...PUBLIC HEALTH COMPETENCIES A. BIOSTATISTICS Biostatistics is the development and application of statistical reasoning and methods in addressing, analyzing and solving problems in public health; health care; and biomedical, clinical and populationbased research. Competencies: Upon graduation a student with an MPH should be able to… A. 1. Describe the roles biostatistics serves in the discipline of public health. A. 2. Describe basic concepts of probability, random variation and commonly used statistical probability distributions. A. 3. Describe preferred methodological alternatives to commonly used statistical methods when assumptions are not met. A. 4. Distinguish among the different measurement scales and the implications for selection of statistical methods to be used based on these distinctions. A. 5. Apply descriptive techniques commonly used to summarize public health data. A. 6. Apply common statistical methods for inference. A. 7. Apply descriptive and inferential methodologies according to the type of study design for answering a particular research question. A. 8. Apply basic informatics techniques with vital statistics and public health records in the description of public health characteristics and in public health research and evaluation. A. 9. Interpret results of statistical analyses found in public health studies. A. 10. Develop written and oral presentations based on statistical analyses for both public health professionals and educated lay audiences. B. COMMUNITY...
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...In today’s health care, there are laws set in place to protect the well-being and best interest of the patient. These laws range from tort laws, criminal laws, and contract laws. Although each of these laws are set in place to protect the patient to a certain degree of wrongdoing on the physicians and medical facilities part, they can be distinguished by which one affects health care professionals directly compared to indirectly. In this paper, I will discuss the Tort Law, the law that most directly influences Health Care Professionals. Tort Law Defined Tort Law can be defined as the civil wrongdoing against a person. Tort warrants claimants to seek restitution for their alleged disservice for bodily harm, effects, or character. In order to file a tort claim, the claim has to be factual or true by the party that suffered the disservice. Medical personnel and facilities can receive jail time and/or malpractice claims if found guilty of such negligence as described in the tort claim. According the Congressional Budget Office (2006), “The system has twin objectives: deterring negligent behavior on the part of providers and compensating claimants for losses (including medical costs, lost wages, and pain and suffering) they incur as the result of an injury that occurs because of negligence” (http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/71xx/doc7174/04-28-MedicalMalpractice.pdf ). Torts can be divided into categories, such as negligence and intentional torts. Negligence is the most common tort...
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...Issues This case is about the usage of genetically modified foods and up till today, this problem is continuing. It was stated that Taco Bell was accused of using StarLink corn (a type of genetically modified corn) in their taco shells. The StarLink had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that it is safe for animal but not human consumption. From the time when this case happens, the public started to be aware of the possible dangers of genetically modified foods. Other than that, the prices of corn start to decline. This case had generated debates about genetically modified foods. There are two groups that shares different views about genetically modified food. One of the groups is the proponents of genetically modified food. This group believes that genetically modified food is not harmful and thinks that it helps to feed the hungry world. On the opposite are the anti-GM foods. Basically, this group deem GM food as a hazard and harmful to humankind and environment. Ethical Issues Technology has become more as more advanced as the time passes and technology are slowly playing a very important role in people’s life. However, there are advantages as well as disadvantages of using technology. One important issue that arises with the use of technology is ethical issues. The management’s goal of each company should attempt to keep away from immoral as well as amoral practices. They should instead adopt a moral management practice. The aims of the management...
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...1) Ethical and conceptual issues Current research and research results It is increasingly recognized that within many areas (e.g., disability and handicap), conceptual issues and ethical issues about proper conduct and underlying values are highly intergrated. The treatment of ethical and policy issues depends on the content of the concepts employed and, at the same time, many central concepts are informed by moral opinions and, as a result, contested on ethical grounds. Taking this intergration of conceptual and ethical issues seriously from a research point of view requires that they are very strongly interconnected, i.e. mere studies of the way in which concepts are in fact informed by moral opinions and social values is not siffucient. Outright normative analyses of underlying ethical views need to underpin suggestions with regard to the way in which central concepts should be employed in policy contexts. This has been recognised in research on the basic ethical issue of what should be seen as the basic determinant of the quality of life or well-being (Brülde 1998, 2006), as well as research on applied ethics of relevance for disability (Brülde 2003; Munthe 1996, 1999; Juth 2005; Juth & Munthe 2006), and concepts such as happiness, health, illness, and mental disorder (Brülde 2000, 2006a, 2006b). Research on several of the conceptual issues has demonstrated how they are strongly connected to ethical problems related to health care policies and public health practices...
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...University of Phoenix Health Care Ethics and Social Responsibility HCS 335 December 17, 2011 Introduction - The American Medical Association (AMA) has improved public health, invested in the doctor and patient relationship, and promoted scientific advancement for more than 160 years. The history of the AMA is an important narrative, which demonstrates the role the members and the institution have played in the United States in the development of medicine. Public health betterment and the science and art of medicine are the mission of the American Medical Association. In this paper we will describe the code of ethics, general perspective, and mission statement of the American Medical Association. Mission statement American Medical Association goal is to “To promote the art and science of medicine and the betterment of public health.”(2). They have a couple of values they promote as a company. They are Leadership, Excellence, and Integrity and Ethical Behavior. American Medical Association strives to be professional and helpful to patients on all public health issues. General perspective The AMA promotes healthy lifestyles and will continue to develop and conduct scientific research and disseminate to doctors clinical resources related to the treatment and prevention of health issues for the public, like alcohol, and other drug abuse, violence prevention, and obesity. The American Medical Association stands committed to stopping the ethnic and racial health care disparities...
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...Ethics Paper The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing has a current article named “Caring for Patients While Respecting Their Privacy: Renewing Our Commitment”. The basis of the article concerns the ethical and legal issues concerning the “Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act” otherwise known as (HIPPA). This law has impacted the healthcare industry and the way in which healthcare workers conduct themselves with patients, their families, and with one another. In nursing the importance of confidentiality has always been the forefront of patient care. The current Code of Ethics for Nurses (ANA,2001) is clear in its intent and meaning as it relates to the nurses primary role in promoting and advocating patient’s rights relating to privacy and confidentiality. Every nurse has always understood the need for patient confidentiality even before (HIPPA) was law. Truth being with advanced technology, new demands in healthcare, and recent developments in the world at large has made it more difficult to keep this promise. But keep it they must. As healthcare workers on any given day we hear and see private and confidential information, it is our duty to protect it. On occasion we do become comfortable with patient’s medical information that it can be easy to forget that as healthcare workers how important it is to keep information secure and private. Thus, a recommended solution to this issue is to recap the -privacy section of the “Health Insurance Portability Act” and refer...
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...Ethical decision making in healthcare NRS-437V Jyoti Battar Grand Canyon University February 2nd, 2014 Breaking confidentiality is never ethical and is also losing faith between the patient-nurse relationships or amongst healthcare providers. The minute a patient walks into a health care setting they feel a trusting bond with the providers and expect reciprocation. The U.S. department of health and human services has the office of civil rights which imposes the “Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act” (HIPAA) which protects patient information. Breaches of confidentiality are taken seriously by the office of civil rights and any breach of unsecured health information will be analyzed, and the person responsible will be prosecuted. All healthcare providers are expected to follow basic ethical principles during their practice and they are: “Respect for autonomy, Veracity, Beneficence, Non-maleficence, Fidelity, and Justice” (Maurer & Smith, 2013). These ethical principles are implemented and mandated through standards of practice and federal law in all healthcare and professional organizations. According to the American Nurses Association’s (ANA) standard of codes, the most important ethical principle is “respect for the inherent dignity and worth… of human existence and the individuality of all persons” (Maurer & Smith, pg. 12). When a patient arrives to the hospital the first task the patient goes through is to sign an informed consent form, also known...
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...Ethical and Legal Responsibility of an Organization Chadwick Slaughter Walden University The issue of public policy has changed dramatically over the years and the privacy of consumers has received considerable attention. The evolution of the Internet has produced a number of diverse concerns regarding the issue of confronting consumer protection for both international and domestic consumer privacy. High profile organizations are exposed to many breaches of personal information and puts these particular organizations are at risk of reputational damage and understanding the scope of an organization’s responsibilities for information security professionals is an absolutely essential. IT security professionals play an important roles managing liability for privacy and security risks for an organization in today’s world where hefty reparations can be bestowed to plaintiffs who place lawsuits upon organizations. Damages can range from big to small and can sometimes be retaliatory. Minimizing liability and reduce risks for an organization from physical and electronic threats can be a daunting task for information security specialists. This specialist must thoroughly comprehend the current legal environment, regulations, laws, and stay current with emerging issues regarding the responsibility of securing not only the companies’ vital information, but also consumers and users alike. An organizations responsibility to educate all employees all obligations and the proper use of...
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...One of the most common ethical issues facing healthcare marketing managers, is the issue of effectively ensuring that the item that they are marketing is commensurate with the health and safety of the individuals who will be utilizing the product, due to the fact that many healthcare organizations engage in marketing products that have not been thoroughly tested, and this could cause tremendous safety implications for the general public. So it is imperative that marketing managers seek to ensure that the products that they are marketing to the public at large are actually safe for the consumer to utilize. Another ethical issue facing marketing managers is the issue of marketing the products to the individuals that are most in need of those products, instead of marketing these products to the mass population, as a means by which to increase the profitability of their healthcare organization. Although any individual has the right to purchase a product that is marketed, many individuals do not have the knowledge that is needed to ascertain whether or not the product is absolutely necessary for them, which makes it imperative that marketing managers seek to focus their marketing to those individuals that are in need of the products that they are advertising. A methodology that could be utilized to effectively ensure that the products that marketing managers are marketing are safe for the public, is to ensure that the drugs or other healthcare related products have been approved by...
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...Madrid Organizational Ethics Business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues are part of organizational ethics. These ethics are often guided by the law; most business uses ethics in order to be accepted by the public or to have a successful business. Ethical principles can address organizational issues which help the organization to follow good practices within their organization or company. I am part of the Parkland Health & Hospital System organization, and this organization is committed to providing the best possible care to our patients as well as the community we serve. Therefore it is critical to our staff that we provide patient centered patient valued care that is ethical when caring for our patients. The care of our patients along with our business operation it is an important part of how we are looked upon. The main goals of our organization is to adopt a culture of integrity, and accountability with ethical behavior, in order to establish internal controls that will abide by the laws and regulations which will maintain ethical practice within our hospital. Within the healthcare field and especially public health (county hospital) external social pressures has a big influence on the ethics within this organization. As part of public healthcare this organization has to follow strict ethical practices because we are constantly under public scrutiny from external was well as social pressure which has a high influences on the patients that...
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...Constitutionality From the moment the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) was just in its proposal stage, it proved to be the most argued upon piece of US legislation of the last decades. It stirred controversy among the general public, medical professionals, raising concerns of various nature, including public health, legal, and ethical, to the delight of hundreds of political analysts. “Chief Justice Roberts has handed a political weapon to the Republicans, who can portray the PPACA as a major tax increase. Another potentially disturbing element of Chief Justice Roberts's opinion is the limitations he places on the federal spending power… The federal government could place conditions on the new Medicaid grants, Roberts argued, but could not threaten existing Medicaid funding without being unconstitutionally coercive. This part of Roberts's opinion is unfortunate, making it more likely that a few red states will reject the Medicaid expansion for no compelling reason.” (Lemieux, 2012) From the public health perspective, the decision of the Supreme Court does not seem beneficial. It is obvious that PPACA was intended to address the social inequalities that prevent millions of low income, uninsured citizens to benefit of decent health care. The law aims to accomplish the following major tasks: to raise the quality of medical care, to offer care based on the patients freedom of choice, the affordability of such treatments, and a nation to share both the costs and the benefits...
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...pages) of the values and ethics of a public policy issue by doing the following: 1. Analyze a health or nursing profession public policy issue that impacts a group of people and requires a policy change. a. Discuss why you selected this public policy issue. Note: If you select a local policy, be sure your discussion reflects how the policy will affect more than a single unit, department, or organization. b. Discuss the relevance of the public policy issue to the health or the nursing profession, using two pieces of academically appropriate literature from the last five years. c. Describe the financial impact of the public policy on an organization or on a community. 2. Analyze how your values impact your position on the public policy issue. a. Discuss the ethical principle (e.g., autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice) or theory that underpins your perspective. Prepare your reflection essay (suggested length of no more than of 3 pages) of the values and ethics of a public policy issue by doing the following: 1. Analyze a health or nursing profession public policy issue that impacts a group of people and requires a policy change. a. Discuss why you selected this public policy issue. Note: If you select a local policy, be sure your discussion reflects how the policy will affect more than a single unit, department, or organization. b. Discuss the relevance of the public policy issue to the health or the nursing profession, using two...
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...Public Health Management Abstract Many low-income countries need to significantly scale up coverage of priority health services. This will generally require additional national and international resources, but better leadership and management are key to using these resources effectively to achieve measurable results. Good leadership and management are about providing direction to, and gaining commitment from, partners and staff, facilitating change and achieving better health services through efficient, creative and responsible deployment of people and other resources. While leaders set the strategic vision and mobilize the efforts towards its realization, good managers ensure effective organization and utilization of resources to achieve results and meet the aims. Public health management is really needed in Africa. For active and resourceful nursing management in Africa, competencies are vital. It is important to know the expertise of the managers on these competencies. It is also important to know if there is a gap between what managers think they know and what they really know in regards to skills. The role of public health for case management is to upkeep early identification of possible circumstances and persons under investigation (PUI) via investigation, mapping communication, awareness activities to healthcare workers and the public. Public health experts can also partake in updating the channeling of PUIs’ likely plus confirmed cases to health care facilities...
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...multinational organization, Riordan Manufacturing deals with multiple ethical issues involving corporate social responsibility (CSR). There are a number of serious social issues which affect developing countries as well as large countries such as China and the United States. These issues include the degradation of the environment, collapse of the global financial system, the abuse of human rights, and the improper use of child labor. There are numerous agents (stakeholders) involved in these ethical debates including employees of the corporation, government agencies, NGOs, consumers, and the media (Lopez-De-Pedro & Rimbau-Gilabert, 2012). Riordan Manufacturing is faced with three potential ethical issues in their Chinese operations plant. This paper will address these three issues, as well as possible mitigation plans, implications for the stakeholders, and a recommended course of action for the organization. Issues Raised There are three primary issues raised related to Riordan Manufacturing which will be discussed in further detail: (1) potential water supply contamination issues; (2) worker rights issues at the Yin Motor Company; and (3) child labor law violations. These issues could result in potential fair trade agreement violations, ethical violations, and legal violations for Riordan Manufacturing resulting in high fines, penalties, and a loss of public and consumer trust. The first issue is the potential water supply contamination due to the run off from...
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...well-publicized scandals resulted in public outrage about misappropriation of public funds and fraud in business and a demand for improved business ethics and greater corporate responsibility. The publicity and discussions involving highly visible legal and ethical lapses at a number of well-known private companies and government ministries notably Zambeef, Ministry of Health and Medical Stores Limited highlight the need for organizations both profit and non - profit making to integrate ethics and responsibility into all business decisions. At a greater expense in response to ethical lapses, business decisions and activities have come under questioning by many different components, including consumers, employees, investors, government regulators, special interest groups and the general public at large observes. As a result, new laws and regulations designed to encourage higher ethical standards in business have been instated states (Sandi, 2002). Therefore this paper will to discuss the issue and effect of poor ethical standards in the organization were I have worked for the past six (6) years which is the Ministry of Health and I will further give experiences of other organizations operating in the Zambia based on the information that I have read from the media. At last then discuss the counter measures that have so far been implemented, also my personal opinion of the recommendation local authorities should institute. For example in the health sector should a nurse ignore facts...
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