...EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OSIJEK, CROATIA ANALYSIS OF BASIC CONCEPTS OF CARL ROGERS’ CLIENT – CENTRED THERAPY COURSE: Individual Counseling PROFESSOR: dr. Sc. Zoran Vargović STUDENT: Damir Pil YEAR OF STUDY: 2nd – Mth DATE: 29th May 2012 1 CONTENT Introduction............................................................................................................................. ............... 3 I Rogers’ Theory of Personality .................................................................................................. ..........4 Organismic Valuing Process........................... ....................................................................4 a. The Structure and Dynamics of Personality.............................................................5 b. Self – Actualization..................................................................................................6 II Relationship between Therapist and the Client in Client – Centred Therapy.............................7 Introduction to Rogers’ General Hypothesis ...............................................................................7 Conditions of Worth.....................................................................................................................9 a. Core Conditions................................................................................ ....................... 10 III Biblical Perspective on Person – Centred Counselling...........
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...non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role. Developed in the 1930s by the American psychologist Carl Rogers, client-centered therapy departed from the typically formal, detached role of the therapist emphasized in psychoanalysis and other forms of treatment. Rogers believed that therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between client and therapist. Rogers's introduction of the term "client" rather than "patient" expresses his rejection of the traditionally hierarchical relationship between therapist and client and his view of them as equals. In person-centered therapy, the client determines the general direction of therapy, while the therapist seeks to increase the client's insight and self-understanding through informal clarifying questions. This essay will evaluate this type of therapy to establish if it is the only therapy needed by therapist to treat their clients. Rogers was a humanistic therapist which differed greatly from other approaches at that time which were based on the psychodynamic ideas of Freud, Carl Yung, Alfred Adler and others. Person Centred Therapy is not active, challenging or involving role play such as Gestalt and REBT but is more passive and accompanies the client at the clients pace not the therapists. The focus lies on the goodness of humanity...
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...Personality Analysis Dannielle Schilling Theories of Personality PSY/405 December 06, 2011 Jessica Robbins Personality Analysis Personalities are not an exact science and determining an individual’s personality can be subjective. Personalities change in situational behaviors and what one may consider to be the norm may change when uprooted from the norm. Humanistic theorists try to focus on the present and not look back on to the past to explain personality. Dispositional theorists focus on the uniqueness of an individual through his or her traits, which explain personality. Famous theorists of both approaches that this paper explores further are: Carl Rogers and Gordon Allport. Rogers spoke about healthy development in terms of how the individual perceived themselves, while Allport discussed personality in the characteristics of traits. Personalities can sometimes be described through behaviors and characteristics, product, and processes. Personalities have substance and are capable of change. Personality in situational behavior Personalities far from behaviorist viewpoints are not an exact science. Theorists agree that personalities usually are predictable. There is a portion of predictability that not consistent because of the freedom individuals possess. It is when the response to a situation is outside of what is typical that it becomes unpredictable. For example, a person who is generally calm and does not over-react is put into a traumatic...
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...Personality Paper Angela Hubbard PSY/405 April 24, 2013 PATRICIA STEM Personality Paper In the search for understanding behavior, the quest takes one to the subject of personality. This world is full of different personalities; some extrovert, some introvert, and some complex. Within this paper personality will not only be defined but will also be examined with theoretical approaches and will also analyze factors that might have an influence on an individual’s own personality development. In defining personality one must understand that many in psychology cannot agree on a solitary definition. This is because there are many frames of references and influences. The practitioner’s frame of reference and influences extend largely from their geographical areas in which each person has lived. The practitioner's experiences are as diverse as sands of a beach. However, the one definition extracted comes from Feist & Feist (2009), where the author states that personality is a pattern of permanent and unique traits and characteristics. The author states that within personality, there are two elements, traits, and characteristics that can truly define ones personality. This is important because traits that are provided show individual differences that conduct regularity of behavior over time and steadiness of behavior across circumstances. Traits are unique, or common to some group; however, each pattern is solitary to the person. Characteristics are singular aspects of a...
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...Introduction to Personality Paper Debra L. Thompson PSYCH 405 May 21, 2012 DR. Barry Brooks PhD Introduction In the search for understanding behavior, the quest takes one to the subject of personality. This world is full of individual with different personality; some extrovert, some introvert, and some complex. This paper will define personality, examine theoretical approaches in studying personality, and analyze factors that may influence an individual’s personality development. Define personality In defining personality one must understand that many in psychology cannot agree on a solitary definition. These are many frames of reference and influences. The practitioner’s frame of reference and influences extend largely from their geographical areas in which each person has lived. The practitioner's experiences are as diverse as sands of a beach. However, the one definition extracted comes from Feist & Feist (2009), in which the author's state personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics. The authors go on to say within personality, there are two elements, traits, and characteristics. Traits provide for individual differences in conduct regularity of behavior over time and steadiness of behavior across circumstances. Traits are unique, or common to some group; however, each pattern is solitary to the person. Characteristics are singular aspects of a person who embodies such virtues as, temperament...
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...Introduction Helping others is one of the most important aspects in life today. There are many different ways, and different forms of helping people. Helping others could make another person feel better either inside, or about them self. ‘Helping’ is one of those taken for granted words. It is a familiar part of our vocabulary. Traditionally, for example, social workers, youth workers and support workers, guidance counsellors and psychologist have been talked about as members of the helping professions. The question, do you need some help? Should be part of our daily business as informal and formal educators and guidance counsellors. Yet what we mean by ‘helping’ is not that obvious and the qualities we look for in ‘helping relationships’ need some thinking about. Here we try to clear away some of the confusion. What do we mean by helping? For many people within the social professions, such as social work, counsellors, community workers and psychologist. The notion of helping is tied up with counselling and guidance. Many students such as myself major in psychology and or guidance and counselling because I am fascinated by people. I want to learn more about why people behave as they do and are motivated to help people improve their lives. However, there are key ingredients of a helping relationship in helping anyone includes acceptance, this is the act of relating to another person without judging him or her. Respect which is also an attitude of giving dignity to each individual...
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...relationship between the clinician and the participant as it relates to Person-Centered model 4. Techniques or approaches to change as indicated in the Person-Centered model 5. The kinds of problems that can be addressed with Person-Centered model 6. The population(s) that this Person-Centeredmodel can help 7. Limitations and strengths of the Person-Centeredmodel 8. Multicultural issues related to the Person-Centeredmodel Paper must show adequate understanding of the material presented in the workshop, and reflect your ability to integrate and synthesize the course material. • Created: • Jun 01, 2009 11:15 am • Solution By Expert: • Departed Expert Solutiongo to problem One approach to help you with an assignment like this one is to address each question, which you can then draw on for your final copy. This is the approach that this response takes. I also attached a helpful APA resource. Let's take a closer look. RESPONSE: 1. Presentation of the Person-Centered model This approach was first developed by the late Dr Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987). Person-centered therapy, which is also known as client-centered, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with...
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...Personality Analysis PSY 405 August 19, 2013 A large number of psychologist and philosophers have examined, tested, researched, and analyzed theories associated with behavior and personality. Theories of personalities provide the significant factors, influences affiliated with personality development as well as the ideas of traits; one’s culture, religion, beliefs, and factors such as disabilities, drugs, alcohol, and influences such as a parent, teacher, object needs or wants, and other affects related to personality. In this paper the subject to explain is the theoretical approaches of humanistic and existential theory, and the dispositional approach theory. The paper includes theoretical approaches, and the role of personality and behaviors. Including personality characteristics that contribute to these theories, along with the interpersonal relationship’s associated with the humanistic, existential, and dispositional theories. Personality theories can have a wide range from development, behavior, influences, and other factors associated. Well-known theorists Freud, Erysenck, and Maslow, are just a few who set the foundation of personality theories. Today these theories are included in the personality development, influences, and behaviors. One’s personality, behavior, characteristics, and traits are what makes individual’s unique. Developmental process of personality occurs through life, one’s experiences, one’s environmental conditions, heredity, and one’s behavior...
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...Psychodynamics is the systematic study and theory of the psychological forces that underline human behavior, emphasizing the interplay between unconscious and conscious motivation.[1] The original concept of "psychodynamics" was developed by Sigmund Freud.[2] Freud suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy in a complex brain, establishing "psychodynamics" on the basis of psychological energy, which he referred to as libido. The psychodynamic psychotherapy is a less intensive form compared to classical psychoanalysis practiced by strict Freudians, demanding sessions only once weekly instead of 3-5 times weekly which was typical for traditional psychoanalysts. Psychodynamic therapies depend on a theory of inner conflicts which surface in behaviour or emotions. Generally, one conflict is subconscious. ------------------------------------------------- Overview In general, psychodynamics, also known as dynamic psychology, is the study of the interrelationship of various parts of the mind, personality, or psyche as they relate to mental, emotional, or motivational forces especially at the unconscious level.[4][5][6] The mental forces involved in psychodynamics are often divided into two parts:[7] (a) interaction of emotional forces: the interaction of the emotional and motivational forces that affect behavior and mental states, especially on a subconscious level; (b) inner forces affecting behavior: the study of the emotional and motivational forces...
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...cognitive behavioural and person-centred. First I will describe what psychology is and what counselling entails, then I will explain why there are different schools of thought around counselling psychology, before introducing each in turn. My discussion will examine the three theories or approaches for a history of the founder and a rationale for why they were led to introducing a new therapy approach and a sketch of the key concepts. Further, I will look at methods and processes employed by each theory, the respective roles played by the therapist and the client and the various situations to which the theory can be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory and how well it integrates with other approaches. Throughout this paper I will offer my own view of the issues at hand and in so doing attempt a synthesis of the three theories. Counselling is a therapeutic and growth relationship process concerned with helping individuals make adjustments to themselves, significant others and the environment in which they live (Hansen et al, 1986)....
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...cognitive behavioural and person-centred. First I will describe what psychology is and what counselling entails, then I will explain why there are different schools of thought around counselling psychology, before introducing each in turn. My discussion will examine the three theories or approaches for a history of the founder and a rationale for why they were led to introducing a new therapy approach and a sketch of the key concepts. Further, I will look at methods and processes employed by each theory, the respective roles played by the therapist and the client and the various situations to which the theory can be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory and how well it integrates with other approaches. Throughout this paper I will offer my own view of the issues at hand and in so doing attempt a synthesis of the three theories. Counselling is a therapeutic and growth relationship process concerned with helping individuals make adjustments to themselves, significant others and the environment in which they live (Hansen et al, 1986)....
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...Personal and Professional Health Care Communication Paper HCS/350 August 8, 2011 Personal and Professional Health Care Communication Paper Health communication is defined as any form of human communication that employs the process of assessment, delivery, or evaluation of health care and optimizes individual decision-making processes that affect health (Northouse & Northouse, 1998). It links the fields of health and communication applying concepts and theories that promote personal and public health. In the community, health communication improves the public health information infrastructure and facilitates clinical decision-making while building health skills and knowledge. As an essential component to improve patient understanding, health care communication further establishes a line of communication between health care professionals and patients that influence the outcome of care and health wellbeing (Nelson, 2011). Effective Personal Health Care Communication Effective communication between patients and health professionals is challenged by personal experiences, attitudes, and values, which influence patient comprehension and ability to absorb health-related issues. Whereas ethnic and cultural backgrounds influence personal understanding and expectations, they also generate the increased risk of low health literacy. Poor health knowledge increases the likelihood of noncompliance with medications and treatments furthering the patient’s disadvantage of comprehending...
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...iNTEGRATIVE Perpetual evolution: A dynamic integrative approach to developing praxis in counselling psychology Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Theory Building in Counselling Psychology 2 The Impulse Toward Eclecticism 4 My Bohartian History 6 Adlerian Psychotherapy as Structured Eclecticism 10 My Adlerian Roots 11 Beyond Adler: Robertsonian Meme Therapy 13 The Nature of Self 13 The Potential for Using Memes in Counselling 15 A Use of Meme Theory in Counselling a Suicidal Youth 17 Holistic, Dynamic and Integrative: Looking Forward in Our Profession 21 Summarizing the Foundational Principles of My Practice 21 Revisiting Holism 23 Future directions 25 Footnotes 27 Theory Building in Counselling Psychology An early text lamented, “A good theory is clear, comprehensive, explicit, parsimonious, and useful. We appear to have a paucity of good theories in psychology” (Stefflre & Matheny, 1968). Lent attempted to reduce this paucity by formulating his own theory: Wellness is intended to capture the notion of health as a dynamic state or process rather than a static endpoint; psychosocial wellness acknowledges the importance of both intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning. The multiple aspects of wellness would include a) self-perceived (domain and/or global) satisfaction (hedonic well-being), b) domain/role satisfactoriness, c) presence of prosocial versus antisocial behavior, and d) low levels of psychologistical...
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... p. 93). Today, there is a move towards convergence of theories within the helping practices (Hackney, 1992, p. 3; Sprenkle, 2003). Researchers and practitioners are searching for an integrated approach which emphasizes the key components within the helping process and relationship that have been linked to effective therapy (Hackney, 1992, p.2). Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and Person-Centered Therapy (PCT) have been shown to bring about positive changes in therapy. CBT and PCT, like all single-theory approaches, have limitations. Literature suggests that when the change-producing techniques of CBT and PCT are combined and applied, counseling is more effective (Josefowitz & Myran, 2005; Tursi & Cochran, 2006). In this paper, CBT and PCT are reviewed and then integrated into one approach. A case example is then presented and hypothetical helping sessions are described to demonstrate how the various techniques of the approaches can come together...
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...Clinical Psychology Depression knows no economical, social, racial, or gender. Depression affects the lives every person on the planet, in one way or another. Depression manifest it’s self in many ways. It causes weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, moodiness, sadness, irritability, restlessness, loss of interest in people, places, and things, loss of energy, loss of appetite, and much more. Because depression has so many different facets, it stands to reason that there are just as many ways to effectively treat the disorder. Psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, and family systems are clinical psychological approaches to depression. Each one uses a different approach and in some areas there are overlaps. The information in this paper addresses origins, goals, and techniques of the approaches. Also, an explanation of how each approach affects the treatment strategies of the selected disorder, and the effectiveness of each approach. Major Approaches to Clinical Psychology Psychodynamic therapy is talk therapy like what a person sees depicted on television or in the movies. This type of therapy allows patients to examine emotions, feelings, thoughts, and memories ("Web Md", 2005-2012). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the “…form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the important role of thinking in how we feel and what we do…” ("National Association Of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapist", 1996-2010). Cognitive-behavioral (CBT) is based on the theory, that one’s beliefs effect,...
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