...Conclusion A chemical reaction is the interaction of 2 or more reactants that produces one or more new substances. The reactants in this experiment were distilled water and Alka-Seltzer tablets. Water contains H2O, and the ingredients in Alka-Seltzer are aspirin, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). When sodium bicarbonate is placed in water, it dissociates into sodium (Na) and Bicarbonate (HCO3). When the bicarbonate splits apart, it reacts with the hydrogen ions from the citric acid. This forms carbon dioxide and water. When Alka-Seltzer and water react; it forms Carbon Dioxide Gas. The reactions forms when small bubbles form, and fizzing occurs. This must be visible to the eye, and the fizzing must also be heard. Increasing or decreasing the number of Alka-Seltzer tablets did change the...
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...I. Science fair question How does temperature affect the rate at which ultraviolet beads lose their color? II. Background Research Did you know that most of the ultraviolet light produced by the Sun is blocked by the atmosphere, but some light does still reach Earth? Ultra violet light can be detected using electronic devices. Important terms that will be discussed in this paper are ultraviolet light, photochromism, chemical reactions, and absolute zero. Ultraviolet radiation is defined as Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the sun and some of its absorbed by the sun and some of it is absorbed by the o-zone in the atmosphere. Too much exposure to ultraviolet light can be can lead to sunburn, skin cancer, or cataracts (The American Heritage...
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...Chemical Reaction A chemical reaction is a change of a substance into a new substance that has a different chemical identity. A chemical reaction occurs with physical effects, like the emission of heat and light, the release of gas, the change in color, or the presents of precipitate. There are several different types of chemical reactions, such as synthesis reaction, decomposition reaction, single displacement reaction, the double displacement reaction, combustion reaction, and the acid-base reaction. In our everyday life we experience many chemical reactions taking place around us. You may not notice them but they are always there. An example of a chemical reactions you would see, hear, feel, or taste in your everyday life would be baking...
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...Introduction. This is an experiment to investigate into the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) and dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl). The formula for this reaction is: Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l). This makes the products Sodium Chloride, Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphur and water Rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place. Some reaction can take less than a second and other can take over millions of years. During a reaction, we can measure the rate of reaction. The rate of reactions depends on the types of molecules that are combining. There is another thing in rates of reaction called the collision theory. Substances in the liquid, aqueous and gaseous phase consist of particles in rapid and constant motion. The rate of a chemical reaction depends on three factors; the first is - Collision Frequency If a chemical reaction is to happen between two particles, they must first collide. The number of collisions between particles per unit time is known as the collision frequency of the system. This then can be altered by changing the concentration of reactants, total pressure, temperature or the size of the reacting particles. These are all the factors in general that have distinct effects on rates of reaction. The second factor in the collision theory is -Collision Energy Not all collisions result in chemical reactions. Most of the time the colliding particles just bounce off each other. These...
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...Introduction: In this experiment, the rate law and rate constant for a reaction of oxalic acid with permanganate were determined. Every chemical reaction ranges from hours to femtoseconds to occur. The rate of a chemical reaction can be determined by assessing the change in either the reactant or product in a given time or point (Connors, 1990). It is important to take account of the stoichiometric ratios of each component, regardless as to which compound is chosen to determine the rate. The study of the rates of chemical reactions is called Chemical Kinetics (Soustelle, 2011). The following is an example of a generic chemical reaction: aA + bB → cC + dD The rate of the reaction can be expressed as a function of each reactant and each product: Rate = -1a∆A∆t= -1b∆B∆t= +1c∆C∆t= +1d∆D∆t For each reaction, the concentration is decreasing as the reaction occurs; therefore representing the rate as a positive value and a negative sign in the rate definition is used. The concentration of the products is conversely increasing as the reaction proceeds; therefore changing in concentration is positive (Connors, 1990). The reaction rate can be measured by accurately measuring the change in concentration of one of the reaction species over time. This experiment utilized a visual change in color of one of the reactants used; however, since visual indications can be subjective and it is important to perform the experiment multiple times. Also, since the color change would indicate that...
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...This practical was designed to investigate the effect that increasing temperature has on the enzyme catalase and its reactivity to the substrate, hydrogen peroxide. Enzymes are biological catalysts, which allow chemical reactions to occur under cellular conditions (PennState University, 2017). Cells contain thousands of different enzymes, and their activities determine which chemical reactions actually take place within the cell. Cooper G.M. (2000) stated that without enzymatic catalysts, most chemical reactions are so slow that they would not occur, as enzymes accelerate the rates of such reactions by over a million-fold. Freeman, S. (2006) illustrated that chemical reactions require an input of energy to begin called the activation energy....
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...control of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood glucose levels. In this assignment I will be explaining the concept of homeostasis with reference to the control of heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and bloody glucose levels. Firstly, I will start this assignment off by explaining what homeostasis is. Homeostasis is the tendency toward a relatively stable equipoise between symbiotic elements, especially as maintained by functional processes. http://www.google.co.uk/#hl=en&q=homeostasis&tbs=dfn:1&tbo=u&sa=X&ei=sIhIUfPzGeiW0QWa5oHACw&sqi=2&ved=0C CwQkQ4&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&fp=4e753e884ed8bf36&biw=884&bih=537 A simple illustration of homeostasis is when we get really cold in winter, our body starts to shiver and by shivering the body maintains heat and warm us up. Another example may be that an individual may feel hot from doing an intense workout or simply walking in really hot heat, our bodies maintain homeostasis by sweating, this helps us to cool down and maintain body temperature. Negative feedback is the mechanism in which the body sustains conditions within specific perimeters. The body does this by conflicting an alteration that deviates from the norm. In other words, deviation produces negative responses to counteract the deviation. Metabolism is the amount of all the chemical reactions occurring in a specific order. When metabolism is broken down it is called biochemical reactions in which thousands of chemical reaction takes place...
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...The rate of a chemical reaction can be raised by temperature, concentration of solutions, catalysts, etc. Increasing the surface area of a solid reactant is one way the rate of reaction can be sped up. If the surface area is increased, then more particles are exposed to reactants, there are more collisions, and these two variables overall speed up the rate of reaction. (BBC, 2014) A solid that is found in a solution can only react when particles collide with the surface area of the solid. When the area of the surface of the solid is bigger, then more particles are able to collide against it per second and the rate of the chemical reaction happening increases. (Chem4kids.com)A powdered solid will produce a faster reaction than if the same mass of the solid is presented in a single clump or small pieces....
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...POINT LISAS CAMPUS Esperanza Road, Brechin Castle, Couva www.utt.edu.tt LAB 1 Decomposition reaction Aim: Determination of the number of moles of water molecules of crystallization present in hydrated Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4.xH2O) Apparatus: Mass balance, test tube, test tube holder, heat-proof mat and bunsen burner. Reagents: Hydrated sodium carbonate. Theory: Chemical decomposition, analysis or breakdown is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or simple compounds. A more specific type of decomposition is thermal decomposition or thermolysis, which is caused by heat. ABA+B, the reaction is endothermic, since heat is required to break the chemical bonds. Most decomposition reaction require energy either in the form of heat, light or electricity. Absorption of energy causes the breaking of the bonds present in the reacting substance which decomposes to give the product. When a hydrated salt is heated it decomposes into a pure form of the salt and water. MgSO4.xH2O MgSO4 + H2O Procedure: Refer to Handout Results: A. Mass of test tube/g = 21.77 B. Mass of the tube and salt/g = 24.0 A table showing the mass of the test tube and salt after 3 consecutive heating: Heating | Mass of the test tube and salt/g | 1st | 23.96 | 2nd | 23.81 | 3rd | 23.81 | Calculations: G. Mass of anhydrous magnesium sulphate/g = F - A = 23.81 – 21.77= 2.04 H. Mass of water of crystallization evaporated/g...
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...activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur and therefore increases the rate of the reaction. Activation Energy is the minimum energy barrier needed to be overcome before a reaction can occur by providing an alternative reaction pathway. The beneficial aspect of enzymes is that they are extremely efficient and may be used repeatedly. One enzyme may be used to catalyze thousands of reactions every second. The two factors that affect the efficiency of how enzymes...
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...that enzyme concentration has on reaction time and the effect that substrate concentration has on enzyme reaction. Enzymes are biological catalysts that catalyze different chemical reactions. In general, enzymes are proteins and they are each specific to specific chemical reaction. In order for enzymes to process properly, they should maintain a specific three dimensional structure. When enzymes function, they combine with their substrates (reactant) to form susbtrate-enzyme complex. Then this complex converts into a product and unaltered enzyme. Substrate + Enzyme Substrate-Enzyme Complex Product + Enzyme OR Substrate –Enzyme Product (From this equation, in general, the reaction of enzyme is irreversible.) Some of the factors that affect the rate of reaction are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, product concentration, etc. The rate of reaction is affected by the level of pH. The extreme level of pH can denature enzyme and result loss of its action. The optimum pH is 14 and this is the level of pH where the rate of reaction is the highest. Temperature also affects the rate of reaction. As temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases as well; however, it increases until the optimum temperature. After optimum temperature, the enzyme denatured. The concentration of enzyme and substrate affect the rate of reaction. In theory, the higher the concentration of substrate, the faster the reaction rate processes. This is because when...
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...After it was first discovered in 1886 by Hans Heinrich Landolt, the iodine clock reaction has become one of the most used classroom experiments for demonstrating kinetics (SuperchargedScience, 2018). A clock reaction is a reaction where one of the chemical species (clock chemical) starts off with a low concentration and then has a rapid increase which can then lead to a dramatic colour change (UnitverityNottingham, 1999). The iodine clock works by using iodine as the clock chemical that then reacts with clear starch to produce a deep blue colour. For the Landolt chemical clock in two clear liquids are mixed with one containing KIO3 and the other NaHSO4 they then follow the following chemical reactions. Equation 1 is known as the rate determining...
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...Rate of Reaction The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction happens. If a reaction has a low rate, that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate. Some reactions take hundreds, maybe even thousands, of years while others can happen in less than one second. If you want to think of a very slow reaction, think about how long it takes plants and ancient fish to become fossils (carbonization). The rate of reaction also depends on the type of molecules that are combining. If there are low concentrations of an essential element or compound, the reaction will be slower. There is another big idea for rates of reaction called collision theory. The collision theory says that as more collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules bouncing into each other. If you have more possible combinations there is a higher chance that the molecules will complete the reaction. The reaction will happen faster which means the rate of that reaction will increase. Think about how slowly molecules move in honey when compared to your soda even though they are both liquids. There are a lower number of collisions in the honey because of stronger intermolecular forces (forces between molecules). The greater forces mean that honey has a higher viscosity than the soda water. Factors That Affect Rate Reactions happen - no matter what. Chemicals are always combining or breaking down. The reactions happen over and...
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...Metabolism – All of the chemical processes occurring within an organism * Chemical activity is maintained by large proteins – Enzymes * Enzymes: * Protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst * Speed up rates of reactions * Their action is specific: catalyzing only one type of reaction * Used over and over in small quantities * Made in cell when they’re needed * Most work effectively at 37°C Functions and Characteristics of Enzymes * Catalysts control the rate of reaction – speed it up or slow down – but they’re chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction * Enzymes work by providing a surface or active site (The surface of an enzyme where the catalyzed reaction occurs) where the reaction can occur. * Substrate – a molecule/substance that is affected by the action of a catalyst such as an enzyme * It binds with the active site * The binding changes the shape of the active site and enzymes – Induced fit – temporary change in the shape of the enzyme, that binds an attached substrate more strongly too it. * Chemical reaction occurs and substrate is changed * In increase in substrate concentration will increase the rate of reaction until all the enzyme active sites are occupied (Saturation Point) – it’ll then proceed at its maximum rate * Activation Energy – Is the least amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place Two Models for enzyme action * Catabolic reaction – Breaking substrate...
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...* Key Topics: * Explain and give examples of why proteins are essential to cell function * The basic structure of an amino acid * Describe the 4 levels of protein structure, and give examples of each * Explain what an enzyme is, understand why enzymes are needed to help chemical reactions, and know the role of the active site * Revisiting the Theory of Chemical Evolution * Modern life arose through a series of endergonic chemical reactions. 1. Production of small organic compounds * i.e., formaldehyde (H2CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 2. Formation of mid-sized molecules from these small compounds * i.e., amino acids, simple sugars 3. Mid-sized building blocks combine to form large molecules. * i.e., proteins, complex carbohydrates 4. Life became possible when one of these large molecules self-replicated. * Organic Molecules * Large organic molecules are called macromolecules * Four major categories of macromolecules: 1. Proteins 2. Nucleic Acids 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids * Several of these are long chains of smaller subunits. * The smaller subunits are known as monomers * The long chains of monomers are known as polymers * Four groups of Macromolecules * Building Macromolecules – Monomers and Polymers * Molecules, such as amino acids, are individual units called monomers. They link together (polymerize) to form polymers, such as proteins...
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