...1.0 INTRODUCTION Rabies is a virus disease that causes acute inflammation of the brain in humans and other warm-blooded animals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These symptoms are followed by one or more of the following symptoms: violent movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Once symptoms appear it nearly always results in death. The time period between contracting the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months; however, this time period can vary from less than one week to more than one year. The time is dependent on the distance the virus must travel to reach the central nervous system. Rabies is caused by lyssaviruses including: rabies virus and Australian bat lyssavirus. Rabies is spread when an infected animal scratches or bites another animal or human. Saliva from an infected animal can also transmit rabies if the saliva comes into contact with the mouth, nose, or eyes. Overall dogs are the most common animal involved. More than 99% of rabies cases in countries where dogs commonly have the disease are caused by dog bites. In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The disease can only be diagnosed after the start of...
Words: 3177 - Pages: 13
...years while others are still being studied with new ones occurring today in the modern world. Along with these diseases it is important to study and understand what causes them, what signs to look for, what species to look for them in, how to treat them, and how to prevent them from happening, IF you can even prevent them. Some diseases and conditions have vaccines to help with prevention and some do not, while some diseases are zoonotic meaning that they can be transmitted from animal to human. While there are hundreds upon hundreds of diseases to be looked at, the ten researched below are the ones once prevalent among the veterinary technicians job in the clinic; Hip Dysplasia and Ethylene Glycol poisoning in dogs, Hyperthyroidism and Rabies in cats, Strangles and Equine Recurrent Uveitits in Horses, Cryptosporidium and Fasciola Hepatica in Ruminants and Swine, Idiopathic Epilepsy in Aviaries, and Lymphoma in Ferrets. Hip Dysplasia in dogs is a congenial condition caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, or poorly developed muscles in the pelvic area. The causes of hip dysplasia are considered heritable, but new research conclusively suggests that environment also plays a role. Although to what degree is caused by genetics versus what portion is caused by environmental factors are a topic of debate....
Words: 17767 - Pages: 72
...Rabies – A zoonotic disease Rabies is a zoonotic disease, meaning it is transmitted to humans from animals. The rabies virus is a member of the Rhabdovirus family and it is caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus (Woodroffe, Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1997). It leads to an acute, central nervous system infection, which is characterized by CNS irritation, followed by paralysis and death (Woodroffe, Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1997). It occurs in more than 150 countries and territories and dogs are the source of 99% of human rabies deaths. The natural reservoir for the rabies virus is in the wild animal that bites a human. Animal reservoirs include semi-wild dogs, skunks, raccoons, fox, bats and mongoose (Woodroffe, Ginsberg & Macdonald, 1997). Essentially, the frequency of contacts between susceptible and infectious individuals is the rate-determining step in the spread of the disease but it is extremely difficult to measure in the wild (White, Harris and Smith, 1995). There is an increase in rabies in late summer and early fall in red foxes. This increase in rabies corresponds to time of dispersal and reproductive maturation in juvenile males (Johnston and Beauregard, 1969). A limited natural human immune response to rabies does exist. A reason for a failure to protect in humans is the poor immunological response that the virus provokes. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was assessed in patients with rabies. There was no significant difference in number of killer cells between rabies...
Words: 883 - Pages: 4
...Unit 3 Project Convolbo Konkiswende Kaplan University Prof: Joanne Ray CM107-04 The courage is a behavior that we express under certain situation. According to me the courage is when somebody risks his life or his interest in order to save or rescue somebody or something in a dangerous situation. The courage does not rely on the strength but only on the mental. It is expressed in a specific situation where we must act immediately with the risk to lose the life or interest. Boukare demonstrated that courage in my village. He defended a child against a rabid dog. It was during the dry season in the month of April; the temperature is very high. That day, like every day we found oneself under a big tree towards midday to talk and take a rest. We liked this place because we had fresh air and it was an occasion to talk about the village’s problems and for children an occasion to play to many games. That day, i point out that there is lot of people. Suddenly, somebody among us shouted ‘a rabid dog’ ‘a rabid dog’. It was panic. I point out too that we not used to see rabid dog in the village and that it was the first time that we had a rabid dog in the village. So during our stampede, a three years old child was stayed under the tree and was crying alone. This is at this time that we saw the rabid dog that wanted to attack the child. Sincerely nobody stopped to rescue the child except “Boukare”. Boukare went back to rescued the child...
Words: 451 - Pages: 2
...Suncoast Animal League Volunteer Application – Youth OFFICE USE ONLY Orientation Date Start Date Thank you for your interest in volunteering at the Suncoast Animal League. Please complete the application below. Please Print. Personal Information: Date First Name Street Address Home # Last Name City Work # Birth (Month/Day/Year) State Cell # Zip Preferred Phone Contact: Email: Employer How did you hear about the League? Home Work Cell Occupation Please indicate the days and times you are available to volunteer: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Saturday Sunday Anytime Events only ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Animals of Interest: Skills you possess: □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Cats Dogs Others (rabbits, birds, reptiles, etc.) Adoptions □ Fundraising □ Office/Computers Animal Medical Care □ Maintenance/Handy Work □ Photography Behavior Training: Cats □ AC/Heating □ Public Education Behavior Training: Dogs □ Carpentry □ Public Relations Computer Hardware/Software □ Electrical □ Rescue/Disaster Response Events □ Painting □ Therapy Visits Foster Care □ Plumbing OTHER: ___________________________________________________________________________ VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES: ( ∗ Indicates parental approval is necessary prior to performing tasks) Adoption Assistant Assist visitors with potential adoptions: escort through adoption areas, answer basic...
Words: 1429 - Pages: 6
...Zombie Virus or Rabies-Flu Hybrid? Could a highly improbable genetic tweak cause a mutant virus? Hollywood would sure like us to believe it, or else they would lose at the box office. Though humans once dead can’t rise from the grave, it is possible that certain viruses can cause violent aggressive behavior, one such virus is Rabies, which could cause some zombie-like traits. Rabies is a viral disease and it causes the central nervous system to become afflicted with horrible symptoms, causing a human to act like a stark raving mad lunatic. Once infected, humans do not immediately show signs of the disease. Actually, the first signs of rabies, such as confusion, hallucinations, anxiety, and paralysis- could lay dormant in the body and not typically appear for a week up to a year. Once symptoms do appear, if left untreated, could be fatal within a week. Now take the influenza virus’ ability to spread rapidly through the air, and combine it with rabies. Could this combination possibly cause a zombie apocalypse? I think if this were to happen, gun sales would sky rocket. Can you picture it? The caption would read, “Now open, Zombie Season, how many can you get?” Rabies though is no laughing matter. Viruses can exchange pieces of genetic code, but they have to be related. It’s scientifically unheard of when two different viruses like rabies and influenza merge, because they are too different. Viruses don’t mix and match, they interchange only with their own gene family. Nature...
Words: 440 - Pages: 2
...on its own. However, the virus can reproduce if it has a living host, which gives viruses their living characteristics. 2. Viruses cannot be grown agar as bacteria are because they cannot metabolize on their own. They need at least one host cell where it could input its DNA and infect it. After that, both those viruses would commence by infecting other living host cells. 3. Antibiotics work to get rid of the replicating function of bacteria so it cannot spread. However, viruses cannot replicate on their own unless they have living hosts, therefore since the viruses do not replicate, the antibiotics have no use. 4. Viral specificity means that the virus chooses and selects the type of cell, organism to infect and which disease to invoke onto it. 5. a) A-Virus, B-Cell DNA, C-Cell/Cell Membrane, D- Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) b) Bacteriophage Life Cycle c) I believe it doesn’t matter what they infect, as they are non-living and as long as they find some kind of living host, they’ll inject their nucleic acid to replicate into many more viruses. 6. Antibiotics literally will have no effect and will not cure the patient. All that the patient will gain are the side effects, for example: drowsiness and such. They will not get cured, as their problem is that viruses aren’t alive and antibiotics only deal with live things. Part 2 http://www.storyjumper.com/book/index/10963732/rc21angus Works Cited Wikipedia contributors. "Rabies in Animals." Wikipedia,...
Words: 318 - Pages: 2
...BACTERIA Morphology Unicellular Prokaryotic Extracellular Appendages flagella, fimbriae, pili Peptidoglycan alternating NAG and NAM protein reinforced by peptide crosslinks Plasmid extra circular DNA used for transferring resistance and toxicity Physiology Nutrition photoautotroph and chemoautotroph Metabolism- aerobic and anaerobic Reproduction - Binary Fission rapid transverse cell division resulting to two equally sized daughter cells Habitat Ubiquitous Soil Water Air Living Organisms Pathogenicity Adhesion bacteria uses fimbriae to attach to surfaces ; sex pilus to attach to other bacteria Resistance increased by the type of cell wall, and presence of endospore, capsules, slime layers Toxin the lipopolysaccharide upper layer of Gram negative bacteria is released as toxins Taxonomy Domain : Bacteria Kingdom: Monera Phyla : Firmicutes Gram-Positive e.g. cocci Staphylococcus Streptococcus bacilli Lactobacillus Gracilicutes Gram-Negative e.g. cocci bacilli spirochete obligate intracellular parasites Tenericutes No Cell Wall e.g. Mycoplasma Ureaplasma Obligate Intracellular Parasite under phylum Gracilicutes 1. Rickettsia Pleomorphic Requires arthropod vectors ticks mites fleas Pathogenic Typhus Q Fever Trench Fever Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 2. Bartonella Opportunistic Intracellular Parasite Vectors: Cat Flea Sandfly transmits Cat-Scratch Fever 3. Chlamydia Obligate Intracellular Coccoid Elementary Bodies...
Words: 1385 - Pages: 6
...or protein coat. 2. Some have an envelope (membrane) 3. Nucleic acid – either: RNA, DNA C. Size 1. About 20 nanometers to 250 nm (.0000000020m) in size 2. Can only be seen with electron microscope 3. Approximately 1000 times smaller than a bacteria D. Shapes E. Life Cycle 1. Viral DNA must invade a living cell to replicate a. Plant cell – through injury in cell wall b. Animal cell – punch hole or endocytosis c. Virus – restricted to one cell. 2. may go through one or both life cycles. a. Lytic life cycle - Attaches and injects DNA. - Replicate viral DNA. - Forms complete viruses. - Viruses fill cell, breaks open, and they spread b. Lysogenic life cycle - Does not make new virus. - Viral DNA injected, and makes modified DNA called a viroid. - A bacterium replicates many times. - Does not destroy host until they enter the lytic cycle F. Why important? 1. Viral diseases in book a. AIDS b. Common cold c. Ebola d. Hepatitis A and B e. Influenza (flu) f. Mumps g. Polio h. Rabies i. SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) j. Smallpox k. Yellow fever 2. Over 200 known viruses causes human diseases 3. In plants, 1000 viruses affect plants, and cost...
Words: 306 - Pages: 2
...-Topic C– Are viruses alive? Viruses were first discovered in the late 19th century, through diseases such as rabies and foot in mouth (Villarreal, 2004). They were originally postulated to be poisons and earnt their name virus from the Latin word virulent, meaning poisonous (Villarreal, 2004). Viruses are non- cellular infecting agents which lack the essential systems necessary for metabolic functions. Nevertheless they have the ability to reproduce and evolve within truly ‘living’ cells. As a result the scientific community have been unable to determine whether a virus is a form of life or an organic structure that interacts with living organisms (Villarreal, 2004). Scientist also struggled with the concept of the term ‘living’, and what it may entail scientifically. Viruses are built from nuclear acids that come together to form either DNA or RNA molecules, which carries their genetic information (Reynolds, 2003). In addition to this, viruses are also built from proteins which form a protein coat to protect this genetic information (Reynolds, 2003). Viruses are non-cellular parasites that can infect all life i.e. bacteria, plants, fungi and animals (Ladiges, 2010). As a singular agent viruses are known as a viron (Witzany, 2012). Virons cannot replicate outside of a living cell, but can do so in living cells, which, as a result, affects the behaviour and health of the hosts profoundly (Reynolds, 2003). When a viron enters a cell it disassembles its structure, in order...
Words: 1104 - Pages: 5
...asbestos, and mold. Toxicants can affect living organisms in many ways. One way that toxicants can affect living organisms is by killing off marine life. If the substance gets into the water it can cause fish and invertebrates to start to die. It can also include a change in the abundance, structure and variety of biological communities and habitats. The fish can also cause health risks to consumers of those organisms. The next things I will discuss are disease-causing agents. A disease causing agent is often referred to as a pathogen. A pathogen, such as a virus or a strain of bacteria can enter the body and cause a host of symptoms. Many times, these symptoms collectively indicate the presence of a type of disease and/or infection. Two types of agents are viruses and bacteria. Viruses are the most commonly known disease-causing agent. Friedl (2014), “They cause colds, the flu, HIV, meningitis, polio, chicken pox, rabies, West Nile, and a number of other diseases. Viruses themselves aren't living things, but they...
Words: 445 - Pages: 2
...1. The sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a given population: a. Outbreak b. Zoonotic c. Endemic d. Sporadic 2. A causative agent of peptic ulcer a. Escherichia coli b. Bordetella pertusis c. Shigella dysenteriae d. Helicobacter pylori 3. The “four o’clock habit” promoted by the Department of health is designed to prevent the spread of: a. Dengue fever b. Tuberculosis c. Malnutrition d.malaria 4. The first drug available for HIV: a. ZDU b. RMP c. TMP d. CMC 5. An immediate hypersensitivity reaction following exposure of a sensitized individual to the appropriate antigen: a. Hay fever b. Anaphylaxis c. Asthma d. Desensitation 6. A thin proteinaceous appendage necessary for bacterial conjugation: a. Cilium b. Trichome c. Flagellum d. Pilus 7. The use of nitrite as preservative for food is discouraged because: a. It can discolour the meat b. It can react with amines to form carcinogenic nitrosamines c. It decomposed to nitric acid which can react with heme pigments d. It is not readily available 8. The disinfectant of choice for municipal water supply: a. Lysol b. Chlorine c. Ozone d. Reverse osmosis 9. An object that is able to harbour and transmit microorganisms: a. Mite b. Fomite c. Arthropod d. Vector 10. Administration of a toxoid cenfers: a. Naturally acquired active immunity b. Naturally acquired passive immunity c. Artificially acquired active immunity d. Artificially...
Words: 9032 - Pages: 37
...V. Racaniello page 1 Viral Pathogenesis This lecture will define and discuss the basic principles of viral pathogenesis, the entire process by which viruses cause disease. Viral disease is a sum of the effects on the host of virus replication and of the immune response. Interest in viral pathogenesis stems from the desire to treat or eliminate viral diseases that affect humans. This goal is achieved in part by identifying the viral and host genes that influence the production of disease. Progress in understanding the molecular basis of viral pathogenesis comes largely from studies of animal models. The mouse has become a particularly fruitful host for studying viral pathogenesis because the genome of this animal can be manipulated readily. In some cases, non-human hosts can be infected with the same viruses that infect humans, but close relatives of human viruses must often be used. Viral Entry Three requirements must be satisfied to ensure successful infection in an individual host: • Sufficient virus must be available to initiate infection • Cells at the site of infection must be accessible, susceptible, and permissive for the virus • Local host anti-viral defense systems must be absent or initially ineffective. To infect its host, a virus must first enter cells at a body surface. Common sites of entry include the mucosal linings of the respiratory, alimentary, and urogenital tracts, the outer surface of the eye (conjunctival membranes or cornea), and the skin (Fig. 1). Figure...
Words: 5542 - Pages: 23
...Anna Anderson PTLW CSUEB July 2011 Activity 1.1.2 MICROBIOLOGIST * Microbiologist Microbiologists study microscopic bacteria, fungi, protists, and viruses. Many of these organisms cause disease (pathogens) and many can provide useful products such as penicillin (antibiotic). * Education and/or Training Required In order to work in this field you must have at least an undergraduate degree in microbiology. Further training with a Masters or Doctorate would be required to do anything other than entry level positions. Excellent microscopy skills and training in aseptic techniques are a must. * Responsibilities and Daily Activities This job requires a strong academic background with a lot of math, chemistry, and biology. Computer and lab skills are essential. Microbiologists grow cultures of bacteria (and other organisms) in medium for study. Using aseptic technique, they grow cultures to measure and calculate the rate of growth and how it grows. They learn what can and cannot kill their organisms and if it is a pathogen, they study ways to stop or slow its growth. In the lab, they work with microscopes, grow cultures, measure the rate of growth, and perform experiments with these organisms. Lab safety is very important in their work. They would NEVER eat or drink in the lab because this could cause contamination or could infect the food they are eating. * Salary Range Microbiologists can work in the academic community, industry or government...
Words: 389 - Pages: 2
...Chlamydia Chlamydia is one of the most common diseases in the United States. The infection is part of a 'silent epidemic' as most cases do not show symptoms and are left untreated. It can cause pelvic inflammatory disease and lead to scarring of the Fallopian tubes causing infertility and higher risk of ectopic pregnancy. The research was carried out at the Molecular Microbiology Group, at the University of Southampton, in conjunction with the Department of Virology, at the Ben Gurion University of the Negev, in Israel. Professor Ian Clarke, from the University of Southampton, says: "This is a very significant advance in the study of chlamydia and we are proud to be the first people to achieve this. "Previously people have been unable to study chlamydial genetics and this has created a barrier to the comprehensive study of this disease. "We, together with our colleagues in Israel, discovered that by treating the chlamydia with calcium ions we were able to introduce a piece of foreign DNA. "This will open up the field of chlamydia research and will enable a better understanding of chlamydial genetics. It could lead to the development of new approaches to chlamydial vaccines and therapeutic interventions." To prove that they had accessed the chlamydial genome, the research team inserted the gene for a fluorescent protein into C. trachomatis which identified the chlamydial-infected cells by making them glow green. Their paper detailing the breakthrough in the study of chlamydia...
Words: 267 - Pages: 2
