...crimes which they themselves have observed. The accuracy of eye witness testimony can be affected by factors such as misleading information, leading questions, post-event discussion and anxiety. Loftus and Palmer investigated how the language (leading questions) used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. 45 students were shown 7 films of different traffic accidents. After each film the participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer a series of specific questions about it. There was one critical. This question was ‘About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?’ One group of participants were given this question. The other five groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, bumped or contacted in place of the word hit. The mean speed estimate was calculated for each group. The group given the word ‘smashed’ estimated a higher speed than the other groups (about 41 mph). The group given the word ‘contacted’ estimated the lowest speed (about 30 mph). This suggests that memory is easily distorted by questioning technique and information acquired after the event can merge with original memory causing inaccurate memory. This may not be valid because the participants may not have taken the task seriously as they knew it was not real (lacks ecological validity) and there was little to no consent given by participants to watch clips on car crashes so could cause psychological harm. However since it was a lab experiment...
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...Memory In psychology, memory is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy, including techniques of artificially enhancing memory. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, scientists have put memory within the example of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, it has become one of the principal pillars of a branch of science called cognitive neuroscience, an interdisciplinary link between cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Processes From information processing perspective there are three main stages and 3 types of memories in the formation and retrieval of memory: Encoding or registration (receiving, processing and combining of received information) Storage (creation of a permanent record of the encoded information) Retrieval, recall or recollection (calling back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or activity). A. Sensory memory * The ability to look at an item, and remember what it looked like with just a second of observation, or memorization, is an example of sensory memory. * The capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). * This type of memory cannot be delayed via rehearsal. * Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that briefly stores an image which has been perceived for a small duration. * Echoic...
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...The Human Memory Tracey Percifield American Intercontinental University Abstract Unit 4 IP The human mind is a fascinating instrument that is very complex and even though we know quite a lot about it we still do not know everything. The human memory has three phases of memory interpretation; Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory. Knowing how each of these memories store information is comparison to c computer. The average adult knows anywhere between 50,000 to 100, 00 words. The brain is incredible in protecting itself when injuries occur at times. The Human Memory The Father of Psychology begins with Sigmund Freud and his analysis of Psychoanalysis and the theories he introduced. Freud had many theories that caused controversy throughout his career but in today’s society they are accepted and his findings were true then as they are now without the controversy. In the unconscious mind we absorb many things from learning to traumatic events and information is stored, processed and in some ways affect our lives if we don’t resolve the issues at hand then we carry them with us and they still may affect us as we grow older (IEP, 2010). In 1968 two other Psychologist Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin develop a model of the human mind with the understanding how memory storage is taken in and processed and recalled for later usage. The model is referred to Atkinson-Shiffrin model and is explained as three phases of sensory, short-term and...
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...this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. In the normal brain, REM sleep is the stage of sleep during which the body tends to be very relaxed, with little to no movement of the muscles. However, it is possible to observe occasional slight movements, called twitches, while one is in the REM stage of sleep. Despite the observable calmness of the body during this stage of sleep, heart and breathing rates increase during REM...
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...The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the correlational method as a means for examining the relationship between REM sleep and memory. I will describe previous research and then investigate how REM and memory are associated in young people and in older people. In some ways, the sleep patterns of these two groups are very similar, but in some ways they are not. 1a. REM sleep is the kind of sleep that occurs at certain intervals during the night. As REM sleep begins, rapid eye movement occurs and dreaming begins to take place. This kind of deep sleep takes place after the first few hours of sleep, as the brain also then begins to block messages from the brains motor cortex. Compared to older people, younger people go through deep sleep at...
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...Psychology and neuroscience have been in correlation with one another as they determine why the individual behaves the way that they do. In illustration one of the most popular phonemes studied that affects motivation is the individuals thought process as well as social interactivity which is also known as the study of drug addiction has benefited due to the advances of scanning and imaging technology such as positron emission tomography.(PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging.(FMRI) (Volkflow,Fowler and Wang 2003). This paper will denote parts of the brain and their functions most affected in individuals who are addicted to drugs along with internal and external motivators, for stopping the use of drugs and their social and the individuals lifestyle factors that are relating to recovery from drug abuse. Individuals that are on drugs for long periods of time begin to show physical changes in their brain that impact their emotions as well as their ability to function in society. Furthermore large bodies of neuro imaging studies have shown that the brain is dramatically changed in its structure over a short to a long period of time during drug usage. Which in return affects the individual far as cravings, tolerance, withdrawals an cue relativity even after treatment and long periods of abstinence. (Dennis&Scott, 2007). However while utilizing drugs it causes a quick reaction as there is a large increase of dopamine that’s within the brain that causes...
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...Critically discuss the psychological evidence that helps to explain the use of evidence given in court by children under the age of 11, (usually described as ‘child witnesses’) In the past 20 years the number of psychological studies on child witnesses and the competency of them being interviewed as well as the evidence being given by them has grown from very few quality studies to several thousand. Issues such as suggestibility, the effects of individual differences and the effects of long delays on their recall have been brought up and discussed in these studies. (Memon, Vrij & Bull, 2006) Traditionally, most Criminal Justice Systems have been reluctant to accept the testimony of young children, believing that they make less reliable witnesses than adults do. Although in recent years the balance has shifted and the evidence of children is now much more likely to be accepted. (Ainsworth, 1998) All witnesses defined as a child at the date of the trial, and irrespective of the nature of the offence, are automatically classified as vulnerable and this eligible for a range of protective special measures to enable them to give a testimony in court. There special measures include in-court screens, live TV link, removal of wigs and gowns and provision of any necessary aids to communication. (Raitt, 2007) The issue of children’s competency to testify in court has changed from the presumption that no minor is competent to the belief that all children are competent...
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...NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY What is memory? It is often associated with the “thinking of again” or “recalling to the mind” of something learned at an earlier time. Descriptions of this sort imply a conscious awareness in the rememberer that they are recollecting something of the past. For example, we might remember our first day of school or some general knowledge such as who the prime minister is. On closer reflection, this is only really the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. Much of our memory is submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights into memory from...
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...Introduction Consumers’ memory can be influenced by product placement in advertisement, and the placement are able to change consumers’ attitudes toward the products even toward the brands. It is important to understand the consumer’s memory that can use in how to improve the placement. This literature review is to discuss the processes of information transfers to memory, what type of memory can be developed, how consumers use these memory, the relationship between those memory and product placement. This literature review will focus on the study area of consumer behavior, consumer research, marketing and advertising research. In this research, the memory processes will be discussed, including encoding, and retrieval. Then, the factors of influence retrieval will be outlined. At the same time, the applications of product placement will be examined throughout. Memory have ability to encode, store and retrieval information. Encoding can categorize the information which is perceived from advertisements or experiences and converted it into a construct that can be stored in the brain. Retrieval is calling back the stored information with some cues. Encoding Friestad and Thorson (1993) who base on several theories to propose that there are two types of encoding. The first one is called experimental processing. People do not have any particular goals or task when they are watching advertising. Their cognitive resources are distributed...
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...Running head: Mnemonics My Mnemonics Parrish Flanders Atlantic Cape Community College A mnemonic, or mnemonic device, is any learning technique that aids information preservation. Mnemonics aim to translate information into a form that the brain can retain better than its original form. Even the practice of just learning this conversion might already aid in the transfer of information to long-term memory. Commonly encountered mnemonics are often used for lists and in aural form, such as short poems, acronyms, or extraordinary phrases, but mnemonics can also be used for other types of information and in optical or kinesthetic forms. Their use is based on the surveillance that the human mind more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or otherwise "significant" information, rather than more abstract or impersonal forms of information (Wang). Mnemonic systems are special techniques or strategies intentionally used to improve memory. They help service information already stored in long-term memory to make memorization an easier task. There are 9 types of mnemonics music, name, expression/word, model, rhyme, note organization, image, connection, and spelling mnemonics (Congos). I didn’t need two weeks or a log to record my strategies because I have 3 that I hold dearly to my heart and that I use almost every day without even knowing until I studied this class which are music, image, and connection. Music Mnemonics for...
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...1 The Effect of Prediction on Depth of Encoding Student X name University of New South Wales 2 Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prediction on depth of encoding. Participants (N=136) were given sentence stems and instructed to think of a word to finish the sentence. The full sentence was then completed with either a predictive or a nonpredictive word, and a recognition test given to see how well each word was retained in memory. Out of the three hypotheses, the results supported stronger encoding of predictive words over non-predictive words or the prediction itself. It was suggested this could be due to predictive words forming a more elaborate memory trace, which then integrated better with existing mental categories. 3 The Effect of Prediction on Depth of Encoding When reading a sentence, the mind can form a prediction about which word should come next. Yet it is not clear how this prediction affects the encoding of the actual word that completes the sentence. A word that fulfils the prediction could be better encoded than one that violates it, simply because it forms a smoother fit, or because the mind was already prepared for it. Alternatively, the violation itself might create a stronger impact, leading to better encoding. A third possibility also exists: that the prediction overwrites the encoding of the actual word, regardless of its congruency. One of the most enduring theories of encoding is the levels of processing framework...
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...history of psychology. You will learn how psychology grew out of philosophy and medical physiology, and will become acquainted with some of the pioneers of psychology as a scientific discipline. Famous Psychologists Can you think of any famous psychologists from psychology’s history? The Early History: Philosophers and Scientists Match each of the philosophers and scientists with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their contribution. ______ Aristotle (______) 320 b.c. A. British philosopher, empiricist ______ Darwin (______) 360 b.c. B. Greek philosopher, nativist ______ Descartes (______) 1600 C. British biologist ______ Helmholz (______) 1700 D. German physiologist ______ Locke (______) 1830 E. French philosopher, nativist, and dualist ______ Plato (______) 1860 F. Greek philosopher, empiricist Pioneers of Psychology Match each of the pioneers of psychology with their descriptions AND write in the approximate year of their main contribution. ______ Calkins (______) 1879 A. Studied memory ______ Ebbinghaus (______) 1882 B. First psychotherapy ______ Freud (______) 1885 C. First lab in USA ______ Hall (______) 1888 D. Used introspection ______ James (______) 1890 E. First comprehensive textbook ______ Titchener (______) 1895 F. First psychology laboratory ______ Wundt (______) 1900 G. First woman president of APA Twentieth Century Psychology Match...
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...Research Common sense is defined as sound and prudent judgment based on a simple perception of the situation or facts. In layman’s terms, common sense is the knowledge and experience which most people already have, or which the person using the term believes that they do or should have. The limitations of this approach can be grouped into three categories: extrinsic limitations (the result of factors extraneous to experience), limitations of common sense as a social practice (ensuing from the way knowledge is shared and communicated) and intrinsic limitations (limited viewpoint). Extrinsic limitations Extrinsic limitations can be bias or dogmatic. Bias limitations is insights based on personal experiences are difficult to distinguish from one's preferences, desires or fears. Dogmatism limitation is when beliefs based on common sense become embedded in a particular cultural framework, they are very difficult to change and often become dogmatic. Limitations of common sense as a social practice Limitations can be intangible or elusiveness in nature. According to this limitation, common sense is based on clues often too complex and subtle to be rationally explained and systematically described. Intrinsic limitations Intrinsic limitations are limited in scope and inaccurate in nature. Limited scope means that common sense is limited one’s own experiences which is not taking into account all aspects of reality. Imprecision limitations mean that common sense relies on ‘rule...
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...The Man without a Memory Paper Christina Bacon, Annjuntoria Clements, Sereion Humphrey, Angela Thomas Psych 575 May 26, 2015 Dr. Lynda Cable The Man without a Memory Paper How would you define the relationship between learning something and remembering it? The author would define the relationship between learning and remembering such as preparing for a test or remembering the different signs when studying for a driver’s test. Sometimes when studying for that test a person can learn the material but might have a hard time remembering the information. If a person learns the information that needs to be learned for the test and retains the material, the person will remember what information they need for the test. We also have to ask ourselves the question what is learning and memory? Memories are the mental records that we maintain, which give us instant access to our personal past, complete with all of the facts that we know and the skills that we have cultivated (Wesson, 2012). When we are studying for a test we learn the material necessary to pass that test or to remember certain things that has happened in our lives. According to Wesson (2012) there are three different stages to learning and they are encoding, storage, and retrieval. There could also be a fourth stage which is forgetting. Clive Wearing has that fourth stage because he cannot remember his daughter’s name or when he wrote in his journal. Preservation of Different Memory Types Anterograde...
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...Sarah Whitney November 11, 2015 Critical Thinking Paper Dr. Nancy Furlong A current question that has been frequently asked is whether eyewitness reports provided by children during a court case are reliable. Children's memory capacity, their susceptibility to suggestion, and the delay between a crime and providing an eyewitness statement are some factors that can influence the reliability of these reports. Eyewitness reports provided by children can be reliable if given within a reasonable time frame, and that the presented questions are not suggestive. Also, that the eyewitness reports are provided by older children (9 to 12 years old), their reports tend to be more reliable than those of younger children (5 to 8 years old). Taking these factors into account in future court cases with children as eyewitnesses will ensure the best possible reliability in children's statements. The number of children as eyewitnesses is ever-growing and therefore child eyewitnesses are more involved in the field of legal testimony (Flin, Boon, Knox, & Bull, 1992). Due to this greater involvement, it is frequently questioned whether children are able to serve as credible eyewitnesses during a court case, especially in cases where the sole eyewitnesses to an offense are children (Flin et al., 1992). There can...
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