...without nationalism? This paper will respond to the argument that a state cannot survive without nationalism. For the purpose of this essay, two elements of nationalism are used. The first element states that nationalism maintains the similarity of culture as the basic social bond in the members of the nation1. The second element states that the state has legitimate rights to sovereign rule of a nation. The factors that result from the three elements of nationalism that contributes to the survival of the state are equality within people in the state in terms of the state being meritocratic and the administrative rights of the state. Nationalism results in two main factors that are essential for the state to survive, mainly, the administrative rights of the state and meritocracy. Hence, the state needs nationalism to survive. A nation, defined by Anthony Smith, is “[a] named population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historical memories [and] a mass public culture, a common economy and common legal rights,”2 For the purpose of this essay, all states will be referred to as modern states with a centralized power held by the state and a legal entity with sovereign rule over its people. This essay argues that nationalism is needed in unifying the nation with a common national identity in terms of linguistic and culture homogeneity, which is needed for the state to exercise its administrative right and practice meritocracy. 1 2 Ernest Gellner. Nationalism. London:...
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...‘Race is a historically and culturally specific notion, embedded in a constellation of economic, political, and cultural discourses and uniquely linked to specific relations of power and authority’ (Hirschfield, 1998, p.34). It has been argued that race was an Enlightenment project that resulted from the desire to classify (Cohen, 1974, p.207). Racial thinking certainly existed before this period, but the modern concept of race is a more recent one that has developed from the encounter of more Europeans with other peoples (MacDonald, 1973, p.241). There is some disagreement as to when the construction of race took its current form. First, it has been suggested that the descriptions of race in ancient literature demonstrate that it originates in xenophobic beliefs (Hirschfield, 1998, p.34). The system of natural classification that developed in the Eighteenth Century is also seen as an important contribution (Hannaford, 1996, p.188). However, almost all studies agree that a distinctive development of racial thinking began to take place in the Nineteenth Century (Hirschfield, 1998, p.35). The Nineteenth Century saw the search for the historical and biological origins of race (Hannaford, 1996, p.235). It went beyond the simply classification of race and towards a more significant delineation of race into one that embodies characteristics, personalities and even mental abilities. Several key developments were relevant to this progression. These will be examined as follows: first...
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...Nationalism The nature of the nation and the differences between nations and states. - A nation can be defined as a group of people who consider themselves to have common circumstances at birth. These common circumstances are strong enough for them to adopt collective goals based on their national identity. Nationalism is therefore an emotional phenomenon felt by the people. - There are a number of typical circumstances of birth that may give rise to nationhood including having a single common ancestor, a common historical experience, common culture, ethnic identity, geographical proximity, religion, attachment to territory. - A state is a political reality. It either exists or it doesn’t. In contrast to the concept of nation, it does not convey a people’s state of mind or emotion. A state is a defined territory within which there is a centre of sovereignty that is, more or less, in control of the territory. Differences between nationalism and racialism -Racialism is where the basis of nationhood is founded on ethnic identity, which leads to a synthesis between racialism and nationalism. In extreme cases, the two terms become synonymous. Many nations based on race also adopt Darwinist views of the world. -Racialist philosophers theorised that races were arranged in a hierarchy. In the struggle for superiority, those nations who showed the strongest unity would prevail. - This differs from cultural nationalism as it attempts to protect minority cultures being threatened...
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...Rabindranath Tagore “There is only one history – the history of man. All national histories aremerely chapters in the larger one.” The book Nationalism is a compilation of three lectures delivered by Rabindranath Tagore. The three lectures published in this book are: Nationalism in Japan, Nationalism in the West and Nationalism in India. This book was written in 1917 about the Nation-State and how the East should adjust to modernization. It is a well thought out and balanced view of society that reads more like poetry than like political philosophy. The just of the book is that the East and America must evolve in a way that is not mechanical but moral and human. Though this book was written in 1917 it is surprisingly applicable to our current situation. I definitely suggest giving this a read. Nationalism is a complex concept to understand. Anderson defines the nation as an “imagined community,” born with the demise of feudalism and the rise of capitalism. For postcolonial critics this definition, however, is not unproblematic since while referring to constructions of nation2 and nationalism with regard to third world countries Anderson underlines their dependency on the European models with the contention that the American and European experiences “were now everywhere modularly imagined.”3 Following Anderson, it is widely believed that “Nationalism is a doctrine invented in Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century” aNationalism is not a sporadic sentiment that suddenly appears...
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...The nineteenth century was a time were countries were mobilizing new languages of freedom, new ideas about equality, new notions of human individualism, and mobilized the language of natural rights during WWI. WWI caused by many events that were long term and short term factors. Some examples of these events include imperialism which is the desire of a country to increase its power by gaining control over another country. Whereas nationalism is the desire of a group of people to form independence from their own nation. In this paper, I will argue that both J. A. Hobson and Rudyard Kipling will encourage that imperialism is related to nationalism. In the primary source Imperialism by J.A. Hobson, Hobson argues that imperialism is unnecessary to the European capitalism wealth. He also feels that imperialism is only effective in assured working classes. He states here that, “We have seen that it is motivated, not by the interests of the nation as a...
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...Question 2: Was nazism nationalist or racist? National Socialist German Workers Party or more commonly know as Nazi was formed in 1919. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in 1921, the party eventually becomes the most powerful political force in German. Nazi party was an ideology that was based on racism and nationalism that governed Germany from 1933 to 1945. They promised to build up its greatness with a scientific theory of racism in which people were racially superior to all others. Their effort and endeavor eventually brought a great deal of success to its nation and followers. Based on the statements made by the authority, they demand the equality of the German people with all other nation and “how they demand land and soil (colonies) for the nourishment of [their] people” (NSDAP program ex.3). Just by looking through their ardor at the first glance, Nazism seems to approaches nationalism. However, when appraise and evaluate acutely about their political form, their nationalistic approaches are just the outer shell and the reality is turns out to be racist. In Nazism, their intention is to give favor to the people with German blood while excluding the foreign races. They made the numerous rules of restriction while strongly support the idea of discriminations for non-Germans while the people with German blood were advocated in almost every aspect in their country. Non-German people were forbidden to participate in many fields such as politics, cultural life and other intellectual...
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...leadership focus and express their hatred and anger towards. In such a case such as the Germans focused their anger and hatred to the Jews and viewed them as an inferior race. Full control of the media is taken by the leadership as well as full power in arresting everyone who disagrees. This happens without any trial. Fascist states do whatever they want and the subjects are too afraid to resist the acts even if they are heinous. This happens with full control of the media, and this...
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...Nationalism is a concept that involves a feeling of extremely strong attachment towards one’s own country. Due to one or more than one object factors like race, religion, language, literature, culture etc., there grows in a people a strong feeling of like-mindedness which endows them with the quality of nationality. This feeling of oneness makes every member of the group to feel themselves as equal partners in the desire, regret, justice, pride and dishonor of the entire people. In such a situation, in their feeling of nationality associated with their patriotism grows into a political ideology, it is called nationalism. Thus, nationalism finds expression through political ambitions. When the sense of self-identity increases, every nation raises the demand for establishing its own state. Realization of this demand results in the establishment of the nation-state. Nationalism is a concept that involves a feeling of extremely strong attachment towards one’s own country. Due to one or more than one object factors like race, religion, language, literature, culture etc., there grows in a people a strong feeling of like-mindedness which provides them with the quality of nationality. Nationalism is a great democratic ideal which continues to live as the strongest force and continues to inspire struggle for national liberation in different parts of the globe. It stands for the nation-state and love for the nation-state, and advocates that every nationality has a right to have its own...
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...Contributions to Black Nationalism in the United States Critically discuss the contributions of both Booker T. Washington and W.E.B DuBois to the idea of Black nationalism in the United States. What were the major obstacles they faced in their articulation of the black Nationalist ideology? Booker T. Washington “was an American political leader, educator and author” who proved to be one of the most dominate figures in African American history in the United States (Booker, par. 1). William Edward Burghardt Du Bois “was a noted scholar, editor, and African American activist…[who] sought to eliminate discrimination and racism” (.. During the late 19th and early 20th century Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois were two great men who significantly influenced the idea of Black Nationalism in the United States. Though they both wanted to see an America where the Negro was treated with proper respect and equality, their views on how to obtain these noble goals contrasted one another. The ideology of DuBois and Washington were so completely different that people became subjected to following the doctrine of one or the other. With the knowledge that only one could be the “spokesman” for the race the two began a bitter battle to control the Black Nationalism ideology. Amid the competition against one another, both men still had to face other obstacles such as racism in order to further the goals of blacks of the period. Even though the two men had differing opinions on the...
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...Basque nationalism Basque nationalism is a political movement advocating for either further political autonomy or, chiefly, full independence of the Basque Country in the wider sense. As a whole, support for Basque nationalism is stronger in the Spanish Basque Autonomous Community and northwest Navarre, whereas in the French Basque Country support is low. Basque nationalism, spanning three different regions in two states (the autonomous communities of Basque Country and Navarre in Spain and the French Basque Country in France) is "irredentist in nature" due to its claims regarding the French provinces. Political violence and devolved autonomy In 1959, young nationalists founded the separatist group ETA, which soon adopted a Marxist revolutionary policy in the 1960s. Inspired by movements like those of Castro in Cuba and Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam, the group aimed to establish an independent socialist Basque country through violence and extortion. ETA's first confirmed assassinations occurred in 1968, although it is not clear when it adopted assassination as a policy. It is currently the last remaining Spanish political group which supports violent direct action. At an ideological level, although ETA has not rejected race to be a defining feature of the Basque people, the organization is stressing instead the importance of language and customs. When Spain re-emerged as a democracy in 1978, autonomy was restored to the Basques, who achieved a degree of self-government without precedent...
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...To what extent is Nationalism Compatible with Liberalism? It can be said that Nationalism and Liberalism are compatible and this is true as there is the existence of liberal nationalism however they aren’t compatible to the extent that they are the same as Nationalism has many different branches such as conservative nationalism. However Nationalism is more compatible with Liberalism than with other ideologies. One way that it is compatible is through the Liberal Nationalism, it is the oldest form of Nationalism as it dates back to the French Revolution. Liberalism was founded on a defence of individual freedom, traditionally expressed in the language of rights. Nationalists believed nations to be sovereign entities, entitled to liberty, and also possessing rights most importantly the right of self-determination. Liberal nationalism is therefore a liberating force in two senses, first it opposes all forms of foreign domination and oppression. Secondly it stands for the ideal of self-government, Woodrow Wilson for example argued in favour of a Europe not only of nation states, but also one in which political democracy rather than autocracy ruled. Another way that the two are compatible is that they are both forward looking ideologies, when it comes to race liberal Nationalist believe that everyone is equal, which is the same as Liberals who believe that everyone is equal. Internationally Liberal nationalists agree with worldwide organisations such as the EU, as this promotes...
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...Nationalism is inherently aggressive and expansionist. Discuss Nationalism is a political ideology based on the principle that a group of people bound by common values (a nation), have the right to form a state. Because it is a doctrine as opposed to an ideology, nationalism is compatible with various opposing political beliefs. This means that there are many forms of nationalism based on both how to define a nation, and the ideas of different political ideologies. In this essay I will discuss whether each of these are inherently aggressive and expansionist. Firstly, a nation can be defined by ethnicity and culture. This is the belief behind ethno-cultural nationalism. Ethno-cultural nationalism gives a very crude and simplistic definition of a nation, as it is based on eugenic characteristics and culture. This makes it exclusive, intolerant and backward-looking. An example of an ethno-cultural nation is the Tutsi and Hutu tribes in Rwanda, which are both defined by ethnicity. Although ethno-cultural nationalism can cause conflict due to its highly exclusive nature, I do not think that it is inherently aggressive. Nor is it expansionist. Civic nationalism is often described as the opposite of ethno -cultural nationalism. It is far more inclusive, tolerant and forward -looking. People can easily become part of a nation by taking a test or simply following the practices of the nation. Civic nationalism is also known as 'state centred' nationalism as it often attempts to unite...
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...HE MISEDUCATION OF FILIPINO According to Prof. Renato Constantino, Education is a vital weapon of a people striving for economic emancipation, political independence and cultural renaissance. We are such a people. Philippine education therefore must produce Filipinos who are aware of their country’s problems, who understand the basic solution to these problems, and who care enough to have courage to work and sacrifice for their country’s salvation. NATIONALISM IN EDUCATION To have nationalism, Filipino must understand their Filipino culture on discipline, to have a unity in pursuing well-organized educational leaders that nationalism is important in education. Filipino must practice etiquette in education to pursue a goal. NEW PERSPECTIVE The relation of America and Philippines to improve the nationalism and to complete the agenda of our revolutionary leaders the perspective of education is to brighten the educational system and philosophy which was first introduced by the American. CAPTURING MINDS Education is very important in our life. It will be a weapon to fight in every trial we are facing. To win something, you must strive for it. The most effective way to conquer a person is to capture their minds. Despite the terroristic way of Japanese, the Filipino was never conquered. Because of being hatred of Filipino to Japanese, Filipino’s minds were so eager to let the Japanese leave our country. BEGINNINGS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION Not all who colonized our country...
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...THE MISEDUCATION OF FILIPINO According to Prof. Renato Constantino, Education is a vital weapon of a people striving for economic emancipation, political independence and cultural renaissance. We are such a people. Philippine education therefore must produce Filipinos who are aware of their country’s problems, who understand the basic solution to these problems, and who care enough to have courage to work and sacrifice for their country’s salvation. NATIONALISM IN EDUCATION To have nationalism, Filipino must understand their Filipino culture on discipline, to have a unity in pursuing well-organized educational leaders that nationalism is important in education. Filipino must practice etiquette in education to pursue a goal. NEW PERSPECTIVE The relation of America and Philippines to improve the nationalism and to complete the agenda of our revolutionary leaders the perspective of education is to brighten the educational system and philosophy which was first introduced by the American. CAPTURING MINDS Education is very important in our life. It will be a weapon to fight in every trial we are facing. To win something, you must strive for it. The most effective way to conquer a person is to capture their minds. Despite the terroristic way of Japanese, the Filipino was never conquered. Because of being hatred of Filipino to Japanese, Filipino’s minds were so eager to let the Japanese leave our country. BEGINNINGS OF COLONIAL EDUCATION Not all who colonized our country...
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