...Carl Rogers and His Influence on Modern Psychology Introduction Carl Rogers is considered the founder of client-centered therapy, which asserts that childhood experiences affect an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior (Rathus, 2004). The therapist must see the world from that of the client to be effective in treatment. Rogers has influenced many psychological theories and therapies present today, especially positive psychology. Despite this fact, many who practice positive psychology do not, or are not willing to, accept the influence of past theories. Client-Centered Therapy In 1959, Rogers asserted that the therapeutic relationship is used differently with different clients and “it is not necessary to manipulate the relationship in specific ways for specific kinds of clients” (Moon, 2001, p. 45). This means that when a client enters the therapy room, treatment using psychotherapy can begin if the therapist is warm, available, open, accepting, and seeks to understand and follow the client’s needs (Moon). Therefore, client-centered therapy asserts that when a clinician is successfully embracing the attitudinal conditions with a client, the relationship becomes therapeutic and psychological transformation occurs. In essence, Rogers believed that all humans are free to make choices and control their destiny, despite what has occurred in the past. Therefore, client-centered therapy’s goal is to provide insight into the client that has been discarded or disowned...
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...Social influences affects people’s views of one another. Children’s peers, media and family all play a huge role in social influence and prejudice. Prejudice can be easily developed by an arise of social influence and conformity to people within their in-group. Intergroup prejudice is unwarranted feelings of dislike or hatred towards the members of other social groups. In The psychology of prejudice: Interdisciplinary perspectives on contemporary issues by Dale Russell, He focuses on the development of children’s intergroup prejudice with an emphasis of the involvement the children have in social peer groups. And what he found was peer group membership is exceedingly important to young children, at least from as young as three years. If there is a possibility of being accepted and included in a group, most children will seek to be included (Russell & Russell, 2012). Consistent with social identity development theory which is a...
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...Aybaşı psixozu Menstruasiyaönü sindrom Alimlərin gəldiyi qənaətə görə qadında menstrual tsikllə onların psixologiyası arasında qarşılıqlı əlaqə var.Proses təstiq olana qədər bu əlaqəni müxtəlif alimlər tərəfindən müxtəlif formada izzah edirdi.Bəzi alimlər bunun yalnız psixoloji halla əlaqəli oldğunu,digərləri isə bunu psixi halda deyil,fizioloji dəyişikliklərlə əlaqələndirirdi.Onlar bunun səbəbi kimi fizioloji proses zamanı onlara məlum olmayan müxtəlif toksiki maddələrin təsiri kimi görürdülər.Lakin aparılan tədqiqatlar zamanı məsələyə nöqtə qoyuldu. Menstruasiyaönü qıcıqlanmaya görə müxtəlif kliniki araşdırmaların və qadınlarası sorğunun nəticəsi kimi əksər qadının bu zaman qıcıqlanmaya meyilli olduğu məlum olub. Menstruasiyaönü sindromun əsas simptomlar Mentruasiyaönü qıcıqlanmanın 2 tipi var:fizioloji və psixoloji.Bu göstərici müxtəlif qadınlaröz intensivliyinə görə fərqlənir.Hətta eyni qadında müxəlif aylarda müxtəlif intensivlikdə müşahidə edilir.Belə halda qadınlar özləri onların orqanizmlərində nə baş verdiyini anlaya bilmir. Psixoloji simptomlar əsasən əhvali-ruhiyyənin pis olması və yaxud depressiya ilə,kəskin halda isə şəxsiyyətin tamamilə dəyişməsi ilə özünü biruzə verir.Qadınlarda yüksək səs-küylə danışma,yuxusuzluq,fikrin dağınıq olması,adi şeyləri yaddan çıxartmaq kimi simptomlar olur. Fizioloji olaraq isə onlar bu zaman daim diskomfort hiss edir.Bəzi qadınlarda baş ağrıları,qarında sancılar,qarında “ağırlıq” olur.Bu simptomlar ürəkbulanma, başgicəllənmə...
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...considerable research, the model has gone through signiJicant developments. A more comprehensive model is presented here that reviews the following: various motivations of the influencing agent; an assessment of available power bases in terms of potential effectiveness, time perspective, personal preferences, values and norms; consideration of other strategies such as manipulation; utilization of various preparatory and stage-setting devices to strengthen olte’s power resources; implementation of the power strategies; assessment of effectiveness of influence attempt and its positive andl or negative aftereffects; use of various ameliorative devices; and review, reconsideration, and another round of influence strategies. The overall model is examined in terms of its applicability to various settings including hospital infection control, patient compliance with physicians’ recommendations, confrontations between political jgures, children’s influence on their peers, conflict resolution and negotiation, as well as supervisorlsubordinate relationships. More than 30 years have now elapsed since John R. P. French and I presented a typological analysis of the bases of power in interpersonal inThis article is based on a presentation made at the...
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...Copyright © 2005 Stuart Fischoff. All rights reserved. 1 Media Psychology: A Personal Essay in Definition and Purview by Stuart Fischoff, Ph.D. Introduction The subject matter of media psychology is a mother lode of material that psychology has actively mined for decades, but only within the last ten to fifteen years has the enterprise emerged as a distinct and explicit subdivision of psychology. Media psychology found its inspirational roots more than 90 years ago within the discipline of social psychology and in the early work of social psychologist Hugo Münsterberg concerning the psychology and the psychological impact of film. Published in 1916 under the title, The Photoplay: A Psychological Study, it was the first empirical study of an audience reacting to a film. Münsterberg also provided such a keen analysis of a screenplay's (then called a photoplay) grammar of visual construction and nascent cinematic conventions and their psychological impact on the audience, that his incisive words still echo today in numerous film school lecture halls and classroom seminars. And there was psychologist L.L. Thurstone, arguably the Father of Attitude Scale Construction and Measurement (a signature area of theory and research in social psychology), who developed scales for the measurement of attitudes toward movies for the famous and notoriously politicized Payne Fund Research in 1928. This study’s practically avowed purpose was to indict (not investigate) the medium of film...
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...Media: Mirror of Society Everywhere in the world, society keeps evolving and changing. The thoughts, mindsets, and ideas of cultures all over the world are constantly changing due to the influences of what they see. The media has always had a role in the construction of an individual’s body image and ideal self. In the article “How does the media influence our thoughts on body image?” Kayhan, Baig, Mehmi and Basra argue that during the early 20th century the ideal, beautiful woman was 5’4 tall and about 140 pounds with a small mid-section; yet, for some if not most women, in order to achieve a small waist they would be put into a Victorian hourglass corset, which shrunk the woman’s waist to a much smaller size, we still see these tactics used by today’s women. This issue isn’t only occurring in the United States, it is a worldwide problem that continues to grow. The media uses the social elite, such as athletes and actresses, to advertise products and goods; the use of these models can have significant outcomes, both negative and positive, on individuals in our society. The positive being that viewers of these magazines that advertise skinny models and fit athletes may be influenced to change their lifestyle from unhealthy to healthy. The negative being that viewer’s want to take the quickest and easiest ways in order to achieve results, which can lead to dangerous side effects and habits. So the question is, is it even worth it to try to look perfect if dangerous methods...
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...the control group, were observed during the limited periods of their television usage and listening to non-secular music. I believe there is direct correlation between adults and children who watch and listen to obsessive amounts of television, movies, news, and popular music and aggressive behavior, stress, dispositions, and sleep and eating habits. The case study observations supported this theory. Keywords: mass media, mass-media control, aggressive behavior, perceptions, adverse misconceptions, psychological adaptation, media nationalism, suggestive media, groupthink nationalism Mass Media Control Mass media can influence opinions, values and beliefs of the general public by controlling the language used to report and communicate information. Our minds, throughout life, become a playing field for the producers to influence the consumers to buy into their various services, trends, politics, and products. It was stated by Abraham Lincoln, during the Gettysburg...
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...Communication and Language Arts Faculty of Arts University of Ibadan November 27, 2012 ABSTRACT This literature-driven study examined mass media effects. The work peered into the history of the ‘powerful media’. An in-depth review of relevant theories of mass media effects was analyzed. Findings pointed towards both positive and negative impacts of mass media. However, there was no empirical evidence to substantiate a direct cause and effect relationship of mass media messages with the actions of the consumer of the information. Consequently we can only assert that the mass media impacts on society but does not necessarily have an effect since other factors also influence people other than information consumed from the media. As such, this study asserts that the mass media influences public opinion but does not necessarily cause it. Key words: powerful media, mass media effects, theories of mass media effects, impact of media messages INTRODUCTION The mass media involve organisations that are responsible for the dissemination of information to a large number of people. Basically, the mass media are categorised into print and electronic media. The print media include magazine, newspapers and books while the electronic media are television, radio, internet, videos or films etc. The instruments of both the print and electronic media are being used by the mass media to create and promote multitude of ideas that positively affect the lives of people and...
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...Research Essay Effects Of Media On Teenagers In the last 10 to 15 years, the influence of media has grown exponentially with the advancement of technology. Starting from 1990s, the majority of our population did not have cable, teenagers back then relied more on news papers, magazines as internet was considered a luxury for the ordinary population at that time. With the passage of time, trends changed. Technological advancements and an economic boom have lead to increases in the standard of living. Teenagers have been exposed to media like never before. Cable networks and internet that were once luxuries have now become necessities. Media has a great influence in the development of a teenager’s personality and character. “The media is the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that’s power. Because they control the minds of the masses,” said the American black militant leader Malcolm X (qtd. in Krishna). The power or influence of media can easily alter or change a teenager’s opinion. This means that media can depict an ordinary thing so negatively that it may compel people to believe or act in quite the opposite way. So it is necessary to analyze the effects of media on teenagers because of the influence it has on them. Media can be both helpful and harmful to teenagers. But the negative effects of Media on teenagers clearly outweigh the positive ones which is becoming a great worry for the...
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...be formally defined as: the acts of individuals directly involved in obtaining and using economic goods and services, including the decision processes that precede and determine these acts. The underlying concepts of this chapter form a system in which the individual consumer is the core, surrounded by an immediate and a wider environment that influences his or her goals. These goals are ultimately satisfied by passing through a number of problem-solving stages leading to purchase decisions. The study and practice of marketing draws on a great many sources that contribute theory, information, inspiration and advice. In the past, the main input to the theory of consumer behaviour has come from psychology. More recently, the interdisciplinary importance of consumer behaviour has increased such that sociology, anthropology, economics and mathematics also contribute to the science relating to this subject. 2 Social and cultural influences Culture is ‘learned’ behaviour that has been passed down over time, reinforced in our daily lives through the family unit and through educational and religious institutions. Cultural influences,...
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...Social Psychology 315 Critical Thinking Exercise - Manufacturing Beauty Cindy Jackson’s Social Self, Self-Concept, Self Esteem, & Self Presentation Self-concept is the individual’s beliefs about him or herself, including their attributes and who and what the self actually is. Self-concept can also be about a person’s identity which also plays a key role in determining that individual’s behavior. Cindy Jackson’s website reveals that she had very low self-esteem as a child. She had believed that she was very unattractive, I would even go as far as saying a misfit. She disliked her physical appearance, which means she couldn’t accurately describe herself using observable characteristics. In our textbook Myers states “Our self-concepts include not only our self-schemas about who we currently are but also who we might become – our possible selves.” So Cindy already had a plan thought out about who she knew she’d become. She had a wish list from 1987 that included the changes she wanted to go through. Some of her changes included wider, less tired-looking eyes, a small feminine nose, high cheekbones, fuller lips, perfect white teeth, a smaller, more delicate jaw and chin, eradication of premature facial wrinkles, a flawless, unlined complexion, and a few more changes. I think when she was younger she suffered identity issues. She even went as far as considering herself a ragdoll at the age of 6. She basically wanted to be a real life Barbie. She wanted to be practically perfect...
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...Evaluate the usefulness of the hypodermic syringe model to our understanding of the role of the mass media. By: Amy Rashid The amount of influence the media has on the society has been extensively debated and researcher. The hypodermic syringe model is an analogy between media messages and a drug injected by a hypodermic syringe; which represents the content of media being spread by the medium (television, newspaper, etc.). In this essay, I shall discuss the usefulness of the hypodermic syringe model alongside some other models to our understanding of the role of the mass media. First and foremost, the hypodermic syringe model explains the role of the media in the manipulation of the gullible public and creating moral public. This can be seen from the classic example of the application of the Magic Bullet Theory was illustrated on October 30, 1938 when Orson Welles and the newly formed Mercury Theatre group broadcasted their radio edition of H.G. Wells' "War of the Worlds." On the eve of Halloween, radio programming was interrupted with a "news bulletin" for the first time. What the audience heard was that Martians had begun an invasion of Earth in a place called Grover's Mill, New Jersey. It became known as the "Panic Broadcast" and changed broadcast history, social psychology, civil defence and set a standard for provocative entertainment. Approximately 12 million people in the United States heard the broadcast and about one million of those actually believed that a serious...
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...familiar with his work years ago through, “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion”. It’s a must read. It gave me useful tools to use for marketing to others and taught me how to resist the marketing efforts of others. Here is a reprint from a leading publication regarding his work and a new book he’s coauthored. It’s the cliff notes version of his original book which I referenced in the preceding paragraph. SUMMARY: Influencing others isn’t luck or magic – its science. There are proven ways to help make you more successful as a marketer and an office politician. We talked to a renowned expert on the science of influence and pulled excerpts from two of his books to demonstrate ways to make people say “yes” to your messaging and management. Includes links to scientific studies and takeaways to use at work or at home. Robert Cialdini, Regents’ Professor of Psychology and Marketing, Arizona State University, has spent 30 years studying the ways people are influenced. He’s whittled his findings down to six key principles, found in the fifth edition of ‘Influence: Science and Practice’. We interviewed Cialdini and also read through ‘Yes! 50 Scientifically Proven Ways to Be More Persuasive’, a book he co-authored with Noah Goldstein, a professor at the University of Chicago School of Business, and Steven Martin, Director, Influence at Work. The authors “relied entirely on the significant body of research from the study of social influence and persuasion” to suggest ways you can improve...
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...association between perceptions of media messages and its observed behavior. Television is responsible for the increase in childhood violence, alter personality development, stereotyping, language improvement and also somewhat generate many problems. Once upon a time TV was considered to be great educator especially for those who were economically underprivileged, but today television is teaching us that violence is accepted, anything shown attractive( apart from reality) is correct and ethical. People have become desensitized concerning the value of human life by watching these crime programmes. Television has led to the moral decline in our nation like no other device in history. We need to educate our people and redirect the negative influences of TV into positive actions. It is believed that people who see media outlets that are filled with...
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...EFFECTS OF COMPUTER GAMING ON NEUST STUDENTS’ IN CABANATUAN CITY 1. FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3 2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1. THE REPORT ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 3. RESEARCH DIRECTIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.1. ACTIVE USER PERSPECTIVES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1.1. Important studies ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.2. Problems with the Active User perspective ............................................
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