...Enlightenment ~ Identify and discuss those reforms instituted by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent that were put in place in response to the Protestant challenge. What changes did the Church refuse to make? Why? The Council of Trent was called as a response to the 'heresy' of Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestant reformers. It would also address the current problems within the Catholic church: corruption, despicable behavior, unreasonable financial demands, poor spiritual behavior, and the lack of concern for their parishioners. The council was to try and sway protestant reformers back to pure catholicism and the Holy Roman Catholic Church (HRCC). The pope of that time, Pope Paul III did not want change to his lifestyle, but wanted the protestant reformers dealt with. He did not attend the council meetings himself, but had representation there to voice his opinions and maintain his influence. He wanted to make sure the council would not become his superior, nor question his supreme authority. The Council would meet several times over a period of eighteen years, with three main sessions. Participants would change over the course of these meeting as well. Protestants were allowed to attend the second main session, but their demands were not addressed. The hope that the council would reunite Catholics and Protestants(reformers) was destroyed, the divide would only become deeper and everlasting. A major objection and high on the agenda to address was the practice...
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...kings full power over all. Once this level of power had been attained it was then a constant power struggle between the monarchy and the papacy. Where the kings insisted they keep a well subdued nation through the power of the pulpits within the church. As the pulpits preached religion so too did they preach submission to civil authority. The monarchy’s ability to appoint heads of the church made it so that the church would remain under their control as well. In 1516 after negotiation with pope Leo X agreed to allow the French king to nominate all of the highest offices within the French church. This gave rise to the Galician church which was a catholic church completely controlled and overseen by French kings. At this point in time the protestant reformation was in full swing and it began to challenge the immense power the monarchy had amassed and threatened the very survival of France as a unified state. Afraid...
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...Issues of family structure, gender roles, social status, and national heritage unfolded through the generations after immigration—and how for Catholic immigrants and their children, religion stood at the heart of those issues. (http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org) Ritual and prayer are integral parts of Catholic life, from the sacraments which mark the sacred milestones on life's journey to the smaller rituals of daily devotion. In the case of the Eucharist, these two overlap: the Eucharist is both the sacramental heart of Catholic life and, for many believers, a daily event. The Mass is usually celebrated in a church, but Catholics carry many other ritual actions of devotion and worship into the nooks and crannies of everyday life. (http://www.patheos.com) Throughout history tradition has made wars, especially with the Roman Catholics and the Greek Orthodox. “ Roman Catholics and Orthodox nuke it out, each claiming the other's tradition is wrong, while sola Scriptura advocates point them back to the Bible as the only hope for unity!”(http://www.bible.ca) Both Roman Catholics and Orthodox view the other churches tradition as invalid. We merely highlight the fact that, contrary to their claims, "church tradition" does not bring about uniform doctrine and interpretation of scripture. The first Roman Catholics to enter the American colonies settled in Maryland in 1634. They were under the control of the Vicar Apostolic of London, but the American Revolution made that arrangement...
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...Short answer: With the short answers, you will be expected to write a paragraph answering one or more questions posed to you. a. Describe the importance of the individual in Renaissance humanist thought. Humanism, an educational and philosophical outlook that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the central importance of human values as opposed to religious belief, developed in Europe during the Renaissance, influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. Humanists believed that people should enjoy life on earth, and question the bible while interpreting how they wish. Humanism was more independent from the Roman Catholic Church, and allowed people to think about other things rather than just Religion. In art, music, philosophy, and political theory, the new emphasis was on what was human; hence the word humanism has come to describe much of the Italian Renaissance This effected the Renaissance Worldview because people of the time started to believe more in Humanist ideas and life on earth rather than just working to death, just to go to heaven. Or Individualism. People thought it right to be themselves - the great man can shape his own destiny. Humans are the center of the universe and the "measure of all things." Humans could do well at many things: "The Renaissance Man." Humans began to have a questioning attitude and challenged tradition and authority. They believed life on earth was more important than the afterlife...
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...It started when Martin Luther issued a document to the world, the 95 Theses. His document outline and exposed the abuses of the Catholic church, but it helped people open their eyes. Or was he doing this to establish his own religion? It seems that although he helped people open their eyes about the abuses of the church, it seemed like a perfect plan to branch out his religion. Martin was able to spread his documents and his teachings with the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.His teachings include - that “salvation came through faith alone: God’s grace is freely and directly granted to believers, and the bible was the only source of religious authority, not the Pope or church leaders.” Martin exposed the church...
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...this letter to you because I am sad and you are one of the only persons I really trust and you always understand me. As you know there has always been struggles between us Catholics and the protestants, and they have never been nice to us. So now I am in a school where we are not separated, we go to classes as if we all were the same, and that is fine I think and there are no problems when we first are in the school. But the problem is; on our way to school, the protestant yell at us, call us cruel things and they even throw stones at us. This means that mom and dad need to follow us to the school and the police is there armed with shields to protect us so we don't get hit by a stone. It is very psychological hard to me, because I don't feel that I am welcome in my own city anymore. I don't know what to do, but I know that I can't handle the situation any longer. I miss you! Love Lucy. To the newspaper Enough is enough! It can't be true that we need to see our children get scars on their soul, and see them break psychological down in a age of 4 years old, just because of the protestants, they haunt our children, throws rocks at them and we have to follow them all the way up to the school. The government should do something to call of the struggles between Catholics and protestants, it has gone too far now. Me and my family are traumatized by all this, my little daughter will not go to school because she is scared, and how do you encourage a little girl to go outside...
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...been fought. Revolutions have been made. However, within Europe’s history there are several religious reformations that shaped a majority of modern Europe. These reformations include the Protestant Reformation, the English Reformation, and the Catholic Reformation. The events that lead to these reformations during the 16th century are quite lengthy. During the 14th century, salvation outside of the church was not possible. Thus, religion played a prominent role in the daily lives of people. However, many issues began to rise amongst all things religion. In 1309, internal conflict within the Catholic Church caused for its capital to be moved from Rome to Avignon. This shift of power started a war between France and England that lasted for nearly a century. To add to the turmoil, in 1347 the Black Death took the lives of more than 25 million Europeans within four years. Due to the plague, the church saw that a second pope was needed and established one in Rome. Then again in 1409, a third pope was elected. As three popes were battling for power, ordinary Christians became confused on who to believe. By the time the church resolved its problems, simple teachings of Christ were abandoned, and people saw the need to reform (HistoryTubeTV). Also known as The Reformation, the Protestant Reformation’s main goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. During the 15th century, the Christian church was the most powerful institute in medieval Europe...
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...The ideas of Martin Luther changed many French civilian’s outlook on religion, giving civilians a choice in their future. The work of Martin Luther and his help in the creation of the Protestant Reformation, lead to the divide and conflict in religion and the need for absolutism, which eventually to the enlightenment and the need for a revolution for the country of France. Martin Luther was an essential part in the creation of the Protestant Reformation that eventually lead to the division in religions of France. After fear that many churchgoers no longer felt the need for repentance once purchasing indulgences, Luther began writing pamphlets based on these concerns. These pamphlets divided the nation. Luther and other leaders began to form a new religion known as Protestantism. Protestantism appealed to many educated people and many humanists due to its basis of faith and and return to the simpler church. Many townspeople agreed with he it’s principles that even the clergy should pay taxes. This new religion lead to the religious wars all across Europe. Protestants believed the Catholic church should be destroyed, while Catholics believed...
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...Social and Political Consequences of the Protestant Reformation The Catholic Church had become increasingly corrupt due to the selling of indulgences, clerical ignorance, pluralism and absenteeism. In desperate need of improvement and restructuring, a man named Martin Luther began a religious reformation. Luther was opposed to the selling of indulgences, believed the key to salvation was by faith alone and that the scriptures of the bible held all authority. The ideals of Martin Luther, radically different from those of the Roman Catholic Church, created a religious reform disturbing politics throughout Europe and changing society. Numerous political effects occurred because of the Protestant Reformation, which consequently happened because of Luther’s reforms. The area that was affected most by the Reformation was Germany. Luther was favored there and he gained support by appealing to German patriotism and evoking a national pride and feeling that influenced many princes. Luther stated that the only way Reformation could come about was by the princes to abolish papal power. This happened when Charles V excommunicated Luther and the German princes did not enforce the banning of Luther’s teachings. Charles V was also to blame for the disintegration of imperial authority because during his reign, he never took an interest in the constitutional problems of Germany that were left over from the Middle Ages. Germans princes used the religious issues as a way to extend political...
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...to become a lawyer. However, throughout the course of his life, he is primarily focus on Renaissance humanism, influence by Erasmus and Jacques. This is a study that aimed to reform church and society base on classical and Christian antiquity which establish to return the Bible studied to its original language. Under this influence, Calvin studied the three main languages of ancient Christian such as Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, to prepare him for his intense study of the Scriptures. As a result of this, Calvin become the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation through his interpretation of Christianity (Calvin). Calvin publication of the Institutes reflected the findings of his biblical work, and make up the largest proportion of his work. The Institutes also help Calvin to gain some reputation among Protestant leaders. This get he invited to Geneva to teach Protestant to the people, but the citizen of that nation lack of enthusiasm for Protestantism and their resistance to religious reform make Calvin task extremely difficult. After his departure of Geneva he move to German and stay in the city of Strasbourg for the next three year. In 1540 he married Idelettle de Bure, disregarding that all of their children didn’t survived infancy, they still have a happy marital relationship. During his year in Strasbourg he attend numerous international religious conferences that...
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...Christians in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied Jesus. This act came into creation because the Catholics started to feel pressure from the Protestants. The Catholics had become a religious minority so they had to create an act to protect themselves from any immediate threats. In today’s society creating an act because of different religious beliefs is unheard, it could also be considered religious discrimination. But the Catholics were in danger of being ill-treated by the Protestants, so they used their powerful political ties to protect themselves. This Act was supposed to bring them religious freedom. Though, despite The Maryland Toleration Act, the Catholic Church never became the established church. Instead in the eighteenth century this distinction was given to the Church of England....
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...Kingdom. Because of the many rulers there were at the time, there were many disagreements and problems between the British people and other kingdoms. There were some changes which made people have to change their ways and even religions just to fit in with ruler’s rules. There were more difficult times than good times during the 1550 and 1650’s in the United Kingdom but it was the most important era for them. Mary I (1553-1558), Elizabeth I (1558-1603), and James I (1603-1625) were very important rulers during the 1550’s. Mary I was known because of her attempt to reverse the English Reformation and because of the many executions she made during her era. Elizabeth I was known because of the many successes achieved during her era, it was known as the “Golden Era”. James I was mostly known for being the first monarch to rule England, Ireland, and Scotland. He was also known because of the family of rulers he came from. These rulers changed many things in the United Kingdom but these were mostly successful times....
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...superstition of the Middle Ages 3. Agrarian-cultivated land; person who advocates a redistribution of landed property, especially as part of a social movement 4. Akbar The Great (Mughal India)-Mughal emperor from 1556-death; extended power over most of India Continent; united Muslim and Hindu peoples with his policy of religious cooperation 5. Atheists-person who lacks the belief in the existence in God’s or a God 6. Batavia, Indonesia-Fort established in 1619 as headquarters of Dutch East India Company operations in Indonesia; today the city of Jakarta. 7. Calvin, John-1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism - believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings. 8. Cash Crop-readily salable crop that is grown and gathered for the market (vegetables, cotton, tobacco) 9. Circumnavigation- travel all the way around the Earth 10. Colonization-physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land 11. Columbian Exchange- The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. 12. Commercial-connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises 13. Commonwealth-self...
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...The Reformation The Reformation was describing the changes of religion in England. Roman Catholicism was the primary religion, but during this time Protestants decided to challenge the Church's authority. The Church had been challenged before, but they were able to quickly put their challengers aside. It wasn’t until Martin Luther discriminated against the Church that a real problem was created. Luther discriminated against the church by calling the Pope and all the clergy servants of Satan. He preached that the Catholics had no right to interpret the Bible. He believed that if it could not be found in the Bible, then people had the freedom to do what they wanted. He taught that people were saved by their faith, not by their good deeds. The...
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...to restore the faith and order of the primitive church",[6] as claimed by the Anglican Communion, various Lutheran churches,[6][7][8] and other Reformation and post-Reformation churches.[9][10] The Catholic claim of continuity is based on, among other factors, Apostolic succession, especially in conjunction with adherence to the Nicene Creed.[11] In the sense of indicating historical continuity of faith and practice, the term "catholicism" is at times employed to mark a contrast to Protestantism, which tends to look solely to the Bible as interpreted on the principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation as its ultimate standard.[12] It was thus used by the Oxford Movement.[13] This contrast, however, is not so clearcut for Anglican theologians such as Alister McGrath: "Anglicanism is not a 'middle way' between Protestantism and Catholicism. For that reason ... it is neither Protestant nor Catholic, but combines the strengths of both. Yet historians such as Diarmaid McCulloch, an Anglican, have claimed that the 'middle way' developed in England in the late 16th century was between Lutheranism and Calvinism—two quite distinct versions of Protestantism. The 'middle way' which...
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