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Racism

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Submitted By remimax22
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Research Paper
Racism and Immigration

Rémi Drapeau
Student ID: C3623
Mailbox # SH649

Work presented to Kimberly Cook, course professor
Social Problems & Their Impact on the Workplace
BA Organizational Management, OM3413

Degree Completion Program
Crandall University

April 12th, 2016

Introduction 5 What Is Racism and who does it affect? 6 Challenges in the labour market 8 Who are the Muslims in Canada? 10 Aboriginals in Canada 11 References 13

Introduction

Racism, immigration and exclusion are topics that seem to go hand in hand. From what I have learnt in the past few weeks, they are all far more present than I had realized. We see it in schools, justice system, job market etc. In the next few pages I will explain how they correlate in Canada today. More specifically relating to aboriginals and Muslims. Canada is home to more than 200 ethnic groups, with 16% of its population (over five million individuals) identifying as a visible minority. Information from the Census showed that Canada’s visible minority population grew 27% from 2001 to 2006, five times faster than the population as a whole. The diversity of Canada’s population is expected to continue to increase over the next two decades. According to projections by Statistics Canada up to 14.4 million Canadians (or about one-third of the population) will be members of a visible minority by 2031. The religious composition of the country is also changing, with some of the largest increases seen in Muslim, Hindu, Sikh and Buddhist denominations (cic.gc.ca).

What Is Racism and who does it affect?

The core beliefs of racism are that individuals can be divided into different categories based on the behavior, or economic and political success of some individuals within the group of individuals. Researchers have found that these assumptions are incorrect. It has been found that there are more differences within the groups than differences between groups. Racism primarily affects people of colour (Ontario’s Human Rights Commission, 2016). Around the 1900s, Black people were discriminated against in Canada and the U.S. The first Black person to arrive in Canada was named Mathieu de Costa, an interpreter to the Micmac Nation. Costa arrived in the year of 1608 (Ontario’s Human Rights Commission, 2016). Ever since then, racism has grown to become a big problem. In America for centuries, Black people were slaves owned by White people. Degradation, violence, mistreatment and malnutrition, were features of Black people’s lives under slavery. The first slave that arrived in Canada was named Oliver Le Jeune in 1628 (Ontario’s Human Rights Commission, 2016). Oliver was captured at the age of six and was sent to Canada. This is an example of how slaves were captured and forced into slavery regardless of age. Slaves were used to do chores for White families. They were treated horribly.
Today, people of colour still face racism and stereotypes. Chinese people are assumed to be smart, intelligent, short, and “yellow.” Having small eyes would have people automatically assuming you’re Chinese (Ontario’s Human Rights Commission, 2016).
White people are always assumed to be rich. Blonde girls are assumed to be dumb. Muslim people who grow beards are assumed to be terrorists only because of what happened during 9/11. These are some stereotypes of different groups of people.

Challenges in the labour market

Over the past 15 years, many studies have documented the deteriorating labour market and financial characteristics of recent immigrants. In the initial years after arriving in Canada immigrants have long had earnings below those of their Canadian-born counterparts, with the size of this ‘earnings gap’ narrowing as time passes. However, through the 1980s and 1990s the size of the initial earnings gap increased considerably, raising questions about whether the earnings of immigrants would ever ‘catch up’ to those of their Canadian-born counterparts. Furthermore, since the early 1980s the share of recent immigrants in low-income increased markedly, in spite of rising levels of educational attainment among this group (Heisz and McLeod, 2004; Picot, Hou and Coulombe, 2007).
A couple of students from the university of Toronto did an interesting study in 2012, Why do some employers prefer to interview Matthew but not Samir? (Philip Oreopoulos, Diane Dechief, 2012) Here are a few facts and highlights from their study. In Canada the fact that the immigration policy focuses on attracting immigrants with superior levels of education, experience, and industry demand to offset an anticipated skilled labour force shortage and encourage economic growth. More than half of today’s immigrants enter Canada under a point system, which rates applicants based on their highest degree, language ability, age, whether they have work experience at occupations deemed ‘in demand’, whether they already have a job offer, have worked or studied in Canada previously, and have cash at hand (Philip Oreopoulos, Diane Dechief, 2012). Virtually every immigrant who enters Canada under the point system now has at least an undergraduate degree. The overall percentage of recent immigrants with an undergraduate degree is about 60 percent, compared to 20 percent for Canadian-born of similar age (Statistics Canada, 2008). Indeed, conditioning on highest degree completed, causes the relative wage gap between recent immigrants and non-immigrants to increase, from 49 percent lower wages for immigrants to 193 percent. (Philip Oreopoulos, Diane Dechief, 2012)

Who are the Muslims in Canada?

Although Muslims have been living for decades in Canada, they became highly visible in the public eye after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Over the past decade, they have experienced increased scrutiny, negative stereotyping and discrimination as a result of pre-existing perceptions of Muslims as “different” from the rest of Canadian society, along with negative associations of their communities with violence and terrorism. Based on preliminary analysis of the data from a community research study, this paper discusses Islamophobia in Ontario society as part of the everyday experiences of Muslims living in Toronto and the GTA. According to 2010 data, there are 940,000 Muslims in Canada, accounting for 2.8% of the total population (ohrc.on.ca) the Muslim population in Canada has increased exponentially in the last 20 years, driven primarily by immigration. It is expected to increase to 2.7 million by 2030, or a projected 6.6% of the total population (ohrc.on.ca). According to an Environics survey on Canadian Muslims in 2006, about 60% of all Muslims in Canada live in Ontario (ohrc.on.ca). Although census data from Statistics Canada is based on the 2001 census, it gives us some idea of the general characteristics of the Canadian Muslim population and the changes over time. In 2001, the Canadian Muslim population was 579,645. Most of it (352,525) was concentrated in Ontario and almost half (254,110) lived in Toronto (Statistics Canada 2003). About 85% of the Muslim population in 2001 considered themselves a visible minority (ohrc.on.ca).

Aboriginals in Canada

New data from the National Household Survey (NHS) show that 1,400,685 people had an Aboriginal identity in 2011, representing 4.3% of the total Canadian population. Aboriginal people accounted for 3.8% of the population enumerated in the 2006 Census, 3.3% in the 2001 Census and 2.8% in the 1996 Census.
The Aboriginal population increased by 232,385 people, or 20.1% between 2006 and 2011, compared with 5.2% for the non-Aboriginal population.
The largest numbers of Aboriginal people lived in Ontario and the western provinces (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia). Aboriginal people made up the largest shares of the population of Nunavut and the Northwest Territories (statcan.gc.ca)
Below are some interesting numbers relating to aboriginals in Canada.

References
Ontario’s Human Rights Commission. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/racism-north-america-then-and-now http://www.ucalgary.ca/cared/formsofracism http://www.clsrn.econ.ubc.ca/workingpapers/CLSRN%20Working%20Paper%20no.%2095%20-%20Dechief%20and%20Oreopoulos.pdf
Philip Oreopoulos, 2012. University of Toronto National Bureau of Economic Research Canadian Institute For Advanced Research philip.oreopoulos@utoronto.ca
Diane Dechief, 2012. Faculty of Information, University of Toronto diane.dechief@utoronto.ca http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/evaluation/CAPAR/evaluation.asp Henry, F., & Tator, C. (2006). The colour of democracy: Racism in Canadian society . 3rd Ed. Toronto: Nelson. http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/creed-freedom-religion-and-human-rights-special-issue-diversity-magazine-volume-93-summer-2012/discrimination-experienced-muslims-ontario http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99-011-x/99-011-x2011001-eng.cfm
Boswell, R. 2011. Muslims face negative perception in Canada, study suggests. Vancouver Sun. October 15. http://www.vancouversun.com/Muslims+face+negative+perception+Canada+stud... (Accessed April 4th, 2016).
Razack, S. 2008. Casting out: The eviction of Muslims from Western law and politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Kalin, I. 2011. Islamophobia and the limits of multiculturalism. Islamophobia: The challenge of pluralism in the 21st century. Ed. John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 5-20.
Cesari, J. 2011. Islamophobia in the West: A comparison between Europe and the United States. In Islamophobia: The challenge of pluralism in the 21st century. John L. Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 21-43.

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