...The theme of this book is individual-rights verses public-order, specifically; the rights guaranteed by the constitution to criminal suspects and law abiding citizens need to be upheld and defended. On the public-order side of things, the needs of communities to be protected from unlawful and/or harmful behavior must be recognized as well. These two sides have opposing groups: individual-rights advocates and public-order advocates. Individual-rights advocates focus on just that. They make sure the rights of citizens and suspects are both upheld (like the right to a speedy trial and bail). Public-order advocates are there to make sure that the public (communities) are also protected from unacceptable behavior... Describe the American experience with crime during the last half century. What noteworthy criminal incidents or activities can you identify during that time, and what social and economic conditions might have produced them? The American experience with crime during the last half century has been especially influential in shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although crime waves have come and gone, some events during the past century stand out as especially significant, including a spurt of widespread organized criminal activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early twentieth century; the substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s; the threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same time;...
Words: 3401 - Pages: 14
...Certificate and Sub-Diploma in Public Services | Unit 12 – Crime and its effects on Society | Learner name | Assessor name | | Mrs. L. Gabell | Date issued | Hand in deadline | Submitted on | | | | | | Assignment title | | In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria. Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be found. | Criteria reference | To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able to: | | Task no. | | Evidence | P1, M1, D1 | Outline current crime and disorder legislation. Analyse the impact of two pieces of crime and disorder legislation. Evaluate the impact of one piece of crime and disorder legislation. | | 1 | | | P2 | State the main sentences and orders criminal courts can impose. | | 2 | | | P3 | Describe two theories of criminal behaviour and the factors that contribute to them. | | 3 | | | P4, M2 | Describe the effects crime has on communities and the individual. Analyse the effects of crime on communities and individuals. | | 4 | | | P5, M3, D2 | Identify approaches used by public services to reduce crime, disorder and antisocial behaviour. Analyse how the strategies used by the local community public services work to reduce crime, disorder and antisocial behaviour. Evaluate a local public service initiative designed to address crime and its impact on the community. | | 5 | | | P6 | Explain how public and third sector organisations...
Words: 1560 - Pages: 7
...Unit 12: Crime and its Effects on Society Unit code: Y/600/6030 QCF Level 3: BTEC National Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose The aim of this unit is to give learners a knowledge of current UK crime and disorder legislation and the sentences and orders available to the criminal justice agencies. Learners will also develop knowledge of the effects of criminal behaviour on communities and an understanding of how society works to reduce crime, disorder and antisocial behaviour and to support the victims and witnesses of crime. Unit introduction This unit introduces learners to the legal framework that exists to prevent crime and deal with offenders. They will look at the powers of the courts, including the orders and sentences that the courts can impose. They will look at the theories of the causes of criminal behaviour and other contributory factors that may lead to criminality and antisocial behaviour, for example socio-economic and environmental influences, lack of education and negative family influences. Learners will explore the problems resulting from criminal activity and antisocial behaviour. They will explore the costs of crime, to local authorities, the community and individuals. Learners will also investigate the ‘fear of crime’ and how this manifests itself in both individuals and communities and the impact this can have on quality of life. Learners will learn how their local police proactively tackle crime using problem-solving models...
Words: 4200 - Pages: 17
...has always been one of maintaining public order. Discuss. While the main roles and functions of police have evolved and developed over time the major responsibility of maintaining public order has remained the primary role. There are many varied roles and positions within the police however it seems there is a shared focus on maintaining public order. This is evident through all of the eras of policing and portrayed through a number of incidents, events and periods of time. A small sample of these will be used throughout this essay to depict the main role of police at different stages. Public order regulation is defined as the policing of behaviour in public places, maintaining public order and can also be done through crime control and prevention (White & Perrone 2010: 225). Maintaining public order through various methods of crime control, crime prevention, order maintenance and regulation is evident in the functions of every era of policing (Broadhurst & Davies 2009: 47). Police are often required to conduct public order surveillance, intervention and monitoring at major public events for example sporting events, parades such as Mardi Gras, strikes, funerals or marches (White & Perrone 2010: 289). Upholding public order can also extend to policing domestic violence and other disputes (White & Perrone 2010: 289). The above outlines of the functions through all of the eras of policing reinstate that maintaining public order is a priority function for Australian...
Words: 1119 - Pages: 5
...Subsidiary/Extended Diploma in Public Services Unit 12: Crime and its Effects on Society Assignment 2: Effects of crime and how the public services support victims and witnesses of crime In this assignment I will be examining and investigating the effects of crime on individuals, communities and business and discussing the role of services that support victims of crime and witness. There are a lot of people and communities that are impacted negatively by crime. However in the public service, there are approaches used in order to reduce crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour. This is done by using websites and wardens to keep track of recent crimes. Also I will be writing about how both public and third sector organisations support the victims of crime and the witnesses in order for them to feel safe giving information. (P4) Describe the effects crime has on the communities and individuals Crime has a lot of impact on the victims and other individuals that may be affected. Elderly, children, different cultures, etc. are all groups of people that are negatively impact by crime, but as they are different, some are affected more and some are not so bothered. • Elderly – elderly people are effected quite negatively by crime, this is because higher expectations of the community and they are a lot more vulnerable. If they are a target of crime they may feel helpless and very afraid. Even if the elderly are not first-hand victims of the crime, they may feel unsafe in their...
Words: 1755 - Pages: 8
...------------------------------------------------- Crime in context Discuss the role of the media in the construction of the general public`s perceptions of crime and the implications of this for the development of safety policies. The primary source of information on crime and safety policies is the mass media. Mass media has a primary aim to inform and entertain and therefore the coverage of crime may be inaccurate, biased and may promote inappropriate policies of crime control. However, the influence that the media imposes upon the public about crime will ultimately be dependent upon how the content of the media is interpreted by specific audiences. In relation to crime statistics and the public’s perceptions, the Government's British Crime Survey (BCS) of 2008/9, results showed that UK public felt crime had increased locally from 36 per cent in 2007/08 to 38 per cent in 2008/09 and an increase in the proportion of people who think crime has increased nationally from 65 per cent in 2007/08 to 75 per cent in 2008/09 when in fact the figures had decreased. On the other hand, some categories of crime did show an increase, such as theft from the person which increased by 7 per cent. Two main categories of mass media are print media and electronic media. Both categories differ in the way that print media is mainly factual and electronic media tends to provide visual imaging to relay information. At present visual media coverage is the most predominant in conveying the meanings and emotions of various crimes. It appears...
Words: 2719 - Pages: 11
...Felony Crimes A felony is considered a serious crime. Most states and the federal government classify a crime that's punishable by more than one year in prison as a felony. Some states consider a felony as any crime that's punishable by any length of time in prison. A felony that's punishable by death is considered a capital crime. There are many different crimes that are considered felonies in most states. Some common felonies include: * Murder * Rape * Burglary * Kidnapping * Arson * Robbery Misdemeanor Crimes A misdemeanor is considered a less serious crime. Most states and the federal government classify a crime that's punishable by less than one year in prison as a misdemeanor. Some states consider a misdemeanor as any crime that's punishable only by fine or a small length of time in jail. If a misdemeanor is considered a very minor offense, such as jaywalking, the crime may be classified as a petty offense. There's a wide variety of crimes that are considered misdemeanors in most states. Some common misdemeanors include: * Public intoxication * Trespassing * Speeding * Prostitution * Vandalism * Use of a false ID Whether a crime is considered a felony or a misdemeanor will many times depend on any aggravating factors. These are factors that make a crime more serious. For example, the theft of a very inexpensive item from a store may be considered a misdemeanor. However, the theft of multiple items that are worth thousands...
Words: 555 - Pages: 3
...trying to contribute to that effect especially those who are public servants. One of these administrators of justice is Sir Robert Peel who had contributed much for the benefit of the society through his famous position on policing to the diverse needs of the modern society. Sir Robert Peel was born last February 5, 1788 at the place called the Chamber Hall near Bury in Lancashire (Bloy, 2008, p. 1). He served twice as a Prime Minister in his country England and had parliamentary career until he died in the year 1850 (Bloy, 2008, p. 1). The family of Sir Robert Peel entered weaving and farming as livelihood in his early years and later moved into textile manufacture business that made them wealthy. There are nine (9) pointers for the position of Sir Robert Peel in policing that made his ideas last until this time. First, the primary mission of the police is the prevention of crime and disorder. There is no other purpose for the establishment of the police in the society but to prevent crimes. Second, police ability to perform their duties depends upon the approval of the public in police actions. The public plays a big role in providing the police an atmosphere to perform their functions well. The members of the community must approve the way police officers handles and deals with crime prevention and maintenance of peace and order. Third, it is the responsibility of the police to demand the willingness of the public to cooperate in the maintenance...
Words: 1378 - Pages: 6
...POLICE AND CRIME PREVENTION IN NIGERIA Akintunde Kabir Otubu ~ Sunday A. Coker Introduction The importance of law and order to orderly development and growth of a society, both in the physical and economic sence, cannot be over emphasized. It is only a mind that is secured and at peace that can rationally address the issues of procreation, economic development and societal growth. A disturbed mind is a restless and distraught personality. It is therefore imperative to have peace and order in the society to assure its growth and development. The role of law enforcement in the maintenance of peace and order in the society is a foregone conclusion. Every man by nature is selfish and self-centred;1 in most case he needs the presence of the state institution of law enforcement to be able to act right and just. Studies in anthropology and law show that however one goes back into the history of a people, one would find regulatory rules of conduct and mechanisms for enforcing these rules. The evolution of these mechanism has taken different shapes in different settings, depending on the political, social and economic stages of development of the people concerned.2 Thus irrespective of the people, state or nation concerned, the presence of law enforcement agencies in the body polity of the state is a sine qua non for safety of lifes and properties in a state. The place of the police in the scheme of things with respect to law enforcement cannot be over emphasized. Along sides, and...
Words: 5695 - Pages: 23
...Individual Rights vs. Public Order In the past, there have been historians and sociologists who believe that there is some variety between public order that emphasizes individual rights and that in turn emphasizes public order. Individual rights will exist no matter what. It’s the different governments that choose to protect them or not. Those governments that do may be considered open-minded. Those governments that don’t may be considered oppressive. Those governments that choose to protect their citizen’s individual rights do so in a manner with advantages and disadvantages to both the individuals and public order. There are many laws that exist in America and they are in place to keep people of America safe. Individual rights exist to give individuals their freedom, and that identical freedom can be the foundation to cause people to take advantage. People feel they are safe in their everyday lives. Public order is what keeps the world safe from mishaps. The ultimate life is to have freedom and of course everyone wants it; however people can take advantage of that desire and privilege regardless of who they are. Individuals are given rights which protect them from being mistreated from anyone, such as government officials, although most of the rights are given to keep people from being mistreated from the Justice System. The bill of rights was established to help protect the citizens of America. “The bill of rights is devoted to defending the rights of people who are accused...
Words: 1546 - Pages: 7
...Criminal Law Midterm Part B Crime has been part of the human condition since people began to live in groups. Ancient documents indicate that activities such as murder, theft, and robbery were defined as criminal by civilizations that existed before biblical times. The bible recounts stories of crimes such as Cain killing Abel, and the parable of the Good Samaritan, who came to the assistance of a man who had been assaulted and robbed.[i] Criminal laws regulate human behavior and tell people what they cannot do and in some instances, what they must do under certain circumstances. Throughout history, all societies have had criminal codes regulating conduct .Democracies have always sought to transform their basic principles and ideals into achievable goals through a system of laws that balance the rights of individuals with the compelling needs of society as a whole. These goals include public order, domestic tranquility, and protection of the basic rights of individuals.[ii] Because governments in democracies are the servants and not the masters of the people, laws should be the product of the will of the people. Criminal justice systems in democracies operate most successfully when the majority of people believe that the laws are reasonable and that the system can operate efficiently and effectively. The issue of what laws should be enacted often causes serious public debate. Laws are enacted by elected representatives of the people they are enforced...
Words: 2852 - Pages: 12
...Chapter I Problem And Its Background “There is no single cause of crime that is sufficient to guarantee its occurrence: yet opportunity above all others is necessary and therefore has as much or more claim to being a root cause” Marcus Felson Introduction Police operations cover the mission-critical aspects of a police organization: policies, institutional arrangements, processes and resources for the performance of the policeman’s main functions. Police Operations encompass a wide range of activities, particularly patrol and traffic operations, implementation of special laws, command and control, civil disturbance, disaster management, terrorism, deployment of troops, internal security operations and community-oriented policing, with due regard to human rights. Police Patrol has always been the backbone of protecting the public, and as far back as society had begun to get organized into groups and communities, mankind has always had people to patrol, to show a strong presence, as well as be on the look-out for danger at all levels, and then be able to respond. And if it wasn't for the Police patrolling your neighborhood, your local community and even your entire city, then the little world that you live in, would become Survival Of The Fittest. We must tell you that in all the world of defense, police patrol is the best way for the police to defend us. High police visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think twice before executing their plans if there is...
Words: 7330 - Pages: 30
...Redden Sir Robert Peel and American Policing The history of policing dates back several thousand years ago when there was no order or peace and inhumane acts upon citizens was the norm with religious, political, or military police acting as the law. Policing was unstable and unorganized. Citizens took the law into their own hands and served as judge, jury, and executioner. There was not such a thing as being “innocent until proven guilty.” If the community believed an individual was guilty of a crime then the community would handle the offense themselves. American policing stems from the English heritage; crime prevention and control, preventive patrol, and the quasi-military organizational method became the policing structure. The English colonists brought a criminal justice system as part of their cultural baggage (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 24). In addition, American policing also used other features from the British system. A member of England’s elite social and political class fought to improve the structure of the law enforcement for more than 30 years. History expresses itself and acknowledges this member as the “father” of modern policing, otherwise known as Sir Robert Peel (Walker & Katz, 2008, p. 25). After the collapse of the England law enforcement in the early nineteenth century, Sir Robert Peel took a stand to control order and organization in the law enforcement system. He fought for many years for this and finally convinced the English Parliament to...
Words: 950 - Pages: 4
...rights and public order perspectives are such contentious issues in contemporary American Society.. In America advocates for individual rights feel that it is extremely important that no rights or freedoms should be given up to ensure order for society. Many of these individual rights are guaranteed to us in the constitution and with that being said that would mean that everyone has these rights including the criminals in society. These rights often are one of the reasons that the justice system is always so tied up and court trials can take many years. One of the hot topics with individual rights and public order currently is the many protests and demonstrations that are going on in America of the past several months. This is a good example of individual rights versus public order....
Words: 1130 - Pages: 5
...base of patrol functions defined as deterring crime, enhancing the feeling of public safety, and making law enforcement officers available for service. Police departments today use these nine principles as a foundation of maintaining positive relationships with citizens and their community (FBI, 2012). The Metropolitan Police Act (MPA) of 1829 was established by Sir Robert Peel during his term as the Secretary of England. Peel’s theory rests mainly on his quote “The key to policing is that the police are the people and that the people are the police.” The concept behind the Peelian Principles is preventing crime, not fighting crime. In order for community policing to be proved successful, Peel first established the Metropolitan Police. Because of the success in community policing, today’s police agencies still base their ethics and policies around the nine Peelian Principles as listed below. The first Peelian Principle explains the basic mission of police existence; prevent crime and disorder. The concept of prevention of crime is to the alternative factor of control by legal punishment or military style force (Nazemi, 2012). Most individuals consider the consequences prior to committing a criminal act. The majority of the individuals who do make the decision to commit a crime are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The second Peelian Principle explains the necessity of public approval and to maintain public respect in order for the police to have full capability to...
Words: 984 - Pages: 4
