...Personality Theories Personality is defined as the combination of “physical, mental, emotional, and characteristics of an individual” (Dictionary.com, 2005). Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are the elements that make each individual’s personality unique and although people may carry the same traits, not one personality is exactly like another. An individual’s personality might alter throughout one’s life, but the foundation remains consistent. Consistency or a regularity of behavior is a component to one’s personality. According to Cherry (2014), personality is of both psychological and physiological construct. There are many theories that psychologists conceive in order to better understand and explain the development of an individual’s personality. Psychologists, such as Sigmond Freud, Carl Jung, Carl Roberts, and Abraham Maslow, devised their own theories on how one’s personality develops based on their own beliefs and research. Sigmond Freud was one of the world’s most controversial psychologists. His theories on personality and thoughts on human behavior and beliefs about the conscious and unconscious mind made an immense impact within the world of psychology. Some of Freud’s beliefs and personality theories focused primarily on sexual desires and motivations. Throughout his life, Freud established many theories that “were enormously influential, but subject to considerable criticism both now and during his own life.”(Cherry, 2014) He was the founder of the...
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...Psychoanalytic Approach Charris Edens PSY/250 May 13, 2014 Jorey Krawczyn There are many different types of theories and schools of thought when it comes to psychology, but the psychoanalytic theory is one of the most interesting. The psychoanalytic theory can sometimes be known to have two identities. It is a comprehensive theory that is focused on behavior, experience, human nature and motivation. It is also a treatment that is used to help patients with psychological and other problems in their lives. Some of the most influential thinkers and contributors to the modern science of psychology were Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler. Freud basically viewed the human psyche from a sexual point of view. He believed that the mind contained these three components: the id, the ego and superego. He believed that these different parts in a human's mind often conflicted with one another, which caused the shaping of that individuals personality. Two other ideas that Freud believed in was the death drive and the life drive. The life drive means that someone survives by avoiding dangerous or uncomfortable situations. The death drive is when a person pursues extreme pleasure that was thought to eventually lead to death. Both Adler and Jung believed in some basics of Freud's but branched off with their own theories and ideas. Instead of looking at it in a sexual manner, Jung believed that the human mind was more of a religious tool. He believed that dreams played a huge role...
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...Psychoanalytic Theory And Reading Of Cultural Products Film Studies Essay ukessays.com /essays/film-studies/psychoanalytic-theory-and-reading-of-cultural-products-filmstudies-essay.php The main concept of this essay is to point out how psychoanalytic theory could be used as a method of understanding and analyzing cultural products. The most valid approach for this is to observe how the cinema integrates psychoanalytical theories into specific film concepts. For this reason a Hitchcock film is used as an example, for it a common fact that there are many Freudian aspects in his movies. Specifically, Psycho is regarded by many film theorists and historians as the first “psychoanalytic thriller” (Kaganski as cited in Boulton, 2010). As implied by the title of the film, it is a movie whose plot is based on the Freudian Oedipus complex theory. First of all, it is noteworthy how the cinema developed a strong connection to psychoanalytic theories over the years. What is also interesting is the way in which a movie could be interpreted as a desire or a dreaming process. Moreover, in the second part of the essay, the correlation which Psycho has with psychoanalytical procedure is explored, in an effort to discover its kind and if it is actually the first psychoanalytic movie. Following a short presentation of the main plot, it is necessary to examine the nature of the Oedipus complex and how it is applied to the movie. Despite the fact that it remains the central psychoanalytic idea in...
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...Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Paper BSHS/325 Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Paper The development of a human being can positively and negatively affected by numerous factors during a lifetime. As you read, you will learn many aspects that can make or break a humans development. I will discuss the interactions between the biopsychosocial dimensions of development, the concept of human diversity and cultural competence, and the connection between the general systems theory and social order. Bio-Psycho-Social Dimensions The biological aspect of human development starts at the time of conception. The two parents have intercourse and fertilization of the mothers egg by the father’s sperm occurs. The development stages during the mother’s pregnancy can be negatively affected by many things such as drugs, alcohol, physical injuries to the mother, and even psychological stress from the mother. These negative factors can affect a child for the rest of their life psychologically and physically. There are many theories about psychological development. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory had the concepts of id, superego, ego, libido, fixation, defense mechanisms, Oedipus complex, and Electra complex. The Neo-Freudian theorists were Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Alfred Adler, and Harry Stack Sullivan. Their theories were analytic psychology for Jung, a social context for Fromm, individual psychology for Adler, and individual...
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...Social Environment Paper April J Apodaca BSHS/325 June 20, 2016 Foundations of Human Development in the social Environment The bio-psycho-social development of humans is made up of three dimensions: biological, psychological and the social development. All three of these processes are essential for humans to develop. Biological, psychological and social development systems interact together as if in synchrony to create a person’s identity, behavior and personality. In human services, understanding the human development and how it affects an entity or an individual is significant. Even though two people are born to the same family, they will each have a different future. However, on the same note if a child that has parents who are addicts will be predisposed to an addiction even though this person is adopted to an outside family. It is critical to take all of these factors into consideration when viewing the person as a whole. Bio-Psycho-Social People’s genetics (biology), mental health and character (psychology) and social environment all contribute to the health or illness of a person. The biologic portion is contributed from the mother and the father of the individual, such as hormones, hereditary diseases, or infections. The psychological contributes self-control, negative and or positive thinking. The social would be, in the neighborhood a child is raised or the employment he or she has. All three of these together make up the entire entity of...
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...Erikson’s Psycho-Social Stages Ashley Haslam National University Erikson’s Psycho-Social Stages Erik Erikson’s seven stages of personal and social development describes a series of psychosocial crises that shape personality (Slaven, 2015). These social crises deal with a person’s personality as well as their relationships with other people (Slaven, 2015). Personal Stage The sixth stage of Erikson’s theory occurs sometime during young adulthood. It is during this stage that an adult either finds happiness in their relationships (both sexual and non-sexual) or becomes distant and standoffish which eventually leads to isolation (Slaven, 2015). Myself, I would fall into this, the Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage, as I am thirty years old. Throughout life it is necessary to form healthy bonds and relationships with other people in order to avoid isolation and loneliness. According to Slaven (2015), a relationship is healthy if all parties involved are enhanced without stifling the growth of each other. As an educator, being able to form meaningful relationships with students, parents, and coworkers. A teacher who is in this stage of development will be able to connect with the students and their families thus create a healthy, trusting relationship. A teacher who lacks the ability to bond with a student, will have a much more difficult time reaching the children on an academic level. Stages in the Classroom Building self-confidence and a sense of industry is the main goal...
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...an educated and literate social class, and the subject matter with which we deal often touches upon our patients’ most intimate lives and histories. It would be a grave breach of confidence to publish material of this kind, with the risk of the patients being recognized and their acquaintances becoming informed of facts which were confided only to the physician. It has therefore been impossible for us to make use of some of the most instructive and convincing of our observations. This of course applies especially to all those cases in which sexual and marital relations play an important aetiological part. Thus it comes about that we are only able to produce very incomplete evidence in favour of our view that sexuality seems to play a principal part in the pathogenesis of hysteria as a source of psychical traumas and as a motive for ‘defence’ - that is, for repressing ideas from consciousness. It is precisely observations of a markedly sexual nature that we have been obliged to leave unpublished. The case histories are followed by a number of theoretical reflections, and in a final chapter on therapeutics the technique of the ‘cathartic method’ is propounded, just as it has grown up under the hands of the neurologist. If at some...
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...The foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Gerald Aiello December 2, 2013 BSHS-325 University of Phoenix Bonnie Evans-Miles Human behavior is categorized by the bio-psycho-social dimensions of human development. These dimensions are biological, psychological and social factors. The building blocks of biology is in the genetic and hereditary make up of an individual. These hereditary genes can be found in the deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA. The social aspect of human behavior can be developed by the culture of the individual’s family or community. Some of the aspects of behavior a person has cannot be controlled by the individual and must be recognized to understand behavior. Some aspects of behavior are not categorized in this model. An example of this is moral or ethical behavior. The diversity of the human population, such as people from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, can be understood using the strength perspective. This tool can help a person to understand the other person’s ability to communicate with verbal and nonverbal gestures. It recognizes the diversity of these populations and their resources. As a human service worker develops, they can become proficient in the cross culture communication. This assists in communicating with different families, groups, individuals, or communities. To be proficient in communicating with ethnically diverse populations some key skills of listening and observing are required. This...
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...Gender and Development Theories, Wid, Wad and Gad, Their Strengths and Weaknesse In: Other Topics Gender and Development Theories, Wid, Wad and Gad, Their Strengths and Weaknesse INVESTING IN AFRICA’S FUTURE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCE Name: Chupical Shollah Manuel Reg Number: R 086305 HU Lecturer: Musvosvi, E (Ms) Course: Gender and Development (HSO 306) Question: Briefly discuss the following theories and show the strengths and weaknesses of each approach to Gender Development; WID, WAD and GAD. Gender relates to the social constructions and relations between men and women and it does not simply look at maleness or femaleness. Development is a multidimensional concept but in general it entails social upward mobility and empowerment but not limited to this. In studying gender relations and development it is of great importance to look at the approaches adopted by feminists in redressing and addressing social disparities. There are many approaches but shall give considerable to WID, WAD and GAD and give their contributions to development as well as their strengths and weaknesses. One of the most famous approaches to development was the feminist Women in development (WID). This was adopted in the 1970s in response to women movement in the west. The women in the west advocated for inclusion of women who have been excluded from development policies and programs. Baserup (1979) point out that the...
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...then ever women are being studied for problems with sexual disorders and dysfunction’s "Sexual disorders and dysfunction's refer to difficulties individuals experience in their sexual functioning." (O’Donohue, Geer) In the past when sexual problems were studied amongst women the focus was on the orgasmic phase, with such problems as Vaginismus, Dyspareunia and Anorgasmia, rather than on the arousal phase. Even in 1970 when Masters and Johnson published their famous book Human Sexual Inadequacy, they omitted form their finding associated with arousal disorder in women for reasons unknown. However many contemporary sex researchers, reason that arousal problems with women were more difficult to diagnose. Therefore in the past women's sexual problems were associated with inability to reach orgasm. This however would change in 1978, with publication of Frank, Anderson and Rubinstein's finding on arousal problems amongst women. According to the American Psychiatric Association, 1983 (DSM-III-R), for female sexual arousal disorders to exist two aspects must be present. Persistent or recurrent failure to attain or maintain the lubrication and the swelling response of sexual excitement until completion and second persistent or recurrent lack of subjective sense of sexual excitement and pleasure in female during sexual activity. "Until recently, researchers believed that most sexual dysfunction were psychological in origin."(Tollison...
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...Foundations of Human Development in the Social Environment Introduction Exploring the dynamics of human behavior prepares a foundation of knowledge that builds practice skills. The primary step in helping a client is assessing, which includes investigating and determining the changes that affects a recognized problem or issue from a wide range of perceptions. There are always reasons why people act in the manner they do and it is the human service professional’s job to verify that reason. A normal development milestone has serious impacts on the client and social workers must understand these milestones to provide information to the clients. Appropriate assessments of client behavior are relevant to the biological, psychological, and social development systems that operate together and affect behavior. Bio-Psycho-Social Dimensions of Development With the realization that people are complex, workers have a primary focus on the vibrant interactions between biological, psychological, and social aspects of development. These interactions ultimately affect the client’s overall health. For example, a medical illness such as anxiety can provide insight on the dimensions of development. According to Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010), if a person is diagnosed with anxiety their psychological state of mind is already affected and the illness is a present problem. The anxiety will cause the person to isolate themselves from others and affect the sociological dimension. Mood...
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...All theories of development discussed thus far advocate that children are born with the ability and motivation to learn and discover. All theories demonstrate a general progression of development that begins with the child or respondent having a limited understanding of the world, and various motivators, begins to expand her understandings outwards to family, community and society Each theory has a progression of skills or understandings that signify a growth from concrete thinking and egocentrism toward abstraction and higher-level thinking. Yet, the complexity of developme t cannot be explained by one single theory, and past theories need to be critically examined for their strengths and weakness. However, despite the flaws of past theories, the understandings and subsequent improvements to academic fields, such as education and psychology, have had long lasting implications. Discovery learning, using manipulative, peer collaboration, character education, and scaffolding concepts are all learning strategies use daily in the classroom and are credited to their origins in these past theories of development. Erik Erikson Erik Erikson (1950, 1963) does not talk about psychosexual Stages, he discusses psychosocial stages. His ideas, though, were greatly influenced by Freud, going along with Freud’s ideas about the structure and topography of personality. However, whereas Freud was an id psychologist, Erikson was an ego psychologist. He emphasized the role of culture...
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...PYC4811 Assignment 1- 657794 Student Number- 55560296 Community Psychology and Public Health’s Approaches to Social Problems Introduction Community Psychology and Public Health models both cover the same ground but with key differences in the explanation of causes and influences on mental illness. Community psychology has a primary focus on understanding, and working with, people in their wider social context. Public Health on the other hand is concerned with preventing disease and distress of all forms before they occur (Tutorial Letter 102 for PYC4811, 2015). It attempts through scientific investigation to understand such links between the socioenvironmental context and the individual and then to interrupt or otherwise alter these connections in an effort to reduce the likelihood of individuals engaging in high risk behaviours and being exposed to environments that could endanger their health (Tutorial Letter 102 for PYC4811, 2015). The central focus of both is focusing more on prevention rather than cure. In the era we are currently in most of the illnesses people suffer from are long term and chronic and therefore the need to see doctors so that is can be controlled is of high demand. The growing social upheaval and intensifying tensions in South Africa have evoked concern and panic among mental health professionals. In an attempt to lessen the anxiety many psychologists have boarded the community psychology wagon to cross the great divide between the ...
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...Sigmund Schlomo Freud BRIEF OVERVIEW Although Sigmund Freud was not the first person to formally study psychology, many consider him the most pivotal figure in the development of the field as we know it today. Freud changed the way society has come to think about and treat mental illness. Before Freud, mental illness was thought to result from deterioration or disease of the brain. Freud changed all of this by explicitly rejecting the purely organic or physical explanations of his predecessors. Instead he believed that unconscious motives and drives controlled most behavior. During a career that spanned 58 years, beginning with an earned medical degree in 1881 and continuing to his death in 1939, he developed and repeatedly revised his theory of psychoanalysis. Most of Freud’s theory was developed from contact he had with patients seen in his private practice in Vienna. This type of “clinical” work was a radical departure from the laboratory research that was practiced by most leading psychologists of the day. When Freud first presented his ideas in the 1890s, many of his contemporaries reacted with hostility. In fact, throughout his career, Freud faced enormous opposition to many of his ideas. Those especially controversial included notions about the role of the unconscious in behavior, childhood sexuality, and how the mind was governed (id, ego, and superego). But despite the opposition, Freud eventually attracted a group of followers that included well-known theorists 1856–1939...
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...Instincts and their Vicissitudes Sigmund Freud This Page Left Intentionally Blank - 109 - This Page Left Intentionally Blank - 110 - Editor's Note to "Instincts and their Vicissitudes" James Strachey (a) German Editions: 1915 Triebe Und Triebschicksale Int. Z. Psychoanal., 3 (2), 84-100. 1918 Triebe Und Triebschicksale S.K.S.N., 4, 252-278. (1922, 2nd ed.) 1924 Triebe Und Triebschicksale G.S., 5, 443-465. 1924 Triebe Und Triebschicksale Technik und Metapsychol., 16-187. 1931 Triebe Und Triebschicksale Theoretische Schriften, 58-82. 1946 Triebe Und Triebschicksale G.W., 10, 210-232. (b) English Translation: 1925 ‘Instincts and their Vicissitudes’ C.P., 4, 69-83. (Tr. C. M. Baines.) The present translation, though based on that of 1925, has been very largely rewritten. Freud began writing this paper on March 15, 1915; it and the following one (‘Repression’) had been completed by April 4. It should be remarked by way of preface that here (and throughout the Standard Edition) the English word ‘instinct’ stands for the German ‘Trieb’. The choice of this English equivalent rather than such possible alternatives as ‘drive’ or ‘urge’ is discussed in the General Preface to the first volume of the edition. The word ‘instinct’ is in any case not used here in the sense which seems at the moment to be the most current among biologists.1 But Freud shows in the course of this paper the meaning which he attaches...
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