...The name of this article was “Chronic caffeine intake reverses age-induced insulin resistance in the rat: effect on skeletal muscle Glut4 transporters and AMPK activity”. The hypothesis of this study was that chronic caffeine intake reverses aging-induced insulin resistance in rats. The study included other aspects in order to rule these other aspects out of the cause of the insulin sensitivity. This meant that nothing else could be the cause of the insulin sensitivity. Wistar rats were used to test whether caffeine intake affected aging-induced insulin resistance. The experimental groups were three groups of rats treated with caffeine. These three groups were of different ages: 3 months, 12 months, and 24 months. The control groups were three groups of the same ages used in the experimental groups, but these were not treated with caffeine. The manipulations occurred in separating the rats into age groups and separating them into groups that get caffeine and those that do not get caffeine. Everything else in this study was constant including the amount of caffeine given and the amount of time it was administered. This was an accurate test of the hypothesis. The hypothesis wanted to test caffeine intake and aging induced insulin resistance. This required groups of different ages to be tested. These groups also needed to each have their own control group to be able to determine any difference in what was being tested. The dependent variable was glucose disappearance and the...
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...Caffeine is the most consumed psychoactive drug in the world (Solinas et al, 2002). Caffeine has been known to have many side effects on hour external behavior and our internal physiological behavior. We use caffeine in our lives to sometimes stay awake to study or just get through the day. Caffeine decreases the blood flow to the brain by constricting the blood vessels but can also increase blood flow after continuous intake that may cause headaches (Kalat, 2004). Caffeine has a tendency to block adenosine (A1-, A2A-, A2B-, A3), which increases throughout the day to allow us to sleep and then decreases as we sleep which allows us to wake. Thus, if caffeine blocks adenosine we are unable to sleep when feeling the urge or wanting to sleep, which may cause us to decrease our caffeine intake. Caffeine acts to antagonize adenosine receptors, which then affects cell populations because it counteracts many adenosine effects. The caffeine mainly has an effect on the A2a adenosine receptors which then elevates the energy metabolism in the brain and also causes a decrease in cerebral blood flow (Cameron,et.al, 1990; Ghelardini, et.al, 1997; Nehliget.al,1992; Neuhauser-Berthold et.al, 1997). Along with caffeine affecting the adenosine it also has an effect on GABA receptors and the release of dopamine (Nehlig et.al, 1992). Caffeine not only blockades adenosine it also releases intracellular calcium, inhibits phosphodiesterases and blockade...
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...Both ethanol and caffeine are present in many consumable goods such as beers and coffee (Lab Notebook). Both drugs are known for causing physiological differences in organisms. It is important to be aware of the potential ramifications these substances since they are so widely used and ingested. In humans, heart rates were increased slightly with the additional of ethanol (Abdel-Rahman 1987). In rats, heart rates were both increased and decreased with the addition of ethanol depending on the level of stress the rats were in (Arciero 1998). In humans, caffeine did not affect heart rates (Sparrow 1987). Different ages of humans had heart rates that were not affected by caffeine (Umemura 2006). The purpose of this experiment was to test if the quantity of ethanol and caffeine increases or decreases the heart rates in Daphnia magna. We predicted that the heart rates of the Daphnia would rise when exposed to ethanol, yet would remain the same when exposed to caffeine. We also hypothesized that the higher the concentration of the drug in the solution, the more effect the drug would have on the organism. Methods We conducted the experiment on Daphnia...
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...their body mass a few days before competition to gain an advantage over lighter competitors. Sachan, D. S., & Hongu, N. (2000). Research communication: Increases in VO2max and metabolic markers of fat oxidation by caffeine, carnitine, and choline supplementation in rats. The Journal Of Nutritional Biochemistry, 11. 521-526. This experimental study examined the effects of the combination of caffeine, carnitine and choline supplementation on exercise performance, body fat levels and leptin concentrations in rats. Twenty seven-week-old rats were divided into two groups based on diet. One group received a supplementation containing caffeine, carnitine and choline. Half of the rats in each group exercised on a rodent treadmill for ten minutes at a 15% incline for six days per week with running speed and duration gradually increased and maximized at 18 minutes for 25 minutes a day. VO2 max was also determined by a run-to-exhaustion test. The results showed that the rats given the supplement had 25% lower body fat, higher VO2 max, 70% longer time to exhaustion and 29% lower blood lactate concentrations. The conclusion is that the combination of choline with caffeine and carnitine in supplements increases aerobic work capacity and decreases body fat percentages in rats. Conclusion: There are mixed findings in regards to the effects on exercise performance when supplementing with choline; however, most studies do find a significant decrease in choline levels in individuals participating...
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...fire? It sort of was, says Patti Milligan, director of nutrition at Tignum, a consultancy that helps businesses boost employee performance through holistic wellness programs. "You produce lots of oxidants in the brain when you're working," she says. "Foods that are high in antioxidants--berries, beans, apples, tea--act like flame retardants." And don't forget water. "The brain is 70 to 80 percent water," Milligan says. "When it's metabolically active 10 to 12 hours a day, removing metabolic waste from the brain requires optimal hydration." She suggests "super-hydrating" with two cups at the beginning of the day and avoiding "dehydrators," like processed sugary foods, high doses of caffeine, and soda. And watch out for "brain fog," which can be evidence that you need to hydrate. Speaking of caffeine, "coffee depletes serotonin, which contributes to a sense of well-being," says Barbara Mendez, a New York City nutrition consultant who works with many business clients. "If you have it on an empty stomach, that quick delivery to the bloodstream leads to more anxiety and stress." So save the coffee for midafternoon, when your hormonal and...
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...combat this growing epidemic, research is constantly being done to determine why these behaviors occur and how to refrain from the urge to use psychoactive drugs. Why people do it can be answered simply, because they like the way that psychoactive drugs make them feel. A psychoactive drug is any chemical substance that by affecting the function of the brain alters a person’s behavior and mood (Deckers, 2010). Psychoactive drugs can be anything from caffeine that is obtained by drinking a soda to opiates which are what is in morphine and heroin. In order to refrain from the use of psychoactive drugs, an understanding must be gained about why addictions to these chemicals occur in the first place. Brain Structures and Functions Associated with Refraining From Drug Use In order to understand how to refrain from drug use, it is important to first understand why it occurs. Different psychoactive drugs affect the brain and the body in their own specific ways. While some drugs stimulate the central nervous system, such as cocaine and caffeine, causing a more alert and energized feeling, others work as a depressant such as alcohol, which induces relaxation and can lower social inhibitions and stress levels (Deckers, 2010). Despite the fact that many drugs have different effects and can be administered in different ways, they do have a commonality which is the pleasure that is experienced by the brain reward system known as the mesolimbic dopamine system (Deckers, 2010). Dopamine is...
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...Caffeine is the most-widely consumed psychoactive substance by human beings throughout the world (Reid, 2005). This report will detail its natural origins, chemical structure (as well as those of similar substances), and the methods and dosages in which it is rendered into its usable form. Additionally, this report will detail caffeine's various biological pathways within the human body, including access to the brain and various neurotransmitter pathways. Caffeine is a chemical that occurs naturally in over 100 plant species throughout the world (Steffen, 2000). Perhaps the most widely recognized of these plants is the coffee tree, whose small seed (commonly referred to as a "bean") is roasted and then crushed into a fine powder (Weinberg and Bealer, 2001). Caffeine also occurs naturally in cocoa beans, tea leaves, kola nuts, and gurana seeds, and mate. Some of these plants, such as tea, actually bear a distinct, but similar chemical to caffeine (i.e. theophylline); these chemicals will be discussed further in the chemistry section (Steffen, 2000). Caffeine is chemically known by two names. The first is 1,3,7 -trimethylxanthine; the second is 3,7,-Dihydro-1,3,7- trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione. Historically, caffeine has also gone by the name of methyltheobromine, as well as thein (Weinberg and Bealer, 2001). The chemical formula of caffeine is C8 H10 N4 O2. The molecular weight for this chemical is 194.19 atomic units. Its composition...
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...Insufficient Sleep: The Silent Enemy of Fitness 1 Insufficient Sleep: The Silent Enemy of Fitness Brad Park Western Governors University Insufficient Sleep: The Silent Enemy of Fitness 2 It can be seen on television, read in the paper, and heard on the radio that it's time for America to get into shape. Obesity is up and engaging in healthy exercise is down. The obvious thing to blame is poor food choices and if that's coupled with working long hours then it's no wonder. Nevertheless, despite those issues people are finally deciding to make fitness a priority in their lives by watching what they eat and exercising more. However, they may find that the weight's not coming off, physical performance is going down, or they can't seem to put on any muscle. The culprit behind these issues may be surprising: sleep. A lack of sleep, which is becoming the norm in our society, is being proven to negatively effect several key areas of one's physical fitness. First, studies show a connection between sleep deprivation and weight control including less fat loss, changes in metabolism, and increased hunger. Next, research conducted on sleep restricted athletes resulted in less stamina, slower reaction times, and changes in mood. Finally, tests on sleep deprived subjects showed lowered testosterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels which all play major roles in building muscle. Getting enough sleep every night is more important to your fitness...
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...Introduction to Psychology - 1010 6.0B Assignment Instructor: Dr. Rebecca Jubis Due Date: Friday, July 12 by 5:00pm Name: Danielle Jackson Student Number: 207457724 1A) Utilizing the experimental method of research to test the effects of caffeine on memory, one must first establish a hypothesis. For this experiment, the hypothesis would simply state; that if a person consumes 2 cups of a caffeinated beverage over the course of 3 hours then their recall of information, learned earlier that day, will be faster and more accurate on a short answer test. The independent variable in this experiment would be the caffeine as it is the factor that is being manipulated and examined to see if it has any effect on a participant’s memory. The dependent variable in this experiment would be memory or specifically the participant’s ability to recall information as it may change as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable of caffeine. To begin the experiment, participants will be randomly assigned to either the control group, the group not exposed to caffeine, or to the experimental group, the group exposed to caffeine. The control group will be given a placebo and the experimental group will be given the caffeinated beverage. The two groups will be given a short story to read and review for one hour at the beginning of the experiment. Over the course of the next hour, participants in the experimental group will be given 2 cups of a caffeinated beverage while...
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...2010). This paper will examine how, through effective communication processes, Living Essentials was able to create and maintain a loyal customer base and get more and more people to try their product. First of all, Living Essentials understood their target market very well. FiveHour Energy is marketed to a group market of working adults, which strays from the norm of marketing similar products to teenage boys. The company learned that these adults simply wanted an energy boost – not an entire drink. Therefore, they made 5-Hour Energy shots 2 ounces, setting the precedent for the entire energy shot sector. They knew that traditional energy drinks caused the users the eventually crash, so the company abstained from adding sugar or excess caffeine. Lastly, they knew that their target market would not be browsing refrigerators for energy drinks, so they created a display that could be placed on counters (Zmuda, 2009). Understand their target market played an integral role in 5-Hour Energy’s lasting success, and they created messages that effectively communicated all of these advantages to their audience. Even while most energy shot brands still get a majority of their sales from teens, 5-Hour Energy appeals to an older generation. Carl Sperber, the creative director of Living Essentials, says, “I think the message we’ve managed to create has really worked to capture those...
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...studying would be more productive. It is very important to know that sleep has this strong effect on a person's memory and learning ability. The part of sleep in memory and learning is poorly understood and has yet to be precisely characterized. Scientists know it is extremely important, not only to rest our body, but our brain. However, they are not exactly sure what happens to our brain while we are asleep. Not sleeping or not sleeping enough can be fatal and can even be compared to not eating, which is particularly surprisingly. The experiment with rats, displayed in the video, was very intriguing. The rats were not allowed to sleep and after five days they started dying of sleep deprivation. The negative effects include an impairment in the ability to think and react fast, to remember things and other cognitive dysfunction. With just a few days of not sleeping enough and not taking any counter measures, such as, caffeine or physical activity, can very well, impair one’s ability to function. Ultimately, the experiment...
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...sugar when drinking coffee with a study of mice. The next step would be to do your homework and or research, which I personally cant tell what the scientists have or have not learned. Next is called the hypothesis which is that the mice that drink coffee will have a decreased blood sugar level because their bodies are working faster versus those that drank only water. The next thing is called the experimental stage which includes a control and experimental groups. For this study the experimental group was ten groups of mice that are given watered black coffee with a one to one ratio. Additionally the control group was eleven groups of mice who were given only water versus coffee. The control variables of the experiment include the rats diets and living conditions which were similar for all groups of mice. The experimental variable was diluted black coffee instead of water for the mice. The dependent variable we saw was the blood glucose levels which was monitored weekly over the course of five weeks. Thru this study the scientist’s procedure was working correctly, if they had not done it correctly they would have had to do a trial and error to make sure they had the best and most accurate data. Now that the data had been collected, now we analyze these things and figure out a conclusion. Based on the results of this study, they concluded that blood glucose dropped 30% when compared to the water group. These findings can go one of two ways, they either help make...
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... ABSTRACT: The consumption of energy drinks is rapidly increasing, as demonstrated by their large market growth. The targeted demographic group is teenagers, young adults, 18 to 34 y old; although expansion into nontraditional markets is also occurring. It is claimed that energy drinks can offer an increased energy boost related to their ingredient profile of caffeine, taurine, herbal extracts, and vitamins. Research suggests that energy drink formulations, in addition to increasing energy utilization, may also improve mood, enhance physical endurance, reduce mental fatigue, and increase reaction time. However, in most cases, the corresponding mechanisms of action are not clear. In addition, concerns have been raised over their safety and with a currently weak regulatory environment, efforts need to be made to ensure consumer safety. The objective of this article is to review the current U.S. energy drink market with emphasis on its market size, target demographic, active ingredients, potential benefits, safety, and regulations. Introduction Energy drinks refer to beverages that contain, besides calories, caffeine in combination with other presumed energy-enhancing ingredients such as taurine, herbal extracts, and B vitamins. They first appeared in Europe and Asia in the 1960s in response to consumer demand for a dietary supplement that would result in increased energy (Reissig and others 2009). In 1962, a Japanese company, Taisho Pharmaceuticals, launched Lipovitan D, one...
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...bitter leaf Bitter leaf, scent leaf extract protects diabetics from heart, testicular damage Thursday, 19 July 2012 00:00 CHUKWUMA MUANYA Features - Natural Health Top of Form Bottom of Form [pic] Can increasing the intake of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) and scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) protect Nigerians from complications of diabetes? CHUKWUMA MUANYA writes. DIABETES is an age long, serious metabolic disorder with complications that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Chronic hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) during diabetes has been shown to cause glycation of body protein, which in turn leads to secondary complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves and arteries. These complications may be delayed, lessened or prevented by maintaining blood glucose levels close to normal. Several studies have indicated that cardiovascular disease is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in modern societies, among the numerous complications of diabetes. Long standing diabetes has been documented to cause structural and functional cardiac impairment, which was found to lead to ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Previous studies have also shown that diabetics have significantly reduced testicular weights and tubule diameters. The changes in seminiferous tubules ranged from premature sloughing of epithelium to total cessation of spermatogenesis. But recent studies suggest that a combination of bitter leaf (Vernonia...
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...underlying issue contributing to the obesity epidemic. In the documentary from “Sugar Coated” they state that “in the past 30 years obesity rates have doubled to 600 million… and diabetes rates have tripled to 347 million worldwide.” Comparably in that same time the daily consumption from sugar has increased by 46% (Sugar). The documentary “Hungry for Change” confirms that in America the average person consumes 150 lbs of sugar a year and 79 lbs of high-fructose corn syrup, which averages to 22 teaspoons of sugar per day. The American Heart Association reports that the recommended daily intake for men is 9 teaspoons a day and for women 6 teaspoons a day. First, I will examine the addictive qualities sugar has by looking at an experiment on rats which compares “sweet reward” with “drug reward” (Ahmed et al.). Secondly, I will research what effects sugar has on the body and how it contributes to weight gain. By exploring Lustig’s theory that a “calorie is not a calorie,” this will explain why it is important to eat healthy, nutritious foods. Lastly, I will look at how the food industry has played a major role in contributing to the obesity epidemic. “Hungry for Change” argues that the obesity epidemic has been a result of over eating of food that has no nutritional value. “Hungry for Change” adds that “people are overfed but they are also starving to death” because they are eating “way too many calories [with] not enough nutrients.” Lenoir et al., and Ahmed et al., have extensive...
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