...Protein Article Research University of Phoenix I use to think of meats or a powdered substance in a big plastic container when I saw the word protein. I now know proteins come in many different forms, and not only from the above mentioned sources. According to “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention” (2012), “The protein in the foods we eat is digested into amino acids that are later used to replace these proteins in our bodies” (Nutrition for Everyone). Proteins in our diet can be found as either complete or incomplete proteins. A complete protein contains all of the essential amino acids. These are sometimes called high quality proteins. Animal-based proteins such as meat, fish and milk are considered complete proteins. An incomplete protein is one that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. Two or more incomplete proteins consumed together form a complementary protein when they are low in different acids. Together two incomplete proteins can offer all of the essential amino acids the body needs. According to Grosvenor (2006), amino acids are “conditionally essential” meaning they are only needed in certain situations to make proteins the body cannot produce on its own. The nitrogen in amino acids distinguishes protein from fat or carbohydrates. Amino acids provide the nitrogen needed to make a protein. Our DNA provides the roadmap for breaking down proteins and creating other proteins (Nutrition; Everyday Choices). A person’s recommended intake of...
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...Protein Article Research Brittnie Parkinson SCI 241 June 22, 2014 Stephen Murray Protein Article Research Protein is considered to be an organic compound that is made up of large molecules composed of long chains of amino acids. Protein is an essential part of all living organism especially as structural components of body tissues like muscle, hair, collage, along with enzymes and antibodies. Since Proteins are made up for amino acids, there are 20 that can be combined together to make all different types of proteins. Since our own bodies cannot make some amino acids, they are considered to be essential amino acids. Within the essential amino acids there are complete protein source and incomplete protein source. A complete protein source provides all of the essential amino acids. A complete protein source is also known as a high quality protein. They are animal-based foods such has meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs and cheese (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oct.). An incomplete protein source, also known as complementary proteins are made up of two or more protein sources that when combined provides enough amounts of all the essential amino acids. Proteins are made up of chains of smaller building blocks called amino acids, which are chemically linked to each other. When our bodies digest the proteins in food, it is broken down into amino acids, which in turn are absorbed by the blood capillaries and transported to the liver. Amino acids are then synthesized...
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...Protein is found in every cell, muscle and tissue of our body and is also present in many of the foods that we eat daily. Protein is a major component of all muscles, tissues and organs and is vital for practically every process that occurs within the body such as metabolism, digestion and the transportation of nutrients and oxygen in the blood. The protein in our body is essentially the same as the protein in our food, except that it is structured differently. (Unknown author- (2001-2010) Protein - an introduction to protein in the diet) Based upon chemical composition, proteins are divided into two major classes: simple proteins; which are composed of only amino acids, and conjugated proteins; which are composed of amino acids along with additional organic and inorganic groupings, also known as prosthetic groups. (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press) Amino acids are the building blocks of all proteins. Amino acids are chemical compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which combine together into different structures to form the various types of protein that the body needs. The body requires 20 different amino acids, 8 of which are referred to as essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized by the human body. Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by body but this does not mean they are less important because they are. The body is capable of producing enough protein to meet the demands for...
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...* * * * * * * Protein Research Article * SCI 241/Nutrition * Your name goes here * School name * Instructors name, Faculty * date * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Proteins * Proteins are complex molecules, chains of amino acids are proteins. Proteins are responsible for regulating our organs and body tissues, we must have them in order for our bodies to have structure and for our bodies to function properly.20 different amino acids work together to form a particular protein. The National Institute of Health shares that “The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function” (nih.gov, 2013).Messenger proteins(Immunoglobulin G) are responsible for sending signals assisting in biological transactions among the different cells, bodily tissues and our organs. Enzymes (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase) interpret genetic information that our DNA holds, and they are responsible for chemical reactions within the body’s cells. Antibodies (Growth Hormone) bond with and protect the body from foreign particles. The structural components grace us with bodily movement. The transport/storage team (Ferritin) protein binds and delivers to our cells minute molecules and atoms. (nih.gov, 2013). * * Amino Acids * Amino Acids safeguard our cardiovascular functions because they produce...
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...Checkpoint Computer Comparison Samantha Lorance CIS/105 May 24th, 2013 Jake Hornsby Check Point Computer Comparison When most people imagine computers, they do not see what makes up the computer system. Most state-of-the-art systems have the same components as a personal computer to meet any requirements you may have. Although state-of-the-art computers offer a larger memory and storage capabilities, my personal computer offers some of the same components and had quite a hefty price tag on it for these particular bonus features. I purchased my Apple Mac OSX specifically for school. My mother thought I was insane for spending as much as I did, but it was the best available for what I needed. It is a compact Computer with the built in processor, wireless keyboard and mouse, 2.7 GHz quad-core Intel Core i5 processor with 6MB L3 Cache, 1TB hard drive, 8gb of 1600MHz DDR3 memory, 21.5 Inch screen LED backlit display with ips technology. ("Apple - os," 2013) Despite what you would think, as an online student, the lack of mass storage and how my computer looks is not important to me. I want to have a computer that offers the necessary capabilities and allows me the opportunity to receive an education. A new state-of-the-art system can also allow a user the same portability as a personal computer, but with a higher price tag. A new state-of-the-art computer system has Intel Core Dual P8400...
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...A person cannot survive without amino acids in their diet, which is why they are so important. They perform many metabolic functions that are vital to the body, and are the reason amino acids are so important for athletes. The usual intake of amino acids comes from foods like seafood, meat, and legumes. Some people, mainly athletes will use an amino acid supplement to further their intake. The amount intake of amino acids for a regular person is 1.2 grams whereas for an athlete or body builder, it is approximately 2.2 grams. Amino acids help with the building of muscles. Branch chain amino acids (BCAA) can help gain muscle tissue which in turn helps build bigger muscles. Amino acids also help in the building of stamina. Cross country runners for instance take a high amount of amino acids to prevent damage to muscle tissue since it is an extremely strenuous activity. Recovering from fatigue quicker by the intake of amino acids is another reason athletics take them. Amino acids actually slow the production of lactic acid, which causes fatigue. Besides physically fatigue, amino acids also help with mental fatigue. Serotonin in the brain can actually make a person lose willpower. When taking amino acids, it slows the production of serotonin. These are the many reasons why it is important for an athlete to take almost doubled the amount of amino acids of a non-athletic person. Fitness Builds Health. (2007). Vitamins: Amino Acids for Stamina and Muscle-Building...
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...Protein Article Research Protein is an essential part of a healthy diet. It is made of different combinations of 20 different amino acids. Protein is found in every cell, tissue, and organ of the body. It is important to consume an adequate amount of protein because our bodies are constantly using the protein we digest to make more amino acids. Some amino acids cannot be produced by the body and it is essential that our diet contain them. There are different types of protein and they are labeled according to the amount and type of amino acids they contain. The first is known as a complete protein source. Complete protein sources contain all of the essential amino acids. They are also known as high quality proteins. The other is known as an incomplete protein source. This is a protein source that lacks one or more of the essential amino acids. Proteins can be consumed in conjunction in order to make up all of the essential amino acids. This is called complementary proteins. ("Center for Disease Control and Prevention", n.d.). Finding the proper balance of protein is extremely important for overall health. Eating a diet high in protein poses many health risks. The risk factor for heart disease and cancer is increased when a diet contains too much protein. Animal proteins contain a higher fat content which leads to higher cholesterol which plays a large role in heart disease. Research shows that people who consume a high amount of protein tend to have a higher...
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...experimental stages of treatment, but some of their findings have been promising. The gene therapy starts with a virus. The Genetic engineers then extract the genetic coding from the virus, replacing it with a therapeutic gene that is designed to produce proteins that help fight certain illness. Proteins are then added to the virus. The protein is placed on top of the virus. It then attaches itself to the cell that is causing the disease or virus. This the new genetic code. The new gene with the virus is then injected into a patient or patients. It will then to try get through the body’s immune systems. Sometimes the immune system will attack and destroy the virus before it able to reach the diseased or cancerous cells. The virus only attaches to cells that are compatible to its receptors. When the diseased causing cell starts to respond to the proteins the virus attaches itself to the surface and the cell receptors draws the virus inside this called endocytosis. The virus which contains a genetic coding for enzymes is called integrase. Next the enzyme cut away at the diseased gene in the cell’s DNA and is replace with the virus therapeutic gene. With the new gene in place the cells start to make proteins to fight the disease. The dilemma of gene therapy is the clinical testing, even though the gene therapy might be working but the cell realizes that the gene is foreign. The cell sometimes destroys the altered gene. What process...
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...Cystatins are small human proteins that mainly function as protease inhibitors and are found throughout the body. Proteases are enzymes that begin to break down proteins. They can function intracellularly and extracellularly in order to inhibit their target cysteine enzymes (Ochieng, 2010). This allows the proteins to maintain the balance of protease inhibitors versus the proteins and regulate any damaging activity by the proteases. By sustaining the balance between proteases and cystatins found in the body, immunomodulatory functions, which are any factors that cause change within the normal immune system, not related to protease inhibition, can be regulated. This is very important because impairment in inflammatory responses can cause...
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...Whey protein Whey protein is basically the protein contained in whey, the watery portion of milk generated as a result of producing cheese. Once considered a waste by-product, dairy companies now understand and recognize its benefits, resulting into its concentration and purification. Being an abundant source of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), it is used to stimulate protein synthesis. It includes these three amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These three have been proven to be just what you need for muscle growth, as well as for energy when working out. What makes whey protein greater than other kinds of protein is its digestion rate as it can pretty much digest very quickly. In less than 30 minutes, its aminos can be absorbed by the muscles...
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...Leukemia/Lymphoma 2 is a special type of proto-oncogene found on chromosome 18. Its product is an integral membrane protein (called BCL-2) located in the membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), the nuclear envelope, and in the outer membranes of the Mitochondria. The gene was discovered as a trans located locus in B-cell Leukemia, and found also in most B-cell Lymphomas. In the cancerous B-cells, the amount of chromosome 18 holding the BCL-2 locus has undergone a reciprocal translocation with the portion of chromosome 14, holding the antibody heavy chain locus. This (14; 18) translocation places the BCL-2 gene close to the heavy chain gene enhancer. This enhancer is active in the B cells- whose job is to synthesize large amounts of the antibody-. So it is not very surprising to discover that the BCL-2 protein is expressed at high levels in these T (14; 18) cells. B-cells, like all activated lymphocytes, die after they have done their jobs. This makes sure they do not linger after the threat has...
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...brain damage commonly observed in people who consume a lot of alcohol is caused by A.the direct toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. B.thiamine deficiency. C.vitamin B1 deficiency. D.all of the above Question 2 of 12 0.0/ 1.0 Points The human brain is composed of various cells, including about 100 billion that are specialized to receive and transmit electrochemical signals. These specialized cells are called A.glial cells. B.axons. C.neurons. D.oligodendroglia. Question 3 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points Research has now established that the brain is A.static. B.immutable. C.plastic. D.gray. Question 4 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points According to the textbook, the science of biopsychology as it is practiced today emerged as a discipline in about A.1549. B.1649. C.1749. D.1949. Question 5 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points Epigenetic research has found that there are genetic differences between so-called identical twins and that these differences A.do not occur in fraternal twins. B.decrease with age. C.increase with age. D.increase disease susceptibility. Question 6 of 12 1.0/ 1.0 Points Epigenetic investigation, although of recent origin, has already identified A.many active areas of nongene (junk) DNA. B.various kinds of small RNA molecules. C.histone remodeling as an important mechanism by which experience can influence gene expression. ...
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...Protein therapeutics was once a seldom-used class of treatment. They have increased dramatically since the first protein therapeutic was introduced, insulin. Protein therapeutics are used across every field of medicine. Even with this much dominance, this class of medical treatment still has to be improved. Protein therapies have many advantages when compared to small molecule drugs. Proteins serve a highly specific and complex set of functions that cannot be reproduced by simple chemical compounds. Protein therapeutics can be broken down into groups based on what they can be used for. Group 1 are therapeutics with enzymatic or regulatory activity, Group II includes proteins therapies with special targeting activity, Group III includes protein vaccines, and Group IV includes protein diagnostics. Protein therapeutics are an integral part of medicine. Currently they have been displaying a decreased stability in storage, decreased efficacy and increased immunogenic side effects in patients. Through an enhanced understanding of proteins we can formulate a therapy that will supersede what is currently in use. A research study was done to evaluate the efficacy of a certain variety of protein therapeutics and the obstacles faced when choosing a delivery route. This study pertained specifically to proteins and their ability to treat central nervous system disorders. This article discussed different methods of delivery and each methods set backs. Parenteral delivery routes were...
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...Biochemical Analysis of Psychrophilic Proteins from the methanogen Methanococcoides burtonii Erick Morales Abstract About 75% of our biosphere’s temperature is cold (≤ 5°C) and many microorganisms inhabit this type (psychrophilic) of environment, requiring the same building blocks for life as organisms inhabiting moderate (mesophilic) temperatures. Despite this, research on the biosynthetic pathways psychrophiles use is very limited. The enzymes found in these microbes are adapted with structural features that give them the ability to function up to 10 times higher catalytic efficiency than their mesophilic homologues. The overall goal of the proposed research is to use a biochemical and genetics approach to study the stability, structure, and function of psychrophilic proteins involved or believed to be involved in the nitrogen metabolism of Methanococcoides burtonii. The specific objectives are: 1. Investigate the structural and functional properties of M. burtonii’s nifH and nifD gene products using sequence analysis, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and two-hybrid studies; 2. Investigate the structure, stability, and kinetics of M. burtonii’s glutamate dehydrogenase through sequence analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, protein modeling, and kinetic assays. Cold-enzyme study can increase knowledge in the field of protein folding and catalysis and the broader impacts of this project include (1) potential biotechnological applications of cold-enzymes (2) the involvement of...
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...Meat vs Vegetarian: the War of Strong Opinions The question whether the views of people with strong but scientifically unsupported opinions should be given prominence equal to those with compelling scientific evidence in the decades-long battle of ‘conclusive evidence’ between the Meat and the Veg camp, seems to have surfaced again in the debate. On one hand, there is always a moral choice camp for whom vegetarianism and veganism are choices of non-violence towards animals. PETA is the biggest advocate for moral vegetarianism and much alike other followers of this principle, is not too much concerned with the ultimate healthiness of the food choice, as long as it does not involve killings. “Soy sausages and “Fib Ribs to Tofurky jerky and mock lobster” that PETA is citing as its meat alternatives, do not sound too ingredient-friendly. On the other hand, people choosing vegetarian or meat diet for its health-related advantages are faced with dire straits of scientific burden of proof because health is a long-term domain of high science. ‘Compelling scientific evidence’ appears to be a strong word sequence with almost magical powers, practically an idiom, but, of course, it has to be handled carefully. In many examples of bad or ‘yellow’ journalism, the phrase “British [American, sometimes on gets Chinese for exoticism] scientists have discovered” often validates, or at least serves as modality qualifier for the stories with unchecked or altogether invented facts.’...
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