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Penyelidikan Geolistrik Daerah Panas Bumi Lompio
Penyelidikan Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis di Daerah Panas Bumi Pincara,
Kabupaten Masamba – Sulawesi Selatan

Abstrak Pengukuran tahanan jenis dengan konfigurasi Schlumberger telah dilakukan di daerah panas bumi Pincara dengan cara mapping, sounding dan head-on. Secara geologi, daerah penyelidikan didominasi oleh batuan granitik di bagian barat dan vulkanik tua di bagian timurlaut. Pengukuran mapping pada bentangan arus AB/2 = 250m, 500m, 750m, dan 1000m memperlihatkan pola yang sama dimana tahanan jenis semu memiliki pola kelurusan kuat berarah baratdaya-timurlaut dengan nilai yang tinggi (> 1000 Ohm-m) di baratlaut dan berdegradasi merendah (sampai sekitar 200 Ohm-m) ke tenggara. Pola kelurusan baratdaya-timurlaut memiliki kemiringan yang tajam (nilai kontras) pada suatu lineasi berarah baratdaya-timurlaut dan lineasi ini memotong daerah manifestasi mata air panas Pincara. Lineasi ini kemungkinan berkaitan batas-batas struktur utama daerah ini yang berarah baratdaya-timurlaut. Nilai tahanan jenis semu yang berdegradasi ke tenggara ini kemungkinan mencerminkan keberadaan kontras tahanan jenis yang relatif besar dari batuan di bagian baratlaut struktur yang didominasi oleh batuan granitik dan dari bagian di tenggaranya diisi oleh batuan rombakan yang mengisi semacam struktur depresi. Data sounding memperlihatkan struktur tahanan di bagian baratlaut secara umum terdiri dari tiga lapisan: lapisan soil tipis 150 Ohm-m, lapisan 350-600 Ohm-m granit terlapukan dengan tebal sekitar 400 m, dan lapisan resistif > 1000 Ohm-m. Sedangkan struktur tahanan jenis di bagian tenggara secara umum juga tiga lapis terdiri dari lapisan soil tipis, lapisan selang-seling antara sekitar 200 – 350 Ohm-m dengan tebal mencapai sekitar 400 m yang merupakan batuan rombakan pengisi depresi, dan lapisan resistif > 700 Ohm-m berkaitan dengan batuan granit (?). Pola tahanan jenis semu tidak mengindikasikan adanya nilai tahanan jenis rendah di sekitar daerah mata air panas dan/atau sekitarnya yang biasanya berkaitan dengan proses alterasi hidrotermal. Oleh karena itu, sebaran daerah prospek sulit diperkirakan dari data tahanan jenis. Data head-on memperlihatkan suatu lineasi struktural berarah baratdaya-timurlaut dan berimpit dengan batas kontras tahanan jenis semu.

Pendahuluan Penyelidikan geolistrik di daerah panas bumi Lompio adalah untuk melokalisir pemunculan manifestasi panas bumi dan karasteristik geofisika yang berkaitan dengan pemunculan manifestasi panas bumi di permukaan serta untuk mengetahui luas daerah prospek, model panas bumi dan potensi cadangan terduga.

Letak dan Posisi Daerah Penyelidikan
Secara administratif daerah penyelidikan berada di wilayah Desa Lompio, Kecamatan Sirenja, Kabupaten Donggala, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Luas daerah survei ± 18 x 17 km2. Posisinya berada diantara koordinat UTM 9.965.000 – 9.983.000 m selatan dan 808.000 – 825.000 m timur (Gambar 1). Peta tofografi yang dipakai adalah peta rupa bumi lembar Tompe 2015-64 dan lembar Aliandau 2015-62, berskala 1:50.000 edisi 1 tahun 1991, terbitan Bakosurtanal.

Geolistrik Dan Head On
Penyelidikan geolistrik ini terdiri dari tiga sasaran yaitu pemetaan tahanan jenis (mapping), pendugaan tahanan jenis (sounding), dan head on dengan menggunakan konfigurasi Schlumberger bentangan simetris.
a. Pengukuran Mapping
Untuk mengetahui variasi tahanan jenis lateral, digunakan cara mapping (traversing), yakni mengukur dengan spasi AB/2 = 250, 500, 750 dan 1000m. Hasil pengukuran mapping pada berbagai variasi bentangan arus AB/2 yang diplot dalam kertas ganda logaritma (log-log). Setelah dilakukan proses pengolahan data akan didapatkan peta sama tahanan jenis semu AB/2 = 250, 500, 750, dan 1000 meter serta penampang tahanan jenis semu.
b. Pengukuran Sounding
Pengukuran pendugaan (sounding) geolistrik yang dikenal dengan istilah Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) dilakukan dengan cara menaikkan spasi AB/2 secara logaritmik pada setiap stasiun pengukuran, dimulai pada bentangan AB/2 = 1.6 meter sampai AB/2 = 2000 meter dengan jarak elektroda potensial MN < 1/5 AB. Semakin besar AB/2 semakin dalam pula penetrasi arus listrik ke dalam bumi, yang berarti semakin dalam informasi yang didapat. Namun, semakin besar AB/2, semakin besar arus yang dibutuhkan. Untuk setiap AB/2, dihitung tahanan jenis semunya (a). Dalam grafik log-log, a diplot terhadap AB/2 untuk menghasilkan kurva sounding tahanan jenis. c. Pengukuran Head-on
Untuk mengetahui jurus dan kemiringan dari struktur sesar yang telah diketahui digunakan metode ini dengan cara mengukur tahanan jenis semu aAB, aAC, dan aBC dengan bentangan AB/2 = 200, 400, 500, 600, 800 meter dan MN = 100 meter. Pengukuran head-on akan menghasilkan data nilai tahanan jenis semu AC, BC, dan AB, pada bentangan AB/2 = 200, 400, 500, 600, dan 800 meter. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut kemudian dilakukan pengeplotan kurva nilai tahanan jenis AC - AB dan BC - AB terhadap jarak antar titik ukur. Analisis terhadap kurva-kurva ini akan dapat ditarik beberapa struktur (interpretasi).
Pengukuran geolistrik tahanan jenis di daerah panas bumi Lompio terdiri dari pemetaan tahanan jenis yang menghasilkan peta anomali tahanan jenis semu untuk bentangan elektroda arus AB/2=250 m, AB/2=500 m, AB/2=750 m dan AB/2=1000 m. Pada masing-masing lintasan (A, B, C, D, E, dan F) dibuat penampang tahanan jenis semunya, sehingga setiap titik amat geolistrik pada setiap lintasan bisa terlihat secara dua dimensi.
Selain pemetaan tahanan jenis, dilakukan juga pendugaan tahanan jenis pada 8 buah titik sounding yaitu pada lintasan A satu titik sounding (A-3000), pada lintasan B terdapat 4 titik sounding ( B-2500, B-3000, B-3500 dan B-4500), lintasan C terdiri dari 2 titik sounding (C-2000 dan C-2500), pada lintasan E dan F tidak dilakukan pengukuran sounding. Penampang tahanan jenis sebenarnya dibuat dari titik-titik sounding yang ada pada lintasan B dan penampang yang memotong lintasan A, B, C, dan D. Semua titik amat geolistrik berada pada lintasan A sampai F dan lintasan-lintasan head-on di diplot pada peta titik pengukuran geolistrik (gambar 1). Pemetaan Tahanan Jenis
a. Bentangan AB/2=250 m
Pada bentangan AB/2 = 250 meter (Gambar 2), anomali tahanan jenis semu memperlihatkan nilai rendah < 25 m berada pada lintasan B yaitu pada titik amat B-3500 dengan kontur tertutup, kemudian diikuti oleh tahanan jenis 25-50 m membuka ke arah baratlaut (ke arah laut). Tahanan jenis semu 50 – 100 m masih mengikuti kontur sebelumnya membuka ke arah baratlaut dan beberapa titik membuka ke arah baratdaya, diikuti oleh tahanan jenis 100 – 250 m dengan penyebaran cukup luas. Selanjutnya tahahan jenis dengan nilai kontur yang paling tinggi pada bentangan AB/2=250 m adalah kontur tahanan jenis >250 m sebagian besar membuka ke arah timurlaut, tenggara dan sebagian lagi ke arah selatan. Secara umum pada bentangan AB/2=250 m, tahanan jenis semu makin ke timur semakin tinggi.
b. Bentangan AB/2 = 500 meter
Untuk tahanan jenis semu pada bentangan AB/2=500 meter umumnya mempunyai pola kontur hampir sama dengan pola kontur anomali pada bentangan AB/2=250 m, anomali rendah < 25 m tidak ditemukan, yang paling rendah pada bentangan AB/2=500 m adalah anomali tahanan jenis semu dengan nilai kontur < 50 m, membuka ke arah baratlaut. Nilai kontur tahanan jenis 50 – 100 m mengikuti pola kontur sebelumnya dengan penyebaran cukup luas, kontur membuka ke arah barat dan terdapat juga nilai yang sama pada titik amat B-1000, B-1500, D-3000 dan E-3500. Kontur tahanan jenis selanjutnya adalah 100 -250 m penyebarannya cukup luas di bagian tengah daerah penyelidikan, diikuti oleh nilai kontur 250 – 500 m sebagian masih membuka ke arah baratlaut yang lainnya membuka ke arah timur dan selatan. Nilai kontur paling besar >500 m hanya ada pada titik amat E-3000 dengan kontur tertutup. Masih membesar kea rah timur untuk bentangan AB/2=500 meter.
c. Bentangan AB/2 = 750 meter
Tahanan jenis semu pada AB/2=750 meter mempunyai pola hampir sama dengan pola anomali tahanan jenis semu sebelumnya. Anomali rendah < 25 m berada di lintasan A, pada titik amat A-2000, kemudian diikuti oleh anomali dengan nilai kontur 25 – 50 m dan 50 – 100 m, kedua nilai kontur tersebut membuka ke arah barat dan baratlaut (ke arah laut). Selanjutnya adalah anomali dengan nilai kontur 100 – 250 m menempati bagian tengah yang mempunyai penyebaran cukup luas ke arah utara-selatan. Anomali tahanan jenis tinggi yaitu 250-500 m berada di bagian timurlaut dan selatan, anomali membuka ke arah timurlaut, timur dan selatan. Tahanan jenis tinggi > 500 m berada di titik amat E -3000 dan F – 6000. Pada bentangan Ab/2=750 m, umumnya tahanan jenis semu membesar kea rah timur.
d. Betangan AB/2 = 1000 meter
Pada bentangan AB/2=1000 meter (Gambar 3), harga tahanan jenis rendah <25 m berada di lintasan A, yaitu pada titik amat A-1500 dan A-2000, selanjutnya adalah tahanan jenis 25 – 50 m dan 50 – 100 m kontur membuka ke arah barat (ke arah laut). Tahanan jenis 100 - 250 m terlihat dibagian tengah dengan penyebaran ke utara dan selatan, kemudian diikuti nilai tahahan jenis > 250 m dengan penyebaran cukup luas, kontur membuka ke arah baratlaut, selatan dan timur serta spot-spot kecil di lintasan D. Seperti bentangan AB/2 lainnya pada bentangan AB/2=1000 m juga tahanan jenis membesar kea rah timur.
Secara keseluruhan tahanan jenis semu membesar ke arah timur, akan tetapi pada sepanjang truktur yang berarah timurlaut-baratdaya tahanan jenis relatif rendah ( < 100 m). Penampang tegak tahanan jenis semu.
Penampang tegak tahanan jenis semu dibuat pada setiap lintasan pengukuran dengan mengeplotkan data mapping dan sounding dari tiap lintasan pada kedalaman AB/4 dengan asumsi bahwa penetrasi arus pengukuran mendekati AB/4. Arah lintasan pengukuran geolistrik berarah baratdaya – timurlaut. Penampang tegak tahanan jenis semu terdiri dari lintasan A, B, C, D, E, F.
a. Lintasan A
Umumnya harga tahanan jenis semu dekat permukaan pada lintasan ini berkisar dari 36 m sampai 90 m, di bagian tengah lintasan A yaitu pada titik amat A-3000 dan A-4000 dengan tahanan jenis semu 21.2 – 50 m dipermukaannya ditempati oleh alluvium. Pada titik amat A-4000 sampai A-5000 yaitu ke arah timurlaut harga tahanan jenis makin membesar, diperkirakan ditempati oleh batuan malihan dengan harga tahanan jenis > 100 Ohm-m. Bagian baratdaya yaitu antara titik A-1000 sampai A-2500 di permukaan bertahanan jenis > 40 m, di bawah titik amat tersebut terdapat tahanan jenis rendah yaitu antara 20 – 50 Ohm-meter. Perubahan perlapisan tahanan jenis mempunyai kemiringan ke arah baratdaya, diperkirakan merupakan struktur atau perubahan lithologi batuan.
b. Lintasan B
Lintasan ini terdiri dari 12 titik pengukuran, secara umum harga tahanan jenis semu ke arah timurlaut makin membesar. Harga tahanan jenis semu ke arah bawah semakin membesar, di permukaan yaitu hasil pengukuran pada titik amat B-3500 mempunyai tahanan jenis semu rendah < 25 m, kemudian diikuti oleh tahanan jenis sedang yaitu antara 50-100 m dan yang terakhir adalah tananan jenis relatif tinggi > 250 m, seperti pada penampang lintasan A batuan dengan harga tahanan jenis < 50 m diduga adalah alluvium. Bagian bawah dari batuan tersebut diatas diduga adalah batuan malihan dengan tahanan jenis sedang (>100 m), berada hampir sepanjang lintasan dengan titik tertinggi berada pada titik amat B-6000 (431 m). c. Lintasan C
Tahanan jenis semu pada lintasan C umumnya besar dengan nilai kontur terkecil 100 m , ke arah timurlaut dan baratdaya tahanan jenis makin membesar. Tingginya tahanan jenis semu di bagian timurlaut diduga ada kaitannya dengan batuan granit. Pada penampang ini terlihat adanya nilai kontur yang rapat pada titik amat C-2500 dan C-3000, hal ini diduga adanya struktur yang hampir tegak. Pada titik amat C-4000 dan C-4500 terdapat juga kerapatan kontur yang mempunyai kemiringan ke arah baratdaya, diperkirakan di daerah tersebut terdapat struktur atau adanya perubahan lithologi batuan.
d. Lintasan D
Seperti pada lintasan C, pada penampang ini umumnya mempunyai tahanan jenis besar > 100 m, hanya beberapa titik amat yang mempunyai tahanan jenis < 100 m yaitu pada titik amat D-1000, D-1500, D4000 dan D-4500. Harga tahanan jenis pada penampang ini umumnya makin ke dalam mempunyai tahanan jenis yang makin membesar, seperti pada titik amat D-5000. Adanya anomaly tinggi pada penampang tahanan jenis tersebut mengindikasikan adanya batuan dengan resistivitas besar di bawah permukaan, kemungkinan batuan dengan resistivitas besar di daerah ini adalah granit.
e. Lintasan E
Lintasan E berada di bagian timur, umumnya makin ke arah timur resistivitas batuan makin tinggi, seperti terlihat pada penampang ini, di permukaan tahanan jenis < 100 m berada di permukaan pada titik amat E-3500, E-4000 dan E-4500, makin ke dalam tahanan jenisnya makin membesar sampai > 400 m, begitu juga ke arah timurlaut dan baratdaya. Pada penampang ini terlihat kerapatan kontur di bagian timurlaut lebih jarang bila dibandingkan kerapatan di bagian baratdaya, adanya perbedaan tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan oleh perbedaan litilogi batuan antara bagian tersebut dengan batas litilogi berada para titik amat E-3500.
f. Lintasan F
Penampang ini secara umum mempunyai pola kontur tahanan jenis semu hampir sama dengan penampang sebelumnya, harga tahanan jenis yang terendah > 200 m. Kerapatan kontur terdapat disekitar titik amat F-5000 sampai F-6500 ke arah timurlaut dan baratdayanya mempunyai kerapatan lebih jarang. Harga tahanan jenis seperti penampang pada lintasan-lintasan lainnya ke arah dalam mempunyai harga tahanan jenis besar.

Penampang tegak tahanan jenis sebenarnya.
Dari hasil pendugaan tahanan jenis dibuat dua penampang tahanan jenis sebenarnya yaitu pada lintasan B-2500, B-3000, B-3500, B-4500 dan penampang pada lintasan A-3000, B-3500, C-3000, D-4000.
Pada umumnya kurva tahanan jenis di daerah penyelidikan ini memperlihatkan pola yang hampir sama, dan tidak menunjukkan kontras yang tajam, beberapa kurva menunjukkan tahanan jenis relatip rendah dipermukaan, umumnya bervariasi dibagian tengah, kemudian naik lagi pada pengukuran dengan bentangan AB/2=800 meter dan cenderung tinggi pada AB/2=1250 meter, di hampir pada semua kurva. Setiap data sounding telah dimodelkan menggunakan pemodelan kedepan 1-dimensi. Dari hasil pemodelan 1-D per titik sounding ini kemudian dibuat model penampang tahanan jenis (2-D).
Penampang AB dibuat pada lintasan B yaitu B-2500, B-3000, B-3500 dan B-4500, pada penampang ini terdapat 5 buah lapisan; lapisan pertama merupakan lapisan permukaan dengan tahanan jenis 8 – 12 m, kemudian lapisan dengan tahanan jenis 60-70 m dengan sisipan tahanan jenis 35 di B-4500 dan lapisan dengan tahanan jenis 120 – 175 m. Lapisan selanjutnya dengan tahanan jenis 40 – 90 m berada di bagian bawahnya yang diikuti oleh lapisan dengan tahanan jenis 150 – 175 m
Penampang CD dibuat memotong lintasan A, B, C, D, yaitu pada A-3000, B-3500, C-3000 dan D-4000, pada penampang lintasan ini mempunyai 4 buah lapisan yaitu lapisan pertama merupakan lapisan permukaan dengan variasi tahanan jenis 8 - 12 m, ketebalan 1 – 80 meter, kemudian lapisan dengan tahanan jenis 60 – 70 m mempunyai ketebalan antara 80 - 400 meter terdapat pada kedalaman 100-500 meter. Lapisan ketiga mempunyai variasi tahanan jenis 110 -120 m dengan ketebalan rata-rata 400 meter dengan sisipan tahanan jenis 35 – 40 m, lapisan ini di bagian tengah sudah tererosi dilihat dari lapisan tersebut tidak menerus, lapisan yang terakhir mempunyai variasi tahanan jenis 100-125 m, terpotong di bagian tengah oleh struktur. Hasil Pengukuran Head-On
Pengukuran Head-On terdiri dari dua lintasan:
a. Lintasan B berarah baradaya – timurlaut, panjang lintasan 2400 meter dengan interval titik ukur 100 meter, berimpit dengan lintasan B untuk mapping dan sounding.
b. Lintasan C berarah baratlaut- timurlaut, panjang lintasan 2400 meter dengan interval titik ukur 100 meter, berimpit dengan lintasan B untuk mapping dan sounding.
Kedua lintasan tersebut dibuat tegak lurus struktur/sesar dengan jarak elektroda C sekitar 4000 m.
a) Kurva dan interpretasi struktur head on Lintasan-B
Kurva tahanan jenis semu ? ( AC-AB) dan ? ( BC-AB) dari lintasan B (Gambar 3.5-14), dibuat berdasarkan ploting perpotongan antara kurva hasil pengukuran dengan sumbu kedalaman sama dengan AB/4. Pada penampang lintasan B, terdapat 2 buah sesar . Sesar yang pertama terdapat pada titik amat B-3400 pada kedalaman dangkal sampai dalam yang berhubungan dengan bentangan AB/2= 200 m menerus sampai AB/2=800 m dengan kemiringan hampir tegak. Sesar yang kedua berada diantara titik amat B-3500 dan B-3600 pada bentangan AB/2=200 dan AB/2=600 m, sesar tersebut merupakan sesar yang mengontrol pemunculan airpanas Lompio, kemiringan sesar tersebut hampir tegak.
b) Kurva dan interpretasi struktur head on lintasan C
Hasil pengukuran head-on pada lintasan C (Gambar 3.5-16) diperoleh beberapa sesar pada bentangan AB/2=200 m di dekat permukaan sampai pada kedalaman AB/2=800 m (Gambar 3.5-17). Ditemukan minimal 6 buah sesar , dari hasil ploting C-2400, C-2800, C-3200, C-3300, C-3600 dan C-3700. Pada bentangan AB/2=200 m dan AB/2=400 m, masih terlihat jelas berada pada perpotongan kurva pada titik amat C-2400, kemudian struktur sesar pada kedalaman dekat permukaan sampai bentangan AB/2=800 m, terdapat pada titik amat C-2800. Selanjutnya perpotongan kurva pada titik amat C-3200 terdapat perpotongan kurva pada pada bentangan AB/2=200 m dan AB/2=600 m, selanjutnya adalah sesar pada titik amat C-3300 diperkirakan mempunyai struktur pada perpotongan dekat permukaan sampai kedalaman bentangan AB/2=800 m, masih terdapat dua sesar lagi di ujung lintasan yaitu pada titik amat C-3600 dan C-3800.
Dari hasil pengamatan secara keseluruhan, terdapat dua sesar utama yang ditemukan pada lintasan ini, yang pertama sesar yang memotong titik amat C-2800 dan C-3300 pada bentangan AB/2=200 m, kemudian menerus pada bentangan yang lebih dalam lagi, begitu juga pada titik amat C-3300 terdapat pada bentangan AB/2=200 m, kemudian menerus lagi pada bentangan AB/2=800 m.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika, 2004. Data curah hujan Indonesia tahun 2004.
Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Donggala, 2004. Donggala dalam Angka 2004. Kerjasama BPS dan Bappeda Kabupaten Donggala.
Bakrun, dkk, 2004. Penyelidikan terpadu geologi, geokimia dan geofisika di daerah panas bumi marana-marawa, kecamatan sindue, kabupaten donggala, sulawesi tengah. Direktorat Inventarisasi Sumber Daya Mineral. Departemen Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral, Bandung

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