...(See the Syllabus section “Due Dates for Assignments & Exams” for due dates.) iLAB OVERVIEW Scenario and Summary In the first part of this lab, you will observe common flow-control mechanisms used in networks. The lab uses a very simple network configuration that demonstrates the method TCP uses to control the rate of transmission or flow control. Most protocols have methods to ensure that transmitted information will not overrun the receiver. Here, you will watch TCP’s sliding windows form and grow through the process of slow start. In the second part of this lab, you will observe common error-discovery mechanisms used in networks. You will examine how errors in TCP packets cause retransmissions and affect the data stream and the network. The lab uses a very simple network configuration that will start a TCP-byte stream and then discard packets in transit. The reaction of TCP and how it affects the network will be demonstrated. Deliverables You are required to submit your Week 6 Lab Report after completing the lab assignments. Have fun while learning. iLAB STEPS STEP 1 This first procedure will initialize your OPNET environment on Citrix. Download and perform all procedures in the OPNET Initialization Document. STEP 2 Download this week’s Lab Report Template. STEP 3 Download and perform all procedures in this week’s Lab Instructions NETW 310 WEEK 6 ILAB TCP FLOW CONTROL AND ERROR NETW...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...BIOL 3380 Name:_____________________________________ Circle Session: T-PM W-AM W-PM R-AM R-PM F-AM F-PM Experiment 9 – Pre-lab Homework Enzyme Kinetics of LDH This pre-lab homework assignment is due at the beginning of your lab session. You are provided with the following portion of a protocol: • Determine concentration of enzyme stock solution, if unknown, by taking an A280 nm reading of a 1:100 dilution (in water). Use a total volume of 1 ml in the cuvette. • Dilute some of the enzyme stock with buffer A to make a 4 mg/ml solution. • Serially dilute the 4 mg/ml solution with buffer A to make working solutions of 400 µg/ml and 40 µg/ml. • Prepare 30 µl of each working solution for every sample The PI of the lab gives you a tube of enzyme and tells you the following before disappearing into the office to write more grant proposals: ➢ There is 50 µl of enzyme stock solution. The enzyme is expensive to purify, so follow the protocol exactly, using as little of the stock solution as possible. ➢ The concentration of the stock solution is currently not known, but a 1 mg/ml concentration of the pure enzyme has an A280 nm of 2.0. ➢ You’ll be performing the assay on 12 samples. ➢ Make enough of each working solution so that you have at least 400 ul to work with when you do the assay (to cover any waste and/or inefficiencies in pippetting). Using the spectrophotometer to read the absorbance at 280 nm, you get...
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...Enzymes: Virtual Lab Introduction: This is a virtual lab simulation of enzymes and substrates. It teaches about enzymatic activity and how it is affected by substrate concentration and pH. Students are to visualize the virtual lab as an actual lab and conduct the experiment as such. Purpose This investigation will determine the effects of substrate concentration and pH on the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Materials Computer Pencil/pen Enzymes at various pH Substrates at various concentrations Procedures 1. Go to this link ( http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs/BL_11/BL_11.html 2. Click the TV/VCR. Then click the play button. Watch an animation about enzymes. 3. Click Information and read more about enzymes and substrates. 4. Complete the table found at the bottom of the virtual lab by: a. Adjusting the pH level of the test tubes (already filled with an enzyme solution) by clicking the up and down arrows. Pay attention to the proper pH in each designated test tube according to the data table! b. Adding substrate to each of the test tubes that already contain an enzyme solution by clicking and dragging a piece of weighing paper with the powdered substrate. Pay attention to the proper substrate concentration in each designated test tube according to the data table! c. Record the number of molecules of product formed per minute into your data table. d. Click the computer monitor to see...
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...Enzyme Catalysis: Lab Report Introduction: In the lab there were 4 parts (A, B, C, D). Each part having a different reaction among it, an example of this reaction could be lab A when the catalysis was tested for activity. The reaction was to support the affect catalysis had on the hydrogen peroxide. This was a fizzing and bubbling state supporting a reaction was occurring. So one can infer that if enzyme catalysis brakes down hydrogen peroxide, then an abandons of catalysis would break down more hydrogen peroxide upon a quicker rate. Materials and methods: Part A: hydrogen peroxide, catalysis. After taking 10ml of H2O2 and mixing it with 1ml of catalysis for 30 seconds. After the reaction the data was recorded. Part B: H2H2, H4SO4, KMnO4 H2O. In the reaction an observation of 10ml of H2O2 in a 60ml container, next 1ml of distilled water is transferred, then 10ml H2SO4 is moved to a cup labeled baseline, finally 5ml of the solution is moved from baseline to titration and is titrated. Lastly the data is recorded. Part C: H2O2 (overnight), H2SO4, KMnO4. Basically the same reaction that occurred in part B was duplicated, but with an overnight solution of H2O2. It was in a baseline and the transferred to titration and then data was recorded. Part D: H2O2, H2SO4, KMnO4. With 60ml cups labeled 10sec, 30sec, 60sec,120sec, and 180sec catalysis was put to a decomposes test. 1ml of catalysis was transferred to a cup and then was swirled. Finally H2SO4 was added to stop the enzyme...
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...Synthroid Drug Generic Name: Levothroxine Classification: Thyroid hormone Action: Controls protein synthesis; increases metabolic rate, cardiac output, renal blood flow, O2 consumption, body temp, blood volume, froth, development at cellular level via action on thyroid hormone receptors. Adult Dose: PO 1.7 mcg/kg/day Side Effect: Life Threatening: Thyroid storm, cardiac arrest. Common: Anxiety, insomnia, tremors, headache, excitability, tachycardia, palpitations, angina, dysrhythmias, hypertension, nausea, diarrhea, increased or decreased appetite, cramps, menstrual irregularities, weight loss, sweating, heat intolerance, fever, alopecia, decreased bone mineral density. Contraindication: Adrenal insufficiency, recent MI, thyrotoxicosis, hypersensitivity to beef, alcohol intolerance (injonly) Nursing Implications (lab value, V/S, ect.): • Determine if the patient is taking anticoagulants, antidiabetic agents; document on chart, • Take B/P, pulse before each dose; monitor I&O ratio and weight every day in same clothing, using same scale, at same time of day. Nursing diagnoses: • Knowledge, deficient (teaching) • Noncompliance (teaching) Patient Education: • Teaching patient that product is not a cure but controls symptoms and that treatment is long term. • Instruct patient to report excitability, irritability, anxiety, sweating, heat intolerance, chest pain, palpitations, which indicate overdose. Drug Brand Name: Metformin (Rx)...
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... |Liow Yi Sheng | | |Foo Yong Hao | |Practical Group |P13 | |Date of lab class |13/7/2015 | |Program |Foundation in Science | |Unit code |FHSB1214 | |Unit description |Biology I | |Year and trimester of study |2015, Trimester 1 | |Title of lab report |Investigation of the effects of different catalytic conditions on hydrogen peroxide | | |decomposition | |Lecturer’s name |Ms.Ting Jen Ching...
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...BIOL160 (title of lab report) Lab 3 26 February 2013 Lab partners: Hypothesis If the time of starch disappearance is directly related to the temperature, then the higher the temperature the more active the amylase is until it denatures and becomes non-functional. Results Tube | Temperature (c) | Time of starch disappearance (mins) | 1 & 1A | 80 | | 2 & 2A | 70 | t= 3 | 3 & 3A | room temperature | t= 2 | 4 & 4A | ice slurry | | 5 & 5A (human saliva) | room temperature | t= 3 | 6 & 6A (human saliva) | 37 | t= 1 | Discussion Based on the analysis shown, the hypothesis appears to be proven correct. The higher the temperature the more active the amylase is until it denatures and becomes non-functional. This is due to the exceeding time on the reaction of enzyme. The enzyme either has been denatured or its reaction time is extremely slow. It is encouraged that this experiment should be repeated a number of times to get a confirmation on the results as a proof that the data and the hypothesis set is not a coincidence. In this experiment, we did not encounter any denaturation of the enzymes. However, it would also be interesting to find the point of denaturation; this would be achieved by performing the experiment again with environmental conditions between 22°C and 37°C, as it appeared as though the denaturation...
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...Introduction: Often times when we think of acids and bases we recognize acids and bases by their simple properties, such as taste. We know that a lemon is sour, so it is acidic. Bases tend to taste bitter. However, when working in laboratory chemists cannot rely on their taste buds to predict the result of the many reactions they encounter. It is important to know the classification and the formula of acids and bases in order to understand how one substance will react with another. In this lab we observed how acids and bases change the color of certain dyes, such as litmus. We also observe the solubility of certain salt compounds. When solids dissolve in water, they dissociate to give the elementary particles from which they are formed. As a result, ionic solids dissociate to give solutions of the positive and negative ions they contain. Experiment Please refer to Report Sheet Calculations Please refer to Report Sheet for pH values of acid bases and salts utilized in the lab experiment Reaction of Salt mixtures FeCl3 + CoCl2 ( FeCl2 + CoCl3 Complete: Fe3+ + 3Cl- + Co2+ + 2Cl- ( Fe2+ + 2Cl- + Co3+ + 3Cl- Net: Fe3+ + Co2+(Fe2+ + Co3+ CoCl2 + Na2CO3 ( CoCO3 + Na2Cl2 Complete: Co2+ + 2Cl- + 2Na+ + (CO3)2- ( CoCO3 + 2NA+ + 2CL- Net: Co2+ + CO3 2- ( CoCO3 CuSO4 + Na2CO3 ( CuCO3 + Na2SO4 ionic: Cu+2 + SO4-2 + Na2+1 + CO3-2 ( CuCO3 + Na2+1 + SO4-2 Net: CO3- + Cu+ ( CuCO3 CuSO4 + Na3PO4 ( Cu3(PO4)2+Na2SO4 Complete:Cu+2 + SO4-2 + 6Na+ PO4(3-)+2...
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...University of Phoenix Due Date: August 30, 2011 EXPLORATION What is the relationship between the increase in light intensity and the photosynthetic rate in leaves from a corn plant? How does this relationship compare with what you observed for tomato plants? As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate of a plant increases as well. However biochemical reaction, in fact, DO have temperature limits because if the temperatures reach a certain degree and overheat, the enzymes will get damaged and/or lost and inevitably die. Therefore, temperatures must be a tolerable limits in order to increase a photosynthetic rate. Photosynthesis at low temperatures actually take CO2 more efficiently. The rate of photosynthesis is decreased by higher oxygen concentrations. Lower temperatures inhibit Rubisco and forces this enzyme to to work competitively. Rubisco works competitively because is actually binds itself to oxygen rather than binding to carbon dioxide because of the mere attraction. Therefore, in doing so, this activates photorespiration rather than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis in corn is different from photosynthesis in a tomato. Corn is part of CO4. CO4 plants are actually able to capture CO2 into precursor acids. In doing so, CO2 is kept at a constant rate. Increases and decreases in temperature do not affect the rate of CO2. Corn is able to continue efficient energy production which surprisingly allows it to grow no matter what the obstacle may be. This relationship...
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...Cover page: Unit 2 Lab 2.1.1 States of Matter . Survey of the Sciences Week 2 Assignment 2 – Lab 2.1.1 – States of Matter Date of assignment: 12/18/2013 Date turned in: 01/15/2014 Liquid at over 650K | Liquid under 650K | The molecules appear to be faster and more spread apart | Molecules are even faster, mostly touching and mostly compact | Gas at over 1540K | Gas at under 300K | Faster and mostly apart and randomly touching | Slower, more clustered and in ring shapes and mostly touching with less space apart | Solid at 350 – 360K and over 600K | Solid at under 10K | Moving from one position to another at accelerated pace but mostly touching at an even faster rate and mostly spread apart | Less movement, but still clustered and connected in ring forms | Solid is at 157K and appears to be moving slower and less close but compact in rings. Liquid is at 328K and appears to be closely bonded but moving around much faster. Gas is at 809K and appears to be moving much faster and occupying more space than solid and liquid. But when the temperature is reduced to about 97K the rate of movement decreases and the molecules get more clustered and compact, the reaction in liquid is almost the same as gas when the temperature is reduced to the same 97K. The reaction in solid liquid and gas stages of water are almost constant at a reduced temperature of 97K. Only the solid state resembles itself in heated and cooled stages. The others have different resemblance. In...
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...Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and toluene (HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as received. Styrene (Sigma-Aldrich) was purified by passing through a silica column to remove inhibitors. CDCl3 was purchased from Cambridge Isotope and was used as received. Methods. Reaction procedure. To a vial charged with freshly purified styrene (10 g) was AIBN (0.7g, 0.35g or 0.17g) added at room temperature. The mixtures are then heated at 80˚C in an oil bath. Seven aliquots of the reaction mixture are removed at fixed time intervals (e.g., 0, 20, 40, 60, 80,100 min, 1 week) and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy for conversion and SEC for polymer MW and PDI. Sample preparation for SEC analysis. An aliquot of the reaction mixture (3mg) is dissolved in THF(1mL) and was filtered through a syringe membrane filter prior to injection into SEC column. Sample preparation for 1H NMR analysis. An aliquot of the reaction mixture (0.1-0.5 mg) is dissolved in CDCl3 (1mL) and is transferred into a NMR tube for conversion analysis. Lab report write-up. Summarize and discuss your experimental results and describe the characterization techniques you used for this lab. The following questions should be addressed in the report. How does SEC characterization of polymer MW and PDI work? What are the advantage and limitation of this technique? How is a calibration curve constructed? What is the mechanism for the bulk polymerization of styrene? How did you obtain the conversion...
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...molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in all living organisms. Enzymes allow living organisms to carry out complex chemical activities at low temperatures, but can’t cause a reaction that hasn’t occurred in their absence. Also, enzymes are thought to speed up reactions by bringing reacting molecules together to increase the chances that a reaction will occur (Worthington Biomedical Corporation, 2015). Each enzyme has a specific active site where the substrates attach. Many factors can affect enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors (John W. Kimball, 2014). The purpose of this lab was to examine factors affecting the enzyme function of peroxidase. In the 19th century French chemist Louis Jacques discovered catalysts. Catalysts are substances that enable a chemical reaction without participating in it, which led to specifically peroxidases. The structure of peroxidase is a very large enzymatic protein, and has complex molecules with complicated shapes involving multiple folding’s. The activity of peroxidase is dependent on pH. It exhibits maximum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The activity of the enzyme is reduced when pH levels are increased. Peroxidase promotes the oxidation of various compounds naturally of peroxides, where hydrogen peroxide is reduced to form water (Wikimedia Foundation, 2015). Also peroxidases break compounds down into harmless substances by adding donor molecules. During this lab, the donor molecule used was guaiacol...
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...Stoichiometry ________________________________________ Stoichiometry is simply the math behind chemistry. Given enough information, one can use stoichiometry to calculate masses, moles, and percents within a chemical equation. ________________________________________ ________________________________________ What is a Chemical Equation? In chemistry, we use symbols to represent the various chemicals. Success in chemistry depends upon developing a strong familiarity with these basic symbols. For example, the symbol "C"represents an atom of carbon, and "H" represents an atom of hydrogen. To represent a molecule of table salt, sodium chloride, we would use the notation "NaCl", where "Na" represents sodium and "Cl" represents chlorine. We call chlorine "chloride" in this case because of its connection to sodium. You should have reviewed naming schemes, or nomenclature, in earlier readings. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. For example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) ---> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) In this equation, AgNO3 is mixed with NaCl. The equation shows that the reactants (AgNO3 and NaCl) react through some process (--->) to form the products (AgCl and NaNO3). Since they undergo a chemical process, they are changed fundamentally. Often chemical equations are written showing the state that each substance is in. The (s) sign means that the compound is a solid. The (l) sign means the substance is a liquid. The (aq) sign stands for aqueous in water and means...
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... Enzyme lab report Determining the properties of an Enzyme Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that acts as catalysts for reactions. This means that enzymes lower the activation energy essential for a reaction to take place, allowing a specific reaction to occur much quicker and easier. Certain enzymes only lower the activation energy for certain reactions, and enzymes are shape precise. The distinctive folds of the amino acid chains that make up an enzyme result in the formation of a precisely shape active site. When the reactants of a reaction, substrates, fit seamlessly into the active site of an enzyme, the enzyme is then able to catalyze the reaction. The activity of enzymes is affected by the concentration of enzymes current and the concentration of substrate current. As the amount of enzyme present increases, the rate of reaction increases. Most enzymes need specific environmental conditions to be met in order for them to function properly and efficiently. These conditions include the pH level, temperature, and the inhibitor. If the ideal conditions for an enzyme are altered, the enzyme may denature, or change its shape, resulting in deactivation. As a result, the enzyme activity would be that it would no longer be able to catalyze the reaction, and the reaction rate would significantly decrease. Methods and Materials: * Temperature...
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