 CHE 128- Sista Current Event article Improving Accuracy in Genome Editing A few years ago science only had the ability to imagine genome editing and all the benefits it could bring to society, however it is now in the works of becoming non-fiction as research has significantly improved. Certain proteins in the body such as Cas9 and CRISPR are responsible for the human genetics and the creation of the immune system. The ability to edit these proteins and change their make up can benefit people with many serious present and future health risks. When speaking on the topic of genetically engineering the human body many challenges arise such as, improving the specificity of the proteins at the rate at which genome-editing proteins modify the target DNA sequence. However, this huge challenge that science has yet to overcome is slowly being resolved by Chemistry Professor David Liu. Liu and his team have recently used a drug like molecule to create an engineered form of Cas9. Since this development the team is able to control the production of active Cas6 and modify targets in the human genome. "We showed it's possible to achieve efficient genome editing using this system, but because you can stop the production of active Cas9 by withholding the small molecule once it's had enough time to modify the target genes, you limit the opportunity for off-target genome modification." This discovery has raised many question and given science a huge step...
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...RESEARCH ARTICLE CRITIQUE Biomedical Science Brief summary The article selected for this paper is “A study into the potential role of Survivin localisation in resistance to drug-induced apoptosis” written by Helen Angell. The paper is about the role of an anti-apoptotic factor from the class of caspases. The subcellular localisation of surviving can play important role in the therapy of breast cancer. Cancer is an abnormal process in which the cellular apoptosis is inhibited. Survivin is a protein known to regulate cell division and apoptosis. Chemotherapy in cancer patients in targeted to induce apoptosis. Surviving has been known to be localised in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cells. The main therapeutic role of Survivin comes from the fact that the sensitivity of the breast cancer cells to chemotherapy is increased in its presence within the nucleus. Description of the methods and techniques used Various methods have been used by the author. All lab-based methods are used for the determination of localisation and presence of the protein in the cell. • The fourth method used is tissue culture, for the purpose of over expression the protein in the selected cells. • Second method subcellular fractionation was done for the separation of the cellular components. • Immunoblotting was chosen...
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...Protein Article Research Jessica SCI/241 Carolyn Farhy February 19, 2014 Proteins are considered the building block of the body from the amino acids, and are very vital in the maintenance of body tissue, including development and repair. Proteins are part of every cell, tissue and organs in our body. It is broken down and is replaced by the protein that we eat in our diet. Protein is also important for healthy hair, skin, and nails and most importantly, protein will also help our energy level. There are different types of proteins and they correlate with how many amino acids are in the protein. A complete source of protein is one that provides all of the amino acids, while an incomplete protein is low in one or more of the essential amino acids. Finally, a complementary protein has two or more incomplete protein sources that when put together have an enough amounts of all amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that are found within proteins. We can produce 10 of the 20 amino acids and the remaining needs to be supplied in the food we eat. While protein is a vital part of eating healthy there are certain risks if you don’t get enough or if you eat too much protein. Risks with protein deficiency could include a type of malnutrition would could result in diarrhea, loss of muscle mass, and fatigue. It could also hinder your body by frequent infections and swelling. On the opposite side, protein will contribute to overall calorie intake and animal sources of...
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..."Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" was an article published by Francis Crick and James D. Watson in the scientific journal Nature in its 171st volume on pages 737–738 . It was the first publication which described the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA. This article is often termed a "pearl" of science because it is brief and contains the answer to a fundamental mystery about living organisms. This mystery was the question of how it is possible that genetic instructions are held inside organisms and how they are passed from generation to generation. The article presents a simple and elegant solution, which surprised many biologists at the time who believed that DNA transmission was going to be more difficult to deduce and understand. The discovery had a major impact on biology, particularly in the field of genetics, enabling later researchers to understand the genetic code . Origins of molecular biology The application of physics and chemistry to biological problems led to the development of molecular biology. Molecular biology is particularly concerned with the flow and consequences of biological information at the level of genes and proteins. The discovery of the DNA double helix made clear that genes are functionally defined parts of DNA molecules and that there must be a way for cells to make use of their DNA genes in order to make proteins. Linus Pauling was a chemist who was very influential in developing an understanding...
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