...history. Discuss how the various theories of personality have contributed to the modern definition of personality. In your answer, refer to psychological theory and research. Aim to support your discussion with the relevant theories on personality, and with reference to research studies which have been undertaken. What is personality some may ask, think of the following definitions, what do they have in common. “"Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and though" (Allport, 1961, p. 28). “The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique” (Weinberg & Gould, 1999). Both quotes highlight and personalize the individual and consequently adopt an idiographic view. So it can be said that within modern day society an idiographic view assumes that each person has a unique psychological structure and that some traits are possessed by only one person; and that there are times when it is impossible to compare one person with others. It tends to use case studies for information gathering. The nomothetic view, on the other hand, highlights comparability among individuals. This frame of reference sees traits as having the same psychological meaning in each individual. This approach tends to use self-report personality questions, factor analysis, etc. People differ in their positions along a continuum in the same set of traits. Although we have discussed and...
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...Perspectives Of Personality There are many theories of personality, they have been grouped into four basic perspectives: psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and traits. The psychoanalytic perspective focused on the importance of the unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that there is a structure to the mind which includes the id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious, irrational component of the personality. It is not affected by logic, values, morality, danger, or the demands of the external world. The ego is the semi-conscious rational part of the personality and the superego is the semi-conscious, moralistic part of the personality. This structure is a very distinct psychological process. (Hockenbury, D.H. & S.E.,2014 pp 419-422) The humanistic perspective "represents an optimistic look at human nature" (Hockenbury, 2014). Human nature is viewed as primarily good and humanistic theorists, like Maslow, focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential. The humanistic perspective of personality attributes human characteristics and actions to free will and the drive for self-actualization. The social cognitive perspective of personality "emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self regulation"(Hockenbury, 2014). Albert Bandura was on of the major theorists of this prospective...
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...Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Psychotherapy has different approaches depending on the school, theorist, or person administering the therapy. Is one approach better than the other? This is an extremely difficult question to answer. The best way to determine which approach to administer is by using knowledge coupled with unique information in regards to the individual seeking psychotherapy. For psychotherapy to work effectively, one must first evaluate the psychological issue at hand. Every individual has a personality that is uniquely made up eight key aspects that are the unconscious, ego forces, biological, conditioning, cognitive, traits, spiritual dimension, and interaction. Although there might be similarities between personalities, it is impossible to have the same eight key aspects on more than one individual. Personality psychology truly is fascinating and is defined as the scientific study of psychological forces that make individuals unique. This paper will compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler. These three theorists devoted much of their time and energy developing unique approaches, methods, and techniques of psychoanalytic theory used to treat patients today. Sigmund Freud was the true founder of the psychoanalytic theory. Later, his student’s Alfred Adler and Carl Jung questioned Freud’s interpretation of dreams resulting in the Adler and Jungian theories. The psychoanalytic theory developed by Freud encouraged patients...
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...What is Personality? -Pattern of psychological characteristics (traits) that differentiate us from others and lead us to act consistently across situations -Know the defense mechanisms be able to identify which defense mechanism the person is using -If a person is having a problem, be able to identify which stage that person developed that fixation. Personality consists of traits • Traits: relatively enduring predispositions that influence our behavior across many situations Example: extroversion, conscientiousness Lecture Overview • Development of personality – Psychoanalytic theory – Cognitive-behavioral approaches • Measuring personality • Causes of personality differences Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Beginnings: Clash between mind and body – Freud initially believed in mental disorders were somatogenic (lookup) • BUT 2 important observations that made him think perhaps this is not the case – Glove anesthesia – Hypnosis treatment for “grande hysteria” involving reports of patients traumatic experience of catharsis, disappearance of symptoms • Freud concluded mental disorders were psychogenic Core Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory 1. Psychic Determinism All thoughts and behaviors have a cause (no randomness) 2. Symbolic Meaning All thoughts and behaviors have meaning Ex. Male accidentally breaking chalk while writing 3. Unconscious Motivation We cannot fully understand why we do what we do Reasons for actions are beneath our conscious...
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...). There are four perspectives of personality they are humanistic, social cognitive, trait, and psychoanalytic. Humanistic Psychology emphasizes unique characteristics as free will and self-awareness. Fraud had a different perceptive on humanistic psychology. Fraud viewed things with a pessimistic point of view. He believed people to be motivated by unconscious sexual and destructive instincts. Humanistic psychologists saw people as being naturally good. Humanistic psychologists also had a different views from psychoanalytic theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. Social Cognitive is another perspective of personality. The social cognitive perspective is different from the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives in many ways. To compare social cognitive with humanistic, trait and psychoanalytic someone could say that instead of basing their view on self-analysis or ideas obtained from psychotherapy, social cognitive personality theorists base their ideas on experimental findings. Social cognitive perspective uses conscious, self-regulated behavior instead of unconscious mental influences and basic instincts. Another component in of the perceptive of personality is trait. Traits are very different from the other perspectives. To compare them someone might say that psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social cognitive theories emphasize the common ties among people. Their ideas all focus on finding the universal...
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...Psychoanalytic Theories Psy 405/Personality Psychology Linda O’Conner Psychoanalytic Theories Psychoanalytic theories are the most intrinsic form of an explanation for the ideas and treatments of psychoanalysis. Psychodynamic is the perception of an individual’s personality resulting from interaction of conscious and unconscious contributions. The significance of all productions of psychoanalytic theories and approaches are to show the relationship between unconscious psyche material and the process it takes into full consciousness. Assumptions of Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Sigmund Freud receives credit for the theory of psychoanalysis. This theory situates on numerous assumptions. Freud believes that the psychological apparatus of the mind needs some sort of energy to make it work properly. One such energy is libido. He believes that all events take place in an individual’s psyche, and everything a person does has a certain, recognizable purpose. Accidents are not relevant within this theory (Goldberg, 1988). The psychoanalytic theory offers that humans have base instincts as well. Instincts are often unconscious desires that develop into urges. Freud believes, in reference to his iceberg model, that the unconscious is the largest part of the mind. He shows that the conscious is the smallest, therefore sticking up out of the water like an actual iceberg is seen doing. He uses the portion just under the water to represent the preconscious, or the medium size...
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...continues to fill psychological literature and study with widespread research and theory. Personality is the continuous presentation of attributes and distinctions that contribute to variety in human thought and behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). To enable more precise understandings of such differences and distinctions, psychological theorists develop explanations and parameters from various contexts. Psychoanalytic, humanistic and/or existential, dispositional, and learning theories help psychologists account for why and how people develop such individual and specific characteristics. They study these characteristics and the significant affects that the characteristics have on human development, as well as, the whole of human nature. Personality Defined According to Feist,& Feist (2009) personality is a global concept referring to a relatively permanent pattern of traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some degree of consistency to a person’s behavior. Feist & Feist (2009) also wrote "Although no single definition is acceptable to all personality theorists, we can say that personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior."(Feist and Feist, 2009) There are many different theories of personality which can be grouped into one of four classes: traits, psychoanalytic, social learning, and humanistic personality. At the begining an individual needs...
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...Personality: Theories Chapter: Personality Theories 429 Personality: Theories What Is "Personality"? Psychologists' Usage of Personality Elements of Personality Techniques of Study Theories of Personality Trait Theories Psychoanalytic Theory Central elements of Psychoanalysis Psychoanalytic Personality Structure Instincts in Psychoanalysis Other Psychodynamic Theorists (Social-) Learning Theories Dollard/Miller's Stimulus-Response Theory B. F. Skinner and Personality as Behavior Bandura and Social Learning Self-Growth Theories Carl Rogers and Person-Centered Theory Maslow's Holistic Theory A Modern Theory of Personality: Big Five USING PSYCHOLOGY: What Determines Your Personality -Heredity? Environment? USING PSYCHOLOGY: What Determines Your Personality -Heredity and Environment REVIEW ACTIVITIES INTERESTED IN MORE? Personality: Theories WHAT'S THE ANSWER? "I'm really jealous of my sister. Here I am about to graduate, and I only made it into the Student Association this year. Sis's a freshman -- a frosh -- and she's already been elected." "Wilma, I know what you mean. My older brother was the same way. You know what your sister and my brother have in common? They've both got a lot of personality. Your sister kind of just radiates charm -- even for a first-year student! And Kirk's the same way: Everywhere he goes, people smile with him. He gushes at the right time, gets serious when he needs to, and always has a good word for everybody. He's just got a PSYCHOLOGY: ...
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...Neo Freudian’s Psychoanalytic Theory VS. B.F Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach Cion Castille Psy211 Asharaf Esmail March 12, 2013 How Personality traits are passed down or learned has always been a questionable and a confusing topic when it comes to actually proving your reasons. There seems to be many different theorists that feel that personality comes from different ways. Some even support their theories in such a logical manner that it leaves on the fence. Exploring different theorist showed me many different interpretations of the effecting factors that determine personality traits. The Important pioneer Sigmund Freudian (Freud) and his, Psychoanalytic theory. Learning Theorist B.F. Skinner (Skinner) and his, Behaviorist Approach which was among my interest and very plausible was. In both of these cases the Theorist used great examples from everyday life to support their theorist and beliefs. Sigmund Freudian introduced his Psychoanalytic Theory in the early 1900s. In this theory he stated that conscious experiences are not the only or for that fact the greatest influence on our personality traits. Freud argued that the unconscious experiences that a person goes through also plays a big part if not most of developing personality traits. With this belief Freud focused all of his studies in this matter on the unconscious factors in a person’s life such as; memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, drive, and built in instincts. Freud stated that the unconscious functions...
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...components of the psychoanalytic approach to personality. Your paper should cover the following areas: • Compare and contrast the psychoanalytic theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler. What are two characteristics of these theories with which you agree? What are two characteristics with which you disagree? • Describe the stages of Freud’s theory and explain characteristics of personality using these components. • Describe uses of at least three Freudian defense mechanisms with real-life examples. • Psychologists have broken down the human personality into five distinct categories; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness. The acronyms used to refer to these personality traits are "CANOE, OCEAN and NEOAC." Each personality has visible traits which sets them apart from each other. The characteristics of individuals are what make them unique and special. This is why there are no two people that are exactly the same. Although, some people do share some of the same characteristics, it does not mean that they share the same personality. This is often referred to as idiosyncrasy. Idiosyncrasy describes the unique mannerism, or behavioral that an individual displays. It is more like their personal "signature", because they are recognized or identified by the one special behavior or mannerism they display. • Friedman,Howard S. and Schustack, Miriam W.; Trait Aspects of Personality: Identity Personality. Classic Theories and Modern Research...
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...Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment Joe Johnson PSY/250 February 2, 2015 Anne Snyder Psychoanalytic Personality Assessment As psychoanalytical schools of thought have developed over the years, a number of different approaches have emerged that have shaped and formed the administration of psychotherapy. While each differs in their approach to the end result, they share a common goal to help nurture the wellbeing of an individual, both consciously and unconsciously. Where some build an experimental relationship, others will use dialogue and speech to establish a rapport, or focus specifically on improving overall mental health of the patient. (Bouchard et al., 2001) While effectiveness normally requires the treatment to be fitted to the specific psychological problem for the patient, some debate remains on which is the best possible course of action for each. There are three primary psychoanalytical theories commonly applied to psychotherapy, which are respectively attributed to Freud, Jung, and Adler. (McCrae, 2011) This paper attempts to compare and contract the three different theories and provide the stages of Freud’s theory along with three uses of Freudian defense mechanisms. Psychoanalytic Theory, Three Schools of Thought Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is based on the collected works and studies of Sigmund Freud, for whom the theories are named. Most of the base theories developed by Dr. Freud were expanded and split into different schools...
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...Ammer Four perspectives of personalities are the, psychoanalytic perspective, the humanistic perspective, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the most importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. It is theory of personality that stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. The term unconscious is used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, self-awareness, and psychological growth. A view of personality that emphasizes human potential and such a uniquely human charactistics as self-awareness and free will (Cain, 2002). Humanistic psychologists also differed from psychologists theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. The humanistic psychologists believe that people are motivated by the need to grow psychologically, they contended that he most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self ( Purkey and Stanley, 2002). Three areas of personality development can be the psychosexual stages, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective theory. The psychosexual stages are age-related developmental...
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...Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic Psychodynamic theory is the psychology of mental or emotional forces and processes that develop in early childhood, and how they affect a person’s behavior later on. Maybe, as a young child, Roberto was always very reserved, and didn’t socialize a lot with other people his age. Because of this, Roberto is very introverted now. In the psychoanalytic theory, dreams, an analysis of resistance and transference, and free interpretation are used to study unconscious thoughts, anxieties, and internal conflicts. Perhaps Roberto has bad dreams about being embarrassed in a social setting, or wants to speak up and be more outgoing, but he has internal conflicts about whether or not it is a good idea to do so, and stops himself....
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... Even though, there are many different theories of personality key influences from many different psychologist play a role in the theories on personality and also the brain structure of personality. The amount of personality theories that are out there is a large number but the number that is normally used is the basic four perspectives. The first perspective is the psychoanalytic perspective that emphasizes the importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. Also there is the humanistic perspective that represents an optimistic look at human nature, emphasizing the self and the fulfillment of a persons unique potential. The third is the social cognitive perspective this emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self-regulation. Lastly is the trait perspective that emphasizes the description and measurement of specific personality differences among individuals. (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014) Personality development theories are based on the basic four as discussed earlier. The Differences amongst the four are great. The personality theories and humanistic theories go hand in hand with one another, the personality theory is how a person behaviors, thinks and feels. Humanistic theory describes the goodness in people along with the human potential that is within. These two are much different then the trait theories that is based largely on the identity and...
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...Personality Paper Christopher Hill PSY/211 October 5, 2015 Personality Paper Personality provides a good look into other people’s lives and how they live. Personality traits affect every person differently and uniquely. Every person in the world has a personality and there are no two people alike. A person’s personality provides a topic to psychologists to research and better understand a person’s mind and how they think. There are many different personality traits that make up the five personality types. There are many different points of view when it comes to personality. There are psychoanalytic, humanistic, trait, social cognitive, and biological. The psychoanalytic perspective talks about a person’s early childhood experiences being stored in the unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud believed that things in our unconscious mind sometimes are seen in our dreams. The humanistic perspective looks at our mental growth and focuses on our feelings that drive for good in our behavior. This perspective helps a person to focus on the good versus the bad or their strengths rather than their weaknesses. The trait theory is a different way to look at human behavior and thoughts. This identifies and measures personality traits from one individual to another. The social cognitive perspective refers to behavior that has been developed through observation. This suggest that our personalities are a combination of things we have observed throughout our lives. The biological...
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