...Purpose and History Paper John Eric Cabaluna CJA/234 06/18/2014 Instructor: Robbyn-Nicole Livingston “Corrections” is a term use to define the legal punishment of the criminals for the crimes they have committed. Before this term came, penology was used instead. Penology came from the word “penal” that was derived from the Latin term, “peonalis,” which means punishment. So, penology is simply the study of punishment. A philosopher named Francis Lieber was the first person who used the term penology. There are five theories of punishment that were recognized: (1) retribution, (2) general deterrence, (3) specific deterrence, (4) incapacitation, and (5) rehabilitation. Retribution is the imposition of sentence given to someone who committed a crime. An example is a criminal committing a murder will be imposed to a death penalty. General deterrence is the concept “that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment,” (Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005). Because the society is aware that the punishment is given to an individual who commits a crime; therefore, the people avoid to committing such acts. An example of general deterrence is the mandatory minimum sentences for certain drug-related offenses, which is mostly informing the public via media of crimes, etc. Specific deterrence is the concept that “if young offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal...
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...Purpose and History Paper Purpose and History Paper For at least a century, Prisons have always been a part of society. For many decades, penitentiaries have been embedded into our society as form of rehabilitation; or in some cases, a form of order and public safety. Throughout history, penitentiaries had evolved steadily; however, some may say that these facilities have evolved into something that was never intended. With that being said, let’s explore how penitentiaries were originated. Today, Prisons are recognized as a ‘method” of corrections, as well as, a form of deterrence; however, this wasn’t the case many years ago. During the early 1600s, prisons were known as jails. These jails were recognized as temporary rehabilitation facilities for just minor offenders (National Institute of Corrections, 1986). These jail facilities instituted punishments in the forms of shackles, lashings, and hard labor on the minor offenders. Even though these facilities were known to be a huge success, they were still primarily for minor offenders. Serious offenders were still tortured, mutilated, deported, and even executed (Smith, 2006, Chapter 4). During the 1700’s, Europe & North American jails weren't so organized. Jail and workhouse administrators were allowed to anything that they wanted with their inmates. The government was very lenient. Inmates were permitted by jail keepers to do anything they pleased. Inmates were permitted to make up their own rules. While there...
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...Purpose and History The Beginning of punishment in corrections began with the European system. The early colonists that came here from other countries used this. They can up with their own way of doing things. One of the most popular punishments was public humiliation. They used this to try to keep prisoners from repeating their crimes. They also used this method to try and deter others from committing the same crimes. Some of the punishments included cutting off fingers, whipping, branding and cutting out tongues. Punishments for serious crimes like murder and rape where punished by death by hanging in public for everyone to see. The criminals that were very poor dealt with the most of these punishments. They had to live in unsanitary conditions with filth and barely enough to eat. Wealthy criminals could pay a bail to get out and pay fines to be released. The use of capital and corporal punishments were not approved of by some people. One of those people were William Penn governor of Pennsylvania. Quakers being victims of religious persecution, they felt that the criminal codes were both inhumane and inefficient so along with William Penn they made some new codes that included abolition of capital punishments for crimes except homicide, substitution of hard labor instead of harsh punishments, a provision for free food and housing, and replacement of stocks and pillory for houses of detention. (seiter, 2011). In the late 19th century the American correction system went...
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...Punishment within the corrections system has been around for as long as anyone can remember. Imprisonment has been a form of punishment since ancient times and is still the most common form of punishment when dealing with offenders in corporal punishment and execution. In the early 18th century a gradual minimization of this trend took place and the start of the modern European penal system began taking place. Michel Foucault in his writings “Discipline and Punishment “evaluated how the rise in prisons in the 18th century was a major factor in the formation of the way today’s world views punishment. Philosophers such as Voltaire and Jean Jac Brusseau and Jean Loc made way for social change with their views on human potential, free will and the innate goodness of man. These philosophers voiced their opinion against torture and capital punishment which in their minds represented barbarism. Prison sentences in that age became a way so that judges could not punish those who in their minds were deemed most severe. These views on punishment obviously have changed over time, in my opinion capital punishment serves as a better means as any to punish those who have committed crimes giving those offenders a chance at rehabilitation and redeeming themselves. Prisons in today’s society have gone a long way since prisons in the past, they still may need a little work done to make them a better environment to live in for inmates, but are still an upgrade from how prisons use to be...
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...Purpose and History Norris R. Billingsley CJA 234 October 8, 2013 Yolonda Johnson Purpose and History In reference to the history of punishment for crimes, which date back as far as 450 B.C., some of the earliest methods of punishment are replaced by more efficient and humane methods of punishments or corrections. Punishments back then were harsher, brutal, and inhumane because people strongly believed in the retributive approach to crimes committed by individuals. Punishments such as whippings, brandings, torture, beatings, and mutilations were in efforts to make the punishment as relevant as possible to the crime committed also known as corporal punishment. Liars had their tongues ripped out; thieves had their finger or hand cut off; and adulterers had a scarlet “A” branded on their foreheads to reduce attractiveness and discourage any further adultery (Seiter, 2011). Punishments back then also included removing the individual from society or his kind by transportation or deportation, which resulted in decreasing the opportunity for the individual to repeat the crime committed. Also placing individuals in pillories, wooden frames with holes that secured an individual’s hands and head as he or she stand; and placing individuals in stocks, wooden frames with that secured an individual’s head, hands, and feet while he or she sit, deterred both the individual and the broader community through pain and shame as he or she were visible to the public or community (Seiter, 2011)...
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...Court History and Purpose Paper Nerissa N. Lee CJA/224 Nov. 29, 2012 Ashley Kintzer Court History and Purpose Paper The Court is where disputes are settled, law is born, and where individuals accused of criminal crimes go. Courts are simply the civilized way to handle issue in a legal, organized civilized manner. It is a critical component of American justice system. Courts is defined by the book as, “An agency or unit of the judicial branch of government, authorized or established by statute or constitution, and consisting of one or more judicial officers, which has authority to decide upon cases, controversies in law, and disputed matters of fact brought before it.” (Siegel, Schmalleger, & Worral, 2011). The purpose or the function of the courts can be narrowed down to four important things: 1. Courts are to uphold the law; 2. Protect individuals; 3.Resolve disputes; 4. reinforcing the social norms. However in the United States we have what is referred to as a dual court system. A dual court system can be defined as a judicial system comprising federal- and state- level judicial systems. A dual court system separates federal and state courts. According to the book a dual court system is advantageous and desirable because it is parallel to federalism. Federalism is a system of government where power is constitutionally divided between central governing body and various constituent units. In the United States, the federal government makes laws, but federalism also...
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...Court History and Purpose Paper University of Phoenix CJA/224 Court History and Purpose Paper The criminal justice system is the set of agencies and processes that are established by governments to control delinquency and crimes with an objective to impose penalties to those who violate the laws. There are no single criminal justice systems in the United States but instead there are many similar individual systems. A court is an institution set up by the government to control crime, settling disputes through a legal process. The court system decides what the type of punishment should be to those who have committed crimes. By doing so, this helps society in diminishing crime rate. The system also provides a reasonable way to decide private disputes that individuals may not be able to resolve themselves. Adversary process is used by courts to help reach a decision. This process includes both sides to professionally state arguments to the judge or jury that will determine each case and find a solution. The dual court system is two separated court systems that include a state court system and a federal court system. Federal courts are established in the country under the United States Constitution by Congress to decide disputes that involve the Constitution and laws that are passed by Congress. Federal courts only hear the following: cases which involve the United States party, cases involving violations of federal laws, cases between citizens of different states exceeding...
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...Court History and Purpose Paper A court in general is defined as an organization or unit of the legal extension of government, approved or made by statute or constitution, and comprising of one or more legal officers, which has the power to choose cases, discussions in law, and question matters of certainty brought before it. There are three different components which include the following: To be viewed as a court, it must have legitimate lawful power, as spelled out in the constitutions or statutes, Courts are by and large found in the legal rather than authoritative and official extensions of government, and Courts are enabled to settle on choices that are tying. The thought of "[deciding] upon cases, debates in law, and questioned matters of truth" is known as arbitration, or "the procedure by which a court touches base at a choice with respect to a case. The functions of the courts are upholding the law, protecting individuals, resolving disputes, and reinforcing social norms. There are many different courts on both the State and Federal level, but the one that will be discussed is the United States District Court (Frank Schmalleger, January 2010). The United States District Courts are the trial courts of the government court framework. Inside cutoff points set by Congress and the Constitution, the area courts have locale to hear almost all classes of government cases, including both common and criminal matters. There are 94 government legal areas, including no less...
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...You often hear the term ‘cybercrime’ bandied about these days, as it's a bigger risk now than ever before due to the sheer number of connected people and devices. But what is it exactly? In a nutshell, it is simply a crime that has some kind of computer or cyber aspect to steal from people without them knowing it right away. Because of the U.S. position as the world's lone superpower, cyber-attacks from all points of the globe are so commonplace that they're hardly newsworthy anymore. Some nations have seen an increase of up to 1250% in their crime rate due to cybercrime. Recommendations that would you make to combat cybercrime and crimes associated with cybercrime and hackers. Make sure you have adequate anti-virus software for your computer, such as McAfee, Norton Anti-Virus, Stopzilla or other similar programs. You also need to make sure you regularly update your anti-virus software and that you do a once-a-week scan to locate and eliminate any malware, spyware, viruses and other problems. If you don't want to purchase security software, then there are programs, such as AVG, that offer free versions. So it’s up to you to protect yourself from the cyber-attacks, and hackers. Because the government is not going to help you when your identity is stolen, it’s up to you to prove your innocence. I know because it has happen to me, and I had to prove that the money token was not me. And I have never been to California, where the credit card charges were made. -------------------------------------------- ...
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...Running Head: JESUS 1 Jesus History, Character, Purpose, and Plan Armon Q. Parker English 1300 Composition II National American University August 2012 JESUS 2 Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4 History……………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Character……………………………………………………………………………………..........5 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………………….5 Plan………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...6 References…...……………………………………………………………………………………7 JESUS 3 Abstract This paper will provide the readers with basic information concerning the history of Jesus, his character, purpose and plan. This paper is not written to sway anyone form any other belief system that they may have. It is only to give information in regards to whom He was and is. This will be done by answering four questions: What is His history, character, purpose and plan? As a result, the answering of following questions will leave the reader more informed about what he/she may not have known regarding the man known as—Jesus. JESUS 4 Jesus History, Character, Purpose, and Plan Jesus has gone down in history as one of the most influential people who has ever walked the earth, and because of whom He claimed to be, churches, movements, and even religions have become established all over the world...
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...The purpose of assignment three was to take the information that I learned in my research paper and transform is into three different genres that would target three different audiences. My research paper focused on medical writing and some topics that lay within it. In my paper I gave a background in medical writing history and then talk about it in the present day. I cover prescription writing errors, becoming published and writing in medical school. I chose to take my information on the history of medical writing, prescription errors, and becoming published and transform it into different genres other than a research paper. Along with changing the genre that the information is presented in I must also repurpose it with the intention of targeting...
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...Apologetics Application Paper: Part 1 (Grading Rubric) [pic] Late 10% or 6 points. TOTAL SCORE Apologetics Application Paper Instructions Choose a non-Christian target audience (see below for choices). Write a paper that demonstrates a solid working knowledge of the assigned course readings and accomplishes the following: 1. Summarize the worldview of that audience by using the main worldview categories discussed in the assigned course reading. This section of the paper must be approximately 1 full page. 2. Use Groothuis’ criteria for evaluating worldviews in order to reveal the significant ways in which the selected audience’s worldview fails in providing a livable, comprehensive system. This section of the paper must be 2–3 pages. 3. Discuss how Christianity can correct the selected worldview and offer a more reasonable alternative to the challenges faced. This section of the paper must be 3–4 pages in length. 4. Develop a plan to share and defend the Christian worldview with someone in the target audience. Take into consideration at least 2 of the following: the problem of evil; 2–3 theistic arguments; defense of the resurrection of Jesus; defense of objective truth and moral values. This section of the paper must be 3–4 pages. In addition to these requirements, the paper must have a proper introduction and conclusion and must follow the structure of a standard academic essay. When including both the proper introduction and...
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...Course Syllabus ________________________________________________________ CJS 200 Foundations of the Criminal Justice System Course Start Date: 08/01/2011 Group ID: AAGR0Z9835 Facilitator: Lee Rankin Copyright Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows®, and Windows NT® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix® editorial standards and practices. ------------------------------------------------- Course Description This course is an introductory overview of the organization and jurisdictions of local, state, and federal law enforcement, judicial and corrections agencies, and processes involved in the criminal justice systems. It examines the historical aspects of the police, the courts, and the correctional system, as well as the philosophy. Additionally, career opportunities and qualifying requirements, terminology, and constitutional limitations of the system will also be covered. ------------------------------------------------- Course Topics...
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...assurance Professor: SCORTAR LUCIA-MONICA Toilet Paper Student: Gabriel Ionescu Ovidiu Contents Introduction 3 The history of toilet paper 3 Demands of the market 4 Design and Metrology 4 Raw materials 5 Manufacturing, Labeling and Packing 5 Bibliography 6 Introduction In our busy life, we tend to use some products so frequent that we can’t imagine life without them. How many of you think that you can live without water, not only for drinking purposes, but also for washing. How many of you think that you can live without food? How many of you think that you can live without clothes? The list can go on with phones, internet connection, cars etc. I think one of the objects that we don’t even think about, but in the same time we use it daily, is Toilet Paper. Was toilet paper on your list before? What about now? Do you think you can live without it? I don’t think so. Therefore, if toilet paper is such an important product, let’s find out some more information about it. The history of toilet paper Most of us think that toilet paper was invented a long, long time ago, but in fact the role of paper that we have today, was designed just in 1857 by Joseph Gayetty. Of course the idea of using paper for cleaning purposes was developed a long time ago. Although the use of paper as wrapping and padding material dates back to the 2nd century BC, the first documented use of toilet paper in human history was dated back to 6th century AD. In 589, the scholar-official...
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...For this History 150 class, I have chosen to write about Filipino-Americans for my research paper. One main reason for this choice is that I want to be more informed about the Filipino-American community and its significant history with America. In the past, books I used in previous history classes only briefly mentioned this particular group of people. So, by writing this research paper, I hope to increase my knowledge about Filipino-Americans. Another reason is that I want to know why these particular people immigrated to the United States, continued to stay in this country, and formed a community. Lastly, I am actually Filipino-American myself. Thus, I want to take this opportunity to dig up and discover the unique history that helped to shape Filipino-Americans, such as myself, in present-day America. By taking the initial steps to produce a well-revised paper, I hope to discover the painful and unique history that has created existing Filipino-American communities across the United States today. Itty...
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