...pathology,” they signify only a potpourri of conditions that are considered undesirable from the standpoint of the observer’s values, conditions that vary at different times and with different observers. According to this view, these terms have no scientific value and no legitimate status as sociological concepts. Such nihilism and counsel of despair are not justified. True, there is no consensus on the meaning of these terms, and they are, indeed, burdened with value connotations. However, they point to a number of distinctions that sociology must take into account. Concept of deviance. Turning first to the concept of deviant behavior, we must distinguish among the several definitions of the term, which are discussed below. Behavior that violates norms. Deviant behavior is behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations of social systems. This is the most common usage of the term and the sense in which it will be used here. Crime is the prototype of deviance in this sense, and theory and research in deviant behavior have been concerned overwhelmingly with crime. However, normative rules are inherent in the nature of all social systems, whether they be friendship groups, engaged couples, families, work teams, factories, or national societies. Legal norms are then but one type of norm whose violation constitutes deviant behavior. It is important to note that although deviance, in this sense, and conformity are “opposites,” they represent the poles...
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...| | |Personality Traits and Facebook Use | | | | | |Author James | | | |Professor Hiroshi Ajas | |PS315 | |Theories of Personality | | | |September 29, 2015 ...
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...Multiple Choice Questions 1. According to Erikson Sara is in which of the following stages: a) Latency b) Muscular-anal c) Locomotor d) Adolescence e) None of the above 2. What is the crisis of the stage that Sara is in: a) Autonomy vs. Shame b) Initiative vs. Guilt c) Trust vs. Mistrust d) Industry vs. Inferiority e) None of the above 3. What is the positive outcome of the latency stage: a) Repeated frustration and failure which leads to feelings of inferiority b) A child will be able to initiate activities and enjoy learning c) The child will acquire skills for and develop competence in work and enjoy achievement d) Develop their own identity e) b) and c) 4. According to Erikson what should Sara’s teacher have done for work enjoyment and industry to result: a) Praise her for doing her best b) Tell her she can do better c) Encourage her to finish tasks d) b) and c) e) a) and c) 5. What stages has Sara passed through in Erikson’s theory? a) The oral-sensory stage b) The anal-muscular stage c) The locomotor stage d) a) and b) e) All of the above 6. According to Erikson, what is the important event for the stage Sara is in? a) Feeding b) Toilet Training c) Independence d) Schooling e) All of the above 7. According to Erikson, what should Sara’s teacher have done during the math and language...
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...students is observable. Entering into a new university is a big challenge for every freshmen student because they need to adapt to the new setting. For many young people, the transition to college is relatively smooth and they learn to handle their new lives well. But for some, however, the need to manage new schedules, new friendships, new responsibilities and intense study can be overwhelming. Adjustment with university life is considered one of the main indicators of success in university life as it is an indicator for the student’s ability to face the problems resulting from fulfilling his academic, social and emotional needs. Through achieving adjustment with university life the students will be able to form a kind of good relationships with others in the university leading him to enhance his academic achievement. Moreover, adjustment with university life can be a strong indicator of the academic level of the students from one hand and the level of social relations development and achieving personal goals from the other hand. We can note that many educational scholars studied this aspect in order to explore the status of the academic, social and psychological level of undergraduate students then determining the problems facing them when trying to achieve their goals. The stage of university life is an important part of the student’s life as he moved from the total dependence on the teacher, family and curriculum into the complete independence. Moreover, many students move away...
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...authentic voices. Can’t live up to dominant femininities - “Ophelia” framework emerges - See it in programs policies, popular culture and media for girls From Vulnerable to Mean - From the 1990s “Ophelia” vulnerable girl to the early 2000s: “mean girl” or “bad girl” - Who are they and why the focus on “mean girls” in 2000s? - “Mean girls” commit violence – ranging from indirect and verbal aggression to direct and physical violence - “Discovery” of girls’ aggression led to explosion of Girls, Relationships, Popularity - For writers including Simmons and Wiseman, popularity is a process that includes a number of positions within girls’ cliques: - Queen bee who controls and instills fear in other girls - Wiseman: girls’ friendship almost cult-like orgs - She helps girls understand privilege and stop exclusion - “Mean Girls” (2004) loosely based on Wiseman’s books 3 of Many Explanations They Offer for “Mean Girls” ➢ Naturalization of ‘girl’ category and girlhood: - While these scholars recognize a ‘problem’ with girls’ aggression, they argue that many girls have ‘successfully’ passed through this crisis time to become responsible adults, mothers. - “Don’t worry. Just a phase.” - What are the consequences of this type of explanation? This explanation relies on understanding girlhood as a universal, biological stage rather than socio-culturally constructed in historical and material contexts that are made invisible. ➢ Mean Girls - Cultural explanation...
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...Cognitive, Conscious, Energetic and Behavioral Impact of Violent Video Gaming Experiences Gabriel Aaron Dionne Strayer University English 215 December 11th 2011 Cognitive, Conscious, and Behavioral Impact of Violent Video Gaming Experiences “Nonviolence means avoiding not only external physical violence but also internal violence of spirit. You not only refuse to shoot a man, but you refuse to hate him.” Martin Luther King, Jr. Brainy Quote (2011) Identifies Violence as: The quality or state of being violent; highly excited action, whether physical or moral; vehemence; impetuosity; force. Injury done to that which is entitled to respect, reverence, or observance; profanation; infringement; unjust force; outrage; assault. Ravishment; rape; constupration. To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence; to compel. This statement gives insight to the ideology of violence being compelled or brought about in an individual through excited actions. The level of violence in video games is astounding not to mention the level of realism which can totally encapsulate you in the gaming experience leaving you feel like that experience was real on a conscious, cognitive, and behavioral level. Long gone are my days of Mario bouncing on mushrooms these days it is assault rifles, hand grenades and tactical missile strikes. Entertainment Software Rating Board (n.d.) provides a list of potential violent behaviors that may be found within our children’s gaming experience and it...
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...near as possible to the consumer by building their own personalities is the idea of beginning this work. It aims tracking how a successful brand creates its personality through the public, and the perception of consumers about this. The analysis will focus on the Bergenbier brand and will be following firstly, the brand features prints and promotion through TV spots, and secondly how consumers perceive the brand. Last phase of the study is consumer profiling Bergenbier brand. Research methods used were document analysis and sociological inquiry (main methods) and telephone survey and focus group (secondary methods). Research questions The role descriptive study aimed at identifying brand characteristics Bregenbier as they appear promoted by certain media tools, namely TV spots and prints. Regarding the role of exploratory work aims perception of brand identification Bregenbier Ploiesti young consumers, as well as consumer profiling. Research questions which we want to find the answer in making research are as follows: 1. What are the characteristics of the brand Ploiesti, Bregenbier, evidenced through prints and TV spots? 2. What is the perception of young people in the brand Ploiesti Ploiesti-Napoca, Bregenbier? 3. What is...
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...Bryant-45099 Part I.qxd 10/18/2006 7:42 PM Page 36 5 FEMINIST METHODOLOGIES AND EPISTEMOLOGY ANDREA DOUCET Carleton University, Canada NATASHA S. MAUTHNER University of Aberdeen, Scotland O ver the past 10 years of teaching courses on research methods and feminist approaches to methodologies and epistemologies, a recurring question from our students concerns the distinctiveness of feminist approaches to methods, methodologies, and epistemologies. This key question is posed in different ways: Is there a specifically feminist method? Are there feminist methodologies and epistemologies, or simply feminist approaches to these? Given diversity and debates in feminist theory, how can there be a consensus on what constitutes “feminist” methodologies and epistemologies? Answers to these questions are far from straightforward given the continually evolving nature of feminist reflections on the methodological and epistemological dimensions and dilemmas of research. This chapter on feminist methodologies and epistemologies attempts to address these questions by tracing historical developments in this area, by considering what may be unique about feminist epistemologies and feminist methodologies, by reviewing some of sociology’s key contributions to this area of scholarship and by highlighting some key emergent trends. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the theoretical and historical development of feminist epistemologies, followed by a similar overview...
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...Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 53:421–435, 2012 Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ISSN: 1050-2556 print/1540-4811 online DOI: 10.1080/10502556.2012.682894 The Impact of Divorce on Friendships With Couples and Individuals GEOFFREY L. GREIF and KATHLEEN HOLTZ DEAL School of Social Work, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA When couples divorce, their friendships with other couples and individuals often shift. Using data from a mixed-methods study of 58 divorced individuals and 123 couples, this article explores how friendships change following divorce or a couple’s breakup from two different perspectives. Divorced people report that they more often retain, and in some cases strengthen, their individual friendships and that their friendships with both members of couples are rarely maintained. Most couples had other couples with whom they were friends divorce or break up and described losing a friendship with one of the members. Implications for practitioners are included. KEYWORDS friendships, relationships couple friendships, postdivorce People with friends have been found to live longer, healthier lives (e.g., DuPertuis, Aldwin, & Bosse, 2001; Netuveli, Wiggins, Hilden, Montgomery, & Blaine, 2006). Yet it is believed friends are often lost after a divorce, as Johnston and Campbell (1988) explained more than 20 years ago: “The social world of the divorcing couple is often split in two at the time of separation as common friends either withdraw in discomfort...
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...I: IntroductionIn what follows I shall develop an institutional analysis of modernity with cultural and epistemological overtones. In so doing, I differ substantially from most current discussions, in which these emphases are reversed. What is modernity? As a first approximation, let us simply say the following: "modernity" refers to modes of social life or organisation which emerged in Europe from about the seventeenth century onwards and which subsequently became more or less worldwide in their influence. This associates modernity with a time period and with an initial geographical location, but for the moment leaves its major characteristics safely stowed away in a black box. Today, in the late twentieth century, it is argued by many, we stand at the opening of a new era, to which the social sciences must respond and which is taking us beyond modernity itself. A dazzling variety of terms has been suggested to refer to this transition, a few of which refer positively to the emergence of a new type of social system (such as the "information society" or the "consumer society") but most of which suggest rather that a -- 2 -- preceding state of affairs is drawing to a close ("post-modernity," "post-modernism," "post-industrial society," "post-capitalism," and so forth). Some of the debates about these matters concentrate mainly upon institutional transformations, particularly those which propose that we are moving from a system based upon the manufacture of material goods to one...
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...This article was downloaded by: [University of Macau Library] On: 09 October 2014, At: 18:24 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Chinese Journal of Communication Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcjc20 “Platonic relationships” in China's online social milieu: a lubricant for banal everyday life? Yann-Ling Chin a a Arts, Humanities and Education, Nottingham Trent University , UK Published online: 14 Nov 2011. To cite this article: Yann-Ling Chin (2011) “Platonic relationships” in China's online social milieu: a lubricant for banal everyday life?, Chinese Journal of Communication, 4:4, 400-416, DOI: 10.1080/17544750.2011.616286 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2011.616286 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied...
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...The influence of social networking sites on high school students' social and academic development Dissertation Author: June Ahn Abstract: This dissertation examines the effects of social network sites on youth social and academic development. First, I provide a critical analysis of the extant research literature surrounding social network sites and youth. I merge scholarly thought in the areas of Internet studies, digital divides, social capital theory, psychological well-being, identity development, academic engagement, and educational technology to understand how researchers might examine new social technologies and youth. Second, I examine the question of digital divide, or whether particular teenage populations do not have access to online social networks. Using a nationally representative dataset from the Pew Internet & American Life study, I explore whether there are disparities in teenage access to social network sites. Third, I report a cluster-randomized trial that was designed to explore whether social network sites have a beneficial impact when used in high school classrooms. A total of 50 classrooms, and nearly 1,400 students were randomly assigned to use an experimental social network site. The results highlight the challenges and potential of this technology when applied to school contexts. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements i i List of Tables i v Abstract v Chapter 1 : Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Effect of Social Network Sites on Adolescents’ Social...
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...taken into a living organism, may modify one or more of its functions”, while abuse’ implies “a particular application of a drug more destructive than constructive for society, or the individual”. One may be hooked emotionally and psychologically, and may have a physical dependence, where one has a drug addiction problem, whether to a legal or illegal drug, there is a craving for it. The individual wants to use the drug again and again, and if it is stopped, there are usually unpleasant physical reactions. While it is not everyone who uses drug that becomes addicted, many people do, (may, 2006). Drug addiction involves compulsively seeking to use a substance, regardless of the potentially negative social, psychological and physical consequences. Certain drugs, such as narcotics and cocaine, are more likely to cause physical dependence, than are other drugs, (mayo, 2006). Drug abuse among...
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...upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Journal of Sociology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 158.143.192.135 on Fri, 18 Oct 2013 11:39:24 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness' Mark Granovetter State University of New York at Stony Brook How behavior and institutions are affected by social relations is one of the classic questions of social theory. This paper concerns the extent to which economic action is embedded in structures of social relations, in modern industrial society. Although the usual neoclassical accounts provide an "undersocialized" or atomized-actor explanation of such action, reformist economists who attempt to bring social structure back in do so in the "oversocialized"way criticized by Dennis Wrong. Under- and oversocialized accounts are paradoxically similar in their neglect of ongoing structures of social relations, and a sophisticated account of economic action must...
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...Evolutionary Psychology human-nature.com/ep – 2006. 4: 406-425 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Original Article An Evolutionary Interpretation of Gift-giving Behavior in Modern Norwegian Society Iver Mysterud, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway. Email: mysterud@bio.uio.no Thomas Drevon, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway (Current address: USIT, Web gruppa, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1086 Blindern, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway) Tore Slagsvold, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway Abstract: We have studied gift giving at Christmas among 50 graduate students in Norway. The students invested more the closer the coefficient of relatedness. However, partners ranked highest, which is natural for people at the start of their reproductive career. All students gave to their parents, siblings, and children, most gave to their grandparents, and only a third gave to some, but not all, of their genetic aunts/uncles. Twenty percent gave to first cousins, and none to second or third cousins. Similar patterns for gifts received were found. There were also sex differences (e.g. women had larger exchange networks than men), and birth order effects. Firstborns spent more on relatives than laterborns. However, middleborns gave more to their male friends than both firstborns and lastborns. We conclude that the results are consistent...
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