...difference between Qualitative and Quantitative Research Introduction Researchers in social sciences conduct research to gain knowledge of society and its inhabitants and how they interact with each other. A researcher may see an area where a factory has closed with mass redundancies, or they wish to enquire why ethnic minorities are stopped and searched more often by the police. The researcher is seeking to broaden our knowledge or fill in gaps in our knowledge and explain the phenomena (Bryman, 2008). To conduct the research a question must be framed that needs answering, and a methodology for the research chosen. There are two methodologies that are used in social science research, quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The quantitative methodology is influenced by the positivist tradition, which seeks a single truth that can be discovered by scientific investigation (Gilbert, 2005). The second methodology is qualitative, which is influenced by the interpretivist position. This position holds that truth is not so easy to find and reality is subjective and cannot be found through scientific methods (Benton & Craib,2001). This essay will look at both methodologies and try to discover if the research method is influenced by the type of information one wishes to collect, or if a methodology has no bearing on social reality. It will also examine a research question chosen by the author and their preferred research methodology. Quantitive Research Quantitative research...
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...key characteristics and differences of research methodologies The methodologies used in research include qualitative, quantitative, mixed, and action research. First, mixed methodology entails the combination of the compilation and analysis of both qualitative and qualitative statistics. Second, action research is an informal methodology that obliges all the partakers to be mutual researchers. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are the prevailing methods in research at present (Austin, 1978). Qualitative research methodology obtains an approach to evaluating information that looks at connotation rather than numbers. The statistics, therefore, normally consist of non-numerical data such as words or metaphors. Qualitative research is unbolt and receptive to its subject. There are various key characteristics of this research method. First, the perspective of investigation is not artificial; they are natural. Nonentity is undermined or taken for granted. Second, actions can be understood effectively only if they are spotted in context. Consequently, a qualitative researcher submerges in the setting. Under this method, interviews and observations are the most suitable strategies to be used. Quantitative research methods advance research in a different way and scrutinize the data based on figures and statistics, the consequential data is principally statistical (Trochim & Donnelly, 2006). It entails those methodologies, which include surveys, interviews, and socio-grams...
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...ISSC 363 Risk Consultant 24 January 2016 Risk Consultant A risk assessment is a way to identify, evaluate, quantify, and prioritize risks (Gibson, 2011). They are primarily used to assess the overall security of a network from the eyes of an attacker in order to protect the network from intruders (Schmittling, n.d.). There are no regulations instructing organizations on how systems need to be controlled or secured, however there are regulations requiring systems be secure in one way or another (Schmittling, n.d.). The rationale for conducting an assessment include: cost justification, productivity, breaking barriers, self analysis, and communication (Schmittling, n.d.). Adding security adds an extra expense that may not seem justifiable to a company. Businesses may not understand that an intrusion could cost more than proper security equipment and it is important for a security risk analysist to relay this important information. Productivity can be increased by properly formalizing a formalizing a review and implementing self analysis features (Schmittling, n.d.). Conducting a risk assessment can also break down barriers between the organization's management and the IT staff as they work together to secure the network. By making the security risk assessment system easy to use, management will be able to take part in the security of the network which will in turn make security a part of the business's culture. Risk assessments can boost communication...
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...RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative, Quantitative. and Mixed Methods Approaches SECOND EDITION John W. Creswell University of Nebraska, Lincoln SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi ~ 6 7 6 3Copyright O 2003 by Sage Publications, Inc. -3 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover image copyright O Sheldan CollinsICorbis; used by permission. For information: Sage Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com Sage Publications Ltd. 6 Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Creswell, John W. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches I by John W. Creswel1.- 2nd ed. p. cm Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-7619-2441-8 (c) - ISBN 0-7619-2442-6 (pbk.) 1. Social sciences-Research-Methodology. 2. Social sciences-Statistical methods. I. Title. H62 .C6963 2002 30W.7'2-dc21 Acquiring Editor: Editorial Assistant: Production Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Designer: ...
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...4/8/2014 4/8/2014 Assignment of research methodology Qualitative and quantitative Assignment of research methodology Qualitative and quantitative Research: Noun: 1. The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Verb: 1. Investigate systematically. Definitions: John .W. Best: Research is a systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the development of generalizations, principles, theories and concepts, resulting in prediction for seeing and possibly ultimate control of events. Clifford woody: Research is a careful enquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something. Methodology: is the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study, or the theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles associated with a branch of knowledge. It, typically, encompasses concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and quantitative or qualitative techniques. Research methodology: The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information. THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH: The main purpose and role of research is to help plan and...
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...Running Head: FUNDAMENTALS OF RESEARCH Fundamentals of Research Tawni Romero University of Phoenix BSHS 382 Research and Statistics Tina Henderson May 2, 2011 Fundamentals of Research The text defines scientific method as a “general expression for the methodology of science, or a systematic research approach or outlook emphasizing the use of empirical reasoning” (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008, p. 424). Within this paper there will be a discussion on the scientific method and how it relates to research in the human services field. This paper will review the steps in the scientific inquiry process. This paper will define quantitative and qualitative research and explain how they relate and differ each to the human services field and the scientific method. The paper will determine whether to use a quantitative or qualitative research methodology, and provide examples of what sort of study is appropriate for each methodology and why. The paper will define mixed method research with descriptions and strengths included. Examples of when it is appropriate to apply mixed method research in the human services field will also be examined. In conclusion, there will be a summary of how scientifically sound research supports the function of the human services manager. The Scientific Method The six steps to conducting research are “1) identifying a research problem, 2) reviewing the literature, 3) specifying a purpose for research, 4) collecting data, 5) analyze and interpreting...
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...Comparison of 3 methodological approaches undertaken in 3 Research studies on Airline Industry Introduction In this research paper, methodological approaches of 3 different peer reviewed tourism journal articles from the journal “Tourism Management” have been compared. The first article is on the topic of changing gender representation in airline/aviation industry. This research study has identified the trends related to gender representation in airline industry have been discussed. In this article, the influence of different media such as contemporary electronic, celluloid and print has been discussed and the role of media in affecting life as well as career choices especially from the perspective of gender is conferred. According to the article, e-media imagery holds more power than ever before to influence life, especially career choices of a person. New generation especially now take their input from the imagery shown on the media in making their career decision and media has played an important role in helping women to gain more representation in careers that were previously dominant by the their male counterparts. According to the article, e-media imagery holds more power than ever before to influence life, especially career choices of a person. New generation especially now take their input from the imagery shown on the media in making their career decision and media has played an important role in helping women to gain more representation in careers that were...
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...Running head: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS PAPER Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods Paper Obbie Brown University: Course: Tutor: Date: Appropriate Academic Research An appropriate academic research can be defined as the research and the experimental developments which comprise creative works which are conducted on a systematic basis with an aim of increasing the pool of an individual’s or a group’s knowledge. The knowledge could include the in-depth knowledge of mankind, culture and the society. The stock of knowledge is then used to devise alternative solutions to the existing problems (Brew & Lucas, 2009). Quantitative Research Quantitative form of research is predetermined and involves a large number of respondents. It involves objective measurements which are both quantitative and are statistically valid. Quantitative research entails hard and objective data. Quantitative research seeks to quantify data and generalize the results from the predetermined sample to the target population. It also aims at measuring the incidence of various views and opinions in a given sample (Balnaves & Caputi, 2001). Qualitative Research Qualitative research involves the collection, analysis and interpretation of data through the application of the observatory techniques as well as listening to peoples’ opinions. While quantitative research entails the counts and measures of phenomena, the qualitative research...
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...which two are articles from peer-reviewed journals. * Cite references used according to APA 6th edition. Include an APA-formatted reference list. * Insert your reference list at the end of the document. * Demonstrate your understanding of the nature of the three major research methods by describing and comparing the foundations of quantitative and qualitative research for each of the following elements, using this template. Limit your response of each item to 100 words. * Nature of research: scientific and philosophical underpinnings The scientific and philosophical underpinnings need a foundation for inquiry to conduct research. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies consist of three philosophical underpinnings, which is identified as: objectivism, subjectivism, and constructivism. The different philosophical foundations and scientific of quantitative and qualitative methodologies have different ontology and epistemology. In quantitative paradigms have an ontology and epistemology of, where the observer and the observed are considered separate and independent. Whereas, qualitative the ontology and epistemology is multiple, socially and psychologically constructed phenomenon, where the observer and the observed are connected to each other (Gelo, Braakmann, and Bebtka, 2008). * Approach to inquiry: induction versus deduction According to Christensen, Burke, and Turner (2010) (p. 7), induction is a process that involves going...
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...processes with which they work. Data can also be collected for the purpose of process control. Numerous manufacturing processes use feedback data to adjust an input, such as temperature, in order to keep the output at the desired level. Feedback data from quality control activities can be used to make adjustments that result in more products meeting their requirements (Burrill, Ledolter, p.381). Data can also be used to improve processes with the intent of increasing productivity. ‘Data is nothing, unless interpreted and turned into useful information.’ Data are usually collected through qualitative and quantitative methods (Hawe, Degeling, Hall, 1990). The purpose of this paper is to explore the variety of methods of data collection used in both qualitative and quantitative research. More specifically, to discuss the process of identifying research questions and selecting appropriate methodologies, understanding the difference between...
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...Each choice requires various kinds of preparation, which might best be accompanied by a special research design. However, mixture or mixed strategy approaches show to be very helpful in many scenarios, and appear to fix several of the difficulties, which appear from embracing an individual methodological strategy. According to Cooper & Schindler (2014), “Managers basically do business research to understand how and why things happen. If the manager needs to know only what happened, or how often things happened, quantitative research methodologies would serve the purpose. But to understand the different meanings that people place on their experiences often requires research techniques that delve more deeply into people’s hidden interpretations, understandings, and motivations. Qualitative research is designed to tell the researcher how (process) and why (meaning) things happen as they do (Ch. 7, pg 144)”. Strengths and Weaknesses Qualitative techniques are usually rich in story and description, and rather of supplying a result they have a tendency to discuss the procedure. Different from the aims of qualitative inquiry, quantitative methodology doesn't try to understand the circumstances where the individuals being analyzed are related. While quantitative data may explain information numerically, it does not go one-step further, as qualitative investigations often times do, and first understand what is being considered, and follow by comprehending it, and...
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...Each choice requires various kinds of preparation, which might best be accompanied by a special research design. However, mixture or mixed strategy approaches show to be very helpful in many scenarios, and appear to fix several of the difficulties, which appear from embracing an individual methodological strategy. According to Cooper & Schindler (2014), “Managers basically do business research to understand how and why things happen. If the manager needs to know only what happened, or how often things happened, quantitative research methodologies would serve the purpose. But to understand the different meanings that people place on their experiences often requires research techniques that delve more deeply into people’s hidden interpretations, understandings, and motivations. Qualitative research is designed to tell the researcher how (process) and why (meaning) things happen as they do (Ch. 7, pg 144)”. Strengths and Weaknesses Qualitative techniques are usually rich in story and description, and rather of supplying a result they have a tendency to discuss the procedure. Different from the aims of qualitative inquiry, quantitative methodology doesn't try to understand the circumstances where the individuals being analyzed are related. While quantitative data may explain information numerically, it does not go one-step further, as qualitative investigations often times do, and first understand what is being considered, and follow by comprehending it, and...
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... Albert Einstein Mixed methods research is fast becoming recognised as a third major research approach or paradigm alongside qualitative and quantitative research. Its philosophy is pragmatic, and in general terms it is an approach which attempts to acknowledge several perspectives, viewpoints and angles. Research methods are a fundamental component of the social sciences which facilitate the understanding of human behaviour. Grinnell (1993, as cited in Kumar, 2005, p.95) defines research as being a “careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles”. Grinnell also adds that research is a structured inquiry which employs scientific methodology for problem solving and creating new knowledge. This paper will critically discuss the nature and design of mixed methods research. The essay begins by defining mixed methods before giving an outline of the quantitative and qualitative approaches followed by a discussion on the debate surrounding the multi-strategy approach. Multi-strategy research attempts to combine methods from the positivist- quantitative and the interpretive- qualitative paradigms. Both numerical data, a result of quantitative enquiry and narrative data, a result of qualitative enquiry are collected and analysed with the aim of trying to answer a specific research question. This type of integration...
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...method and the fundamentals of research by first defining the term ‘scientific method’ as well as by providing an explanation of how it relates to human services research. The steps in the process of scientific inquiry will be reviewed along with why each of these steps must be included to support the scientific method. A human services research example of the scientific method that identifies each of the steps involved in the process of scientific inquiry will also be provided. Likewise, the terms quantitative and qualitative research will be defined and an explanation of the manner in which they differ as well as relate to the human services field and the scientific method will be included along with specific examples of what sort of study is appropriate for each methodology and an explanation why. The term mixed method research will then be defined and the strengths associated with this type of research method will be given as well as an example of when it is appropriate to apply mixed method research in the human services field. Lastly, a brief summary of the way in which scientifically sound research supports the function of a human services manager will also be provided. The Scientific Method in Human Services Research The term ‘scientific method’ is a general expression used to describe the pursuit of knowledge through a systematic...
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...* Yesenia S. Torres * Edessa Jobli - Facilitator * BSHS382 Week 1 Individual: Fundamentals of Research paper February 10, 2014 Fundamentals of Research Paper The scientific methods and fundamentals of research are as varied as the researchers who use the approaches. “Researchers in disciplines as varied as psychology, biomedicine, business, education, communication, economics, sociology, anthropology, physics, biology, and chemistry all use some variation of this approach.” (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). The scientific research method is essentially a form of investigation used by researchers to explore already known facts, gain new insight and education and to disprove or further prove what is believed to be facts. There are three forms of research methods that make research scientific research of; descriptive and observational, experimental, and relational research. The descriptive and observational research method is where the researcher will map out the research using description to allow for the creation of a matrix or map that can be followed. The experimental research method is used to research the effect of an independent variable from a dependent variable. The relational research method employs the relation and correlation of two or more factors. (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Human Services research The scientific method relates to the human services research in that helping professionals in the human services field are consistently doing research...
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