... 2.3. Table 3: Authoritative child-rearing style p.2 2.4. Table 4: Authoritarian child-rearing style p.3 2.5. Table 5: Permissive child-rearing style p.3 2.6. Table 6: Uninvolved child-rearing style p.4 2.7. Table 7: Kind of prosocial behaviour: Empathy p.4 2.8. Table 8: Kind of prosocial behaviour: Awareness of p.4 wrong-doing 2.9. Table 9: Kind of prosocial behaviour: Cooperation p.5 1.10 Table 10: Kind of prosocial behaviour: Helping p.5 behaviour 1.11 Table 11: Kind of prosocial behaviour: Awareness p.5 of someone else’s problem 1.12 Table 12: Kind of prosocial behaviour: Accommodating p.6 others 1.13 Table 13: Total scores for prosocial behaviour p.6 1.14 Table 14: Total scores for child-rearing styles and p.6 prosocial behaviour 2. Question one: Report p.7 3. References p.8 Table 1 Research participant | Age | Gender | Ethnic group | Marital status | Working or stay-at-home-parent | Average time spend with child per week | Number of children | 1 | 29 | Female | White | Married | Stay-at-home | 40 Hours | one | 2 | 36 | Female | Coloured | Married | Working | 20 Hours | three | Biographical information of parents Table 2 Biographical information of children Child of Parent | Age | Gender | Ordinal...
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...CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND As presented, this chapter discusses the problem and its background. This will help the reader to have an overview of the study specifically on the introduction, statement of the problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation. I. INTRODUCTION Teenage pregnancy is formally defined as a pregnancy in a young woman who has not reached her 20th birthday when the pregnancy ends, regardless of whether the woman is married or is legally an adult (age 14 to 21, depending on the country). In everyday speech, the speaker is usually referring to unmarried minors who become pregnant unintentionally. The average age of menarche (first menstrual period) is 12 years old, though this figure varies by ethnicity, and ovulation occurs only irregularly before this. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors. In developed countries, teenage pregnancies are associated with many social...
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...childrearing. Beginning in the 20th century the science of child development was first established, and with each subsequent generation new theories are introduced about the most appropriate way to raise children. This scientific development brought about the deliverance of an abundant amount of child rearing advice that could be found in anything from books to magazines, journals, and public health pamphlets. This surplus of often-contradictory information frequently caused undue parental anxiety and stress. One 1920’s mother who was overwhelmed by all the wisdom confessed, “I just try to do what you say, but I am a nervous wreck just trying to stay calm.” Although parental pressure and anxiety has been seen as a recurrent grievance through every generation, stress levels have progressively increased to what they are now. An analysis of the child rearing advice given in the early part of the 20th century and that of the new millennium revealed the following things: a steady progression from an authoritarian type of discipline to that of a more authoritative type, the emergence of a paternal role in child rearing, the apparent difference in personality traits of adults that were raised under particular parenting methods, and several distinct reasons for the change in the advice being given. Even before the start of the seventeenth century, experts were concerned with how, if even at all, parental love and child rearing practices affected a child’s personality. Prior to the late...
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...Conditioning and How it Can be Applied to Child Rearing Operant conditioning can be defined as, learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. When we say that a response has been strengthened or weakened, we mean that is has been made more or less likely to occur (Feldman, 2009). We can achieve such conditioning by using reinforcement. Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated (Feldman, 2009). There are three main reinforcements, positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. We will look at positive and negative reinforcement and how they can help in child rearing. Being a parent of two young kids, I know how difficult it could be to get children to do the simplest of tasks. Such as cleaning up after themselves, getting them to stop fighting with each other or just to clean their room. As a parent, it seems more difficult to come up unique ways to have your children complete such small tasks. The two types of reinforcement mentioned above, could aid in this journey. Lets use positive reinforcement for one of the examples I have given. Positive reinforcement is a tool that is used when a pleasant stimulus is added, which increases a preceding response. For instance, if I wanted my children to clean their room, I could tell them that if they clean their room, we will go get some ice cream. This may or...
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...Child Rearing the Caribbean Jacob Davis ANT101 Professor Henninger April 21, 2014 In society people tend to believe that child rearing can best be described as a term to best say "raising up a child" but it is more than having food to eat, a place to rest your head at night, or even that last piece of clothing to wear, it’s a term used to shape and mold the child's character, physical and emotional beings. Growing up I've always been fascinated by the culture and different cultures’ family views which sometimes make me wonder as to why they are different and how it affects their parenting styles and practices, behavioral expectations, affection, education, and physical punishment in child rearing practices. In this paper I intend to discuss the differences and similarities between the Belizean culture of Central America and the Trinidadian culture of the West Indies ways of child rearing. The two cultures follow two separate ways of rearing children in a study done by Annette Lareau; concerted cultivation and natural growth. Each of the two cultures I have chosen rear children in one of the two rearing styles discussed by Lareau. To begin Lareau provides evidence that not only parents but the social class of parents play pivotal roles of childrearing; due to the cause that the social class of the parents assist in the manner in which a child is raises. In Lareau’s 2003 study she provided evidence and theories of two specific types of child rearing: concerted...
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...* Introduction to developmental psychology (history, basic issues) * Theories of development * Research methods in child development Introduction History Child development as a science Parental preoccupation with “expert” child rearing started in the early 20th century. Parents started turning to paediatricians and psychologists for advice. John Watson pushed for rigid feeding schedules for infants and an orderly approach to child rearing. Benjamin Spock’s urged parents not engage in conflicts over issues such as weaning and toilet training, and to display affection to their children. Today Watson’s views are seen as emotionally cold and excessively rigid, while Spock’s recommendations as overly indulgent. What does developmental psychology study? Developmental science seeks to identify variables that influence development and to explain how they work together to shape an individual’s life. Scientists develop theories and conduct research aimed at describing, explaining, and predicting age-related changes in behaviour, thinking, emotions and social relationships. Definition Orderly and relatively enduring changes over time in physical and neurological structures, thought processes, and behaviour. 3 broad goals in the study of 3 child development: * To understand changes that appear to be universal * To explain individual differences * To understand how children’s behaviour is influenced by the environmental context or situation. ...
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...Comparison of Child Rearing Practices Donna Sarvis ANT 101 – Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor – David Jenkins September 2, 2013 Comparison of Child Rearing Practices The purpose of this paper is to express the different ways culture affects child-rearing practices. Culture and child rearing are both essential in child development. Culture and ethnicity can have a deciding effect on the child-rearing techniques that families implement throughout the world. Differences such as methods of discipline, expectations regarding acceptance of responsibilities and transmission of religious instruction will vary among different cultures. The paper will include facts and information from three very different cultures about child-rearing practices. Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group (Greenwood, 2013). Child rearing practices are ways in which children in a society are raised (Greenwood, 2013).. Regardless of their cultural orientation, parents play a significant role in helping their children become honorable and contributing members of society. They accomplish this by nurturing their children, engaging in problem solving with them, and modeling by example of culturally acceptable ways of living and solving problems. A culturally evaluative theory called neo-Freudianism focuses on personal development in that it puts much importance on early childhood experiences being crucial to the development...
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...the young age of 16 in 1900 with a master's degree. Watson was influenced by one of his professors at Furman when Watson decided to enter the University of Chicago where Watson was to study philosophy and psychology. Watson studied comparative psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior (Call, 2010). Watson felt more comfortable studying animals than he did humans and began his study in cortical development while using white rats. Although many other physiologists did not believe rats were capable of "associative learning" due to a rats brain development Watson thought otherwise. During Watson's experiments with the white rats could show that minimal learning was achieved during, the first week and that during the fourth week the white rats could form associations in the rats cortical development (Goodwin, 2008). Watson was able to have this study published that led to Watson's doctorate and his stay at the University of Chicago. During Watson's time at the University of Chicago from 1903 to 1908 Watson researched included white rats and mazes and how the rat would learn to navigate the maze through muscle movements rather than senses (e.g: whiskers) that led to Watson's introduction into experimental psychology and Watson's Behaviorist Manifesto which, is the prediction and control of behavior (Goodwin, 2008). Watson's view on classical...
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...This essay will focus attachment and a definition will be offered. For this essay my research will be based on different types of attachment and experiment used and the effects of maternal deprivation socially and emotionally. I will explain and evaluate different experiment and discuss my finding in conclusion. Attachment is a strong, long lasting emotional tie or bond to a particular individual (Haralambos et al, 2000). Attachment in infancy have some characteristics which include: seeking proximity i.e. wanting to be near each other, seeking anxiety – a mutual feeling of upset if separated and pleasure when reunited. General orientation towards the primary care giver – the infant is always aware of the attachment figure and seek reassurance that they are there (Brody &Dwyer, 2002). These attachments behaviours can also be seen in older people who have an attachment. Adults have more sophisticated ways of maintaining proximity such as sending text messages and the underlying need to stay in touch is still the same. Attachments are formed in human and in many species of animals such as sheep and ducks, attachments are formed rapidly soon after birth. This process was first investigated by Konrad Lorenz. In his observation of animals, Lorenz noticed the tendency for new born, orphaned animals to form an attachment to any animal that happened to be present and to follow it as if it were their real mother. This can often be seen on farms where orphaned lambs will attach themselves...
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...Reflective Journal Psychology seems a very profound subject but I am studying it. Through the lectures I had attended, I have more ideas about psychology. In my mind, there are many theories used to describe human’s behaviors, thoughts and emotions. In fact, we may find that people even ourselves have different personalities over time. What make our personality change? In this essay, I will put forward to the idea of Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism and the factors that influence our personality There are many influences affecting our personality and behavior such as the social environment, people’s education level, cognitive skills and attitudes. At the same time, people’s behaviors can also change the environment. The aspects of individual and the aspects of situation are interacted. These are what Albert Bandura’s reciprocal determinism advocate. Nowadays, it is not uncommon to see that citizens parade the streets. They fight for their own needs and the community needs. They are changing our living environment and the social culture. Why are people being more and more active in pursuing their needs? Thanks to 12-year free education, more and more citizens can enjoy the benefits of education. Citizens broaden their horizons and have the ability to understand more difficult social issues like social justice. They started to distinguish between right and wrong on community and concern about the development of the community. Also, economic factors...
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...Differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement in American and Asian societies (Taiwan, China, & Japan) A lot of attention has been paid to the roles parents play in influencing adolescent academic achievement. The purpose of this project is to compare differences in parental influence on adolescent academic achievement between American and Asian societies. The Asian countries focus on Taiwan, China, and Japan. The project also offers some explanations for why Asian adolescent students outdistance American students in academic achievement. If we give a definition of achievement or achievement motivation, we can define it as people wanting to develop a competent self, or individuals having the motivation to succeed, to be good at something, to be independent and competitive, and to do well at whatever they may attempt. We can analyze Weinerís attribution theory of achievement into three dimensions: the locus of control, stability, and controllability. (Weiner, 1986) What students attribute their academic achievement to is a big issue. If students believe a failure is controllable - the result of low effort ñ they may be spurred on by that failure to do better next time. And a significant and important factor that affects studentsí attribution might be parental influence. In different countries, parents have totally different attitudes toward their childrenís academic performance. This article provides possible reasons for why Asian students outdistance...
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...Running Head: A DIFFERENCE IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT PSY 104: Child and Adolescent Development September 14, 2012 A Difference in Child Development Throughout the years, there have been many great theorists to contribute to the world of psychology. Three of the most well-known of these theorists are Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Sigmund Freud. All three of these men have contributed to the world of psychology in ways that have proved to change history and how we study science and even more so the development of children. From the dynamics of the development of the child and adolescent mind to the underlying causes for most adult sexual disorders, the work that these men did throughout their lifetimes proved to produce amazing results for not only managing to turn their names into household names of their time but also going down in history for bringing to one’s attention that which no one had ever dared to touch before. Although the theories contributed by these men are each significant and all are in relation to childhood and adolescent development, they also each possess certain distinct qualities that allow them to stand out beside their creator. According to Jean Piaget, his observations allowed him to gather that children reason and understand differently depending upon age in a manner of progression through a series of cognitive stages and although the rate in which they progress may differ, eventually...
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...PSYA1 - Developmental Psychology (Attachment) Exam Questions 1. Outline individual differences in attachment. Attachment has been shown to be different to each human being. It is possible to generalise characteristics but no one has the exact same qualities. Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found out that some babies enjoyed cuddling while others preferred not to be touched. They also found that some children were only securely attached to one person whereas others had multiple attachments. There are two forms of attachment; Secure and Insecure. What determines the type of attachment is how the infant is brought up by their parents/caregivers. Secure attachments are formed when there is a positive bond between the child and caregiver, such as comfort and feeding. Insecure attachments are formed when there is a negative bond between the child and caregiver. They occur when there is neglect, lack of comfort or malnutrition. 2. Outline two behaviours that are characteristics of a securely attached child. When a child is securely attached, they will show certain characteristics and behaviour. In the company of a caregiver, a child is happy and content. They will feel safe in their presence. However, if they are separated then the infant will be distressed. Upon reunification with the caregiver, they will return to their former behaviour of happiness. The infant will also prefer their parents to strangers. 3. Identify two cultural variations in attachment. Individualist cultures...
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...this energy needs to be discharged. He then goes on to describe how this drive finds outlet at the earliest stages of life, as babies, toddlers and infants and describes the oral, anal and phallic stages and the psychological effects of fixation at these stages. It is important to note that Freud separated sexual aims and objectives. His work on sexuality and perversions led to the wider theory of sexuality whereby he differentiated the sexual aim (the desire for pleasure) and the object (the person or thing used to fulfil the desire). He asserted that sexuality is more than just genital copulation between adults and this work is the background to his theory on infantile sexuality. He emphasised particular erogenous zones as being of primary importance at different stages of infancy. Each stage impacts in three significant ways: physical focus where the child’s energy may be concentrated and their gratification obtained; psychologically through demands being made of the child by the outside world as he or she develops – either doing too much or not enough of what is ideal;...
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...contemporary psychology the various approaches are genuinely different. An approach is ones prospective or opinion which can be many. We can compare this meaning to our study of the bible. There is a certain amount of assumption in human behavior. No one approach is the answer to all; however most behaviorist, believe there approach is the only true scientific one. Social approaches are thoughts, processes, and feeling influenced by others. Early Americans used this approached often when rearing children. The sons thought process was that of his father. This fostered positive to negative behavior. If the father was the bread runner of the house then he taught by mouth or led by example to his son. The father worked, cut the grass, made minor repairs around the house, and made most of the decisions from, what the family would eat; to what time the family went to bed. Therefore the son’s behavior the way he raised his family would be molded. This thought process was strong. It could mold the behavior of a young boy to select the proper mate. Because from the actions of his father and the way the mother would follow in the boys mind this is how a mate should act. Today are behaviors are shaped from almost any entity. Television, athletes, computer games shape our behaviors and adults rearing children some unconsciously depend on these devices or other people to shape the 2000 generation. Things like babysitting yesteryear were a few hours a day, today child centers are...
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