Psychology: 725-739
Social Psychology Notes:

Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual’s membership of a social group.
For example, a person may hold prejudiced views towards a certain race or gender etc. (e.g. sexist).

A prejudiced Vs. Discrimination: A prejudiced person may not act on their attitude. Therefore, someone can be prejudiced towards a certain group but not discriminate against them. Also, prejudice includes all three components of an attitude (affective, behavioral and cognitive), whereas discrimination just involves behavior.

Discrimination is the behavior or actions, usually negative, towards an individual or group of people, especially on the basis of sex/race/social class, etc. Examples: Racial discrimination, 
Age discrimination, Gender Discrimination A stereotype is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to respond rapidly to situations because we may have had a similar experience before. One disadvantage is that it makes us ignore differences between individuals; therefore we think things about people that might not be true (i.e. make generalizations). For example, a “hells angel” biker dresses in leather.

Ingroup= us (people within the group that share a common interest.) Outgroup= them (people who are different and are not in their group)

Ingroup-Bias is a simple concept, but one that has very powerful affects on people, societies, and life in general. Ingroup bias is simply the tendency to favor one's own group. This is not one group in particular, but whatever group you associate with at a particular time, because they each perceive their own group as being the "right" and "good" group, while the other group (the outgroup) is "bad" and "evil".

Scapegoat theory is a social psychological term that relates to prejudice. According to this theory, people may be prejudice toward a group in order to vent their anger. In essence, they use the group they dislike as their target for all of their anger…as a vent. One example that has been suggested is the holocaust. According to scapegoat theory, the Germans used the Jews as scapegoats for all of their countries problems (which included economic problems across the country), focused all of their anger on the Jews, allowed their anger and hatred to build, and focused all of their anger, frustration, and problems on the Jews. (This is not "the" explanation for the holocaust, but one component of it.)

The just-world phenomenon is the tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. If you have this belief, and something good happens to you, you may conclude that the world is just because you are a good person and so good things happen to you. In the same way, when you see something bad happen to someone else, you may conclude that they did something to bring on this bad event. Otherwise, it would not have occurred since the world is a just place. Instrumental Aggression is a term that refers to a premeditated aggressive action that is carried out in order to achieve a specific goal. A simple example of this is a “playground bully” who forces other children to give him or her their lunch money. Has a purpose.

Hostile Aggression refers to violent attitudes or actions that are associated with anger and a desire to dominate a situation or others. Its displays itself in verbal, non-verbal and physical ways and holds the intention of causing harm. Has no purpose.

Frustration-Aggression principle: First, we need to explain frustration (not that we don't all already know what this is). Frustration is a feeling of tension that occurs when our efforts to reach some goal are blocked. When this occurs, it can produce feelings of anger, which in turn can generate feelings of aggression and aggressive behavior. This theory has been utilized to explain a lot of violent behavior over time. For example, some have stated that people who become frustrated with their jobs because they don't like their work, can't get the raise they want, etc., but can't take out their aggressions at work (can't yell at the boss, can't punch annoying co-workers), will redirect this frustration and act aggressively toward others (like a husband, wife, children, etc.). Example: According to this hypothesis, after a football game fans of the losing team are more likely to feel aggressive and/or carry out aggressive actions than fans of the winning team. Conflict is a turning point during which an individual struggles to attain some psychological quality. Sometimes referred to as a psychosocial crisis, this can be a time of both vulnerability and strength, as the individual works toward success or failure.