...Romanticism and Realism According to the Merriam Webster dictionary (2014), art is defined as anything that is thought to be beautiful or expresses important ideas and opinions. Today I will be comparing two periods of art from the 18th and 19th centuries, Romanticism and Realism, and looking at their contributions to society and how each has had their own influence on the future art world. Romanticism is the earlier of the two art periods, and was first identified as a movement around 1800. Romanticism flourished in Britain and France up until the mid-nineteenth century. Romanticism can be defined as "A movement in literature and the fine arts, beginning in the early nineteenth century that stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of form." (Webster, 2014) This art style puts an emphasis on imagination and emotion. This new art form came about as a result of the after effects of the French Revolution and in defiance with the Enlightenment movement. Romantic art tends to express the true force of nature, with all of its uncontrollable power and unpredictability, unlike the controlling nature of the Enlightenment movement. A few of the Romantic artists include Gustave Courbet and Jean Francois-Millet. (Galitz, 2004) Some of the very notable characteristics of the Romantics are the use of emotion, excess instead of moderation, spontaneity, nature, subjective, use of symbolism, and mystery. (Clark, 2011) Romanticism came about during...
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...Assess the value of the left and right realist approaches to crime and deviance Right realism sees crime, especially street crime as a real and growing problem that destroys communities, undermines social cohesion and threatens society’s work ethic. Right realist views correspond with conservative governments as they see it as a workable solution to curb rising crime. It’s led to a shift in thinking, away from researching the causes of crime and towards a search for practical crime control measures. They view the best way to reduce crime was through control and punishment rather than rehabilitating offenders or tackling causes of crime such as poverty. Right realism reflects this political climate. They criticise other theories for failing to offer any practical solutions to the problem of rising crime. They regard theories such as labelling and critical criminology as too sympathetic to the criminal and hostile to law and order. Right realists are less concerned to understand causes of crime and more concerned to offer realistic solutions. Although their main emphasis is on practical crime reduction, they do offer explanation for causes of crime.Right realists reject the idea put forward by Marxists and others that structural or economic factor such as poverty and inequality are the causes of crime. For example against Marxists they argue the old tend to be poor but have a low crime rate. Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) put forward a biosocial theory of criminal behaviour. They...
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...that crime today is a very real and growing problem. Right Realists argue that crime threatens society’s work ethic, social cohesion and destroys communities in society. Unlike other theories, Right realism focuses on the solutions for crime alongside the explanation of what causes crime in society, this approach also criticise labelling and criminology theories for being too sympathetic to the offender or too hostile to those in power. Right realists, Wilson and Herrnstein argue the idea that crime is a result of biological differences in people. Some people are suggested to be more inclined to commit crime than others. For example, those with higher traits of aggression may have the increasing tendency to commit crime. In support of the previous point, Wilson and Murray argue that low intelligence can lead to the causes of crime, this being a biological trait shows that crime is because of biological differences. In contrast, Lilly found that differences in intelligence only accounted for a 3% difference in offenders. This implies that it is very unlikely that the causes of crime are biological differences. Clarke, a right realist, came up with the rational choice theory, suggesting that crime is a matter of choice which is made by the criminal who weighs up the costs and benefits of committing crimes. In today’s society, the costs of committing petty crimes are rather low, whereas the rewards are increasingly becoming higher, which explains why crime is on the rise. However,...
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...modern times. A second tool, the one which will be the focus of this paper, is international relations theory. Theory can be defined as “a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action,” (Merriam-Webster) and can be used “in many cases as a basis of prediction.” (Mingst 56) There are three major theories which we can use to analyze events: liberalism, realism, and constructivism. These theories provide us with different points of view from which to analyze issues in today’s world. By looking at events, both past and present, in the context of a given theory, we can begin to understand those events and the driving forces behind them, as well as to make predictions about future events. The first of these theories, liberalism, is based upon the belief that man is innately good and that social conditions can be improved, paving the way for progress. Liberalism has its roots in “Enlightenment optimism, nineteenth-century political and economic liberalism, and twentieth-century Wilsonian idealism.” (Mingst 60) Liberalism sees man as rational, and through rationalism, society flourishes. Liberalism views the state not as an individual on the international stage, but as a member of a larger international community. Liberalism argues that war is not a part of human nature, and that it is brought on by the corruption of institutions. As such, liberalism posits that war can be avoided through reformation of the corrupt institutions, and through...
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...In the story, Catherine is depicted as wild, although by today's standards, her personality may be considered more lively or rambunctious than uncontrollable. Her relationship with Heathcliff would, by most be considered good and healthy until the expectations of society ruin it. Catherine, though in love with Heathcliff, feels she cannot marry him because of his position. She instead marries Edgar Linton, and her relationship with Heathcliff becomes potent. The main tie in to feminism would be that without the burdens placed on women by society, Catherine could have lived happily with Heathcliff. To further emphasize this point, when Catherine's daughter Cathy is in a similar position as her mother, except having been lowered in social status, she is able to marry Hareton for love. ................................................................................................................................ Feminism can be seen in the character of Iabella Linton, The steps she takes to get away from Heathcliffs cruelty and unjust behaviour can be seen as remarkable for a woman in that period as fleeing an unhappy marriage was illeagal and she could risk being captured and punished by the law. She also refused to be known under the name Iabella Heathcliff and when aked by the inhabinent of wuthering heights what is your name she replies "I was Isabella Linton" she relises the consquence of her mistake she has made by marrying Heathcliff. She is also disowned by her brother...
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...Realism occurred in the 70’s and 80’s in changing politics. The realist view is that crime is not just a social construction, but is a real problem that needs to be tackled. Realists believe that there has been a significant rise in the crime rate and favours a tough approach against it, as they think that other theories have failed to offer a solution to crime. The left realists Lea and Young attempt to give an explanation to street crime, committed by young people in urban areas. These sociologists took a victim survey which suggested that working-class and black people, especially elderly women, have a fear of street crime, as they are often victims of crime. Their explanation of why crime is committed by revolves around three key concepts. Firstly, relative deprivation, which explains how one person feel sin relation to another, this leads into crime very easily as people can feel as if others are unfairly better off than they are, and this resentment can lead to crime. Lea and Young suggests that although in today’s society people are more affluent they are still aware of their relative deprivation because of the media and advertising, which increase everyone’s expectation on standards of living. This is linked to the idea of individualism, because this undermines the family and community values of mutual support, cooperation and selflessness, which results in anti-social behaviour. The second concept of why crime is committed is marginalisation. Left realists argue...
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...;;;POL 210: Introduction to International Relations Midterm Examination – Spring 2015 Due: In class W March 4th – Total Possible Points: 100 Name: Instructions: This exam is open-book and open notes. You may use your text, readings, and any materials we have used in class. You should cite to the actual readings, not to the PPTs. You may not use the Internet or any material that we have not used in class. Type your answers under each question. Each question is worth 25 points. You should aim for an answer that is not longer than 750 words, so do not waste time on jargon and get to the point. Please proofread and edit your paper, as there will be deductions taken for grammar and spelling mistakes. Use in-text citations to cite your sources. This exam is due in class on Wednesday, March 4th. Late work will not be accepted and will receive a grade of 0. 1. Analyze the U.S.’s decision to enter Iraq in 2003 from the international, state, and individual levels of analysis. Define each level of analysis as you proceed. How did each of these perspectives inform the U.S.’s decision? What was the role of public opinion in influencing that decision? The international state of analysis involves the system in which a state resides as a whole. As described by the billiard ball model “International relations are shaped exclusively by the structure of the international system and the external interactions of the states within that model” (Pg. 71). This means that...
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...Thucydides was an Athenian general, political philosopher and one of the greatest ancient historians of the fifth century B.C. Father of scientific history, and also of political "realism", the school of thought that focuses on power and state security above all else. He became famous for his strict standards of evidence gathering and examination of cause and effect without reference to intervention by the divine beings. He set a standard for precision, concision and scope that makes his work characterizing to the genre of history, and the first scientific gathering of the facts of its sort. Thucydides still holds critical significance today and his texts are still studied at both propelled military colleges and universities around the world....
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...questioning many aspects of his social relationships. “I get lonely at party’s, but its worse when I leave. The feed tells me this is the music you heard, this is the music you missed”. This highlights the ‘mental invasion’ of technology as it examines and probes his insecurities. The use of 1st POV helps to add a degree of psychological depth to the story’s robotic atmosphere, which helps to reinforce the ideas of isolation and disconnection as well as Titus’s mental anguish. ‘Feed’ also explores ‘trans-humanism’ and the over-reliance that society has on modern technology. These ideas illustrate the negative affects of evolving technologically on a societal level.The author conveys over-dependence on technology leads to the deterioration of common sense, maturity and intelligence. This is evident by Titus’s attitudes and behaviour towards many parts of his life. Titus and his friends represent the teenage aspect of modern society. His narration, abundant in ‘like’ and cussing emphasises the image of this representation. The main characters are depicted with simplistic vocabulary, superficial relationships and a...
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...I-Introduction: The term "realism" was first used to formulate the philosophical doctrine that "universals exist outside of the mind" (Freyberg-Inan, 1). Yet, in political theory, "realism" represents a school of thought that analyzes the political process as it is or as it is disclosed by historical forces " ... that the able political practitioner takes into account ... and incorporates ... into his political conceptions and his political acts "(Ibid, 1-2). In the field of international relations, realism became the dominant analytical paradigm mostly after the start of the Second World War, when it displaced idealist doctrines, promising "to provide more accurate information, more powerful, and more relevant answers" to the roots or causes of peace and war (Brecher& Harvey, 54). At the same time, many features of the current realist paradigm can be traced back to the time of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Among contemporary thinkers recognized as major writers and contributors to the realist tradition are Hans Morgenthau, Edward Carr and Kenneth Waltz (Freyberg-Inan, 8). What are then the basic tenets or common features of a realist thinker? Machiavelli would acknowledge that to be a realist one has to look at history as "a sequence of cause and effect whose course can be analysed and understood by intellectual effort, but not directed by imagination" (Carr, 64). Hobbes would persist in the same train of thought and insist that to be a realist thinker...
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...Analyse how a chosen artist provides evidence to a modern day Renaissance. --- The Renaissance art movement has greatly impacted the modern world, with concepts and techniques from the time period still appearing in artworks today. Jeffrey Smart shows a rebirth of ideas, methods and themes that have previously been seen in other art movements, such as the Renaissance, Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. He was an artist heavily inspired by the Renaissance period, and this shows particularly through his works: "The Traveller", "Labyrinth", "Portrait of Bruce Beresford", and "Turn-off To Dandenong". Smart shows a connection between the modern era and the Renaissance through the similarities of his work and the works of artists from that time period, such as Piero della Francesca, Filippo Brunelleschi, Leonardo Da Vinci and Johannes Vermeer. However, Smart’s works also show similarities to paintings by Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Cézanne, alongside those by Peter Paul Ruben and Jean Francois-Millet. These works provide evidence to a use of techniques and materials such as foreshortening, one point-perspective and oil painting - all exceedingly similar to those of the Renaissance art movement. Smart, by sampling these procedures and concepts from previous art movements and bringing them back to life, creates a new, modern day renaissance. Smart was heavily inspired by artists of the Renaissance period, particularly Piero della Francesca (Rompaey, 2013). Smart utilises...
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...30 minuets on this question. • Q.3 is a theories essay for 33 marks. THIS QUESTION IS SYNOPTIC! You should spend 45 minuets on this question. Below is a list of all the areas and studies you need to know for each section of the exam. Don’t worry if you don’t know all the studies, each college/school are likely to teach slightly different ones, just make sure you know about that amount for each section. Q.1 For the first two pure crime parts you need to know: Functionalist theories of crime and deviance Durkheim – Social control, social regulation including suicide Merton-Strain theory, blocked aspirations Cohen – Status frustration Cloward and Ohlin – Deviant subcultures New Right/Right Realism James Wilson – Strict law enforcement needed Wilson and Kelling – Broken windows, zero tolerance Murray – Cultural deprivation, single parents and ineffective, the underclass Erdos – Families without fathers Subcultural theories Cohen – Delinquent subcultures Cloward and Ohlin – Delinquency and opportunity, criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures Willis – pupil subcultures (learning to labour) Patrick – Gang culture (Glasgow gangs) Humphreys – Gay subcultures and covert participant observation Miller – Focal concerns, lower working class male subculture Matza – Delnquency and drift, techniques of neutralisation, subterranean values Marxist theories of crime and deviance Gordon – Criminogenic...
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...Realism in 21st Century The world, in view of the fact that it was created is changing. With the changing desires and demands of today’s standard of living, individual needs to be in sync with the demands and trends of modern day living. Not too long ago, people were seen doing stuffs that have turned out to be more of a routine in today’s humankind. Every single day a new type of technology is been introduced in today's world. So, the question arises that is theses changes necessary in today's world? If yes, does it have a good or a bad impact to the human society in today's world? We need to talk about in which approach hi-tech advancements that pace into our daily lives have altered our lifestyles in the very last few centuries. In today’s world each and every single people rely on new and advance technologies. Everyone loves new technologies and gadgets that promise innovative and better ways of living. A pace of life is frequently increasing with the increase in new technologies. Nowadays somewhat more a quarter of the earth’s population can be found in the industrialized societies. And half of the population still lives on past agriculture, but they are also relying on machines. The remaining of the world’s population, however, is no longer of either the past or the present. They live in the future, within the most important centers of cultural and technological change, in New York, California, Cambridge, London and Tokyo (Toffler, p. 38). A new part of technology...
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...towards the works of Josephine Meckseper. The author of this article went on to talk about how there was no meaning behind this simple art, and that the “art was bad” (Bise). I have not, so far, been able to find any scholarly or credible resources on why modern art is good and can be considered art, but I will continue to support this idea with factual statements alongside my own opinions and definitions. Many of the arguments used in the art world as bias against modern art forms is that it isn’t simply as good as traditional or classical art. In my opinion, modern art is just a different form of art, not necessarily good or bad wholly, but just different, and it differs enough that it shouldn’t be compared to the stunning idealistic realism of renaissance art movements, because that isn’t what modern art is about. An article by Karsten Harries describes modern art as no different than the classical forms that preceded it. The author outlines the ideas that art is a representation of the ideal form of man, and “as that image changes, so must art” and that the emergence of modern art could be the “disintegration of the Platonic-Christian concept of man,” where “the artist no longer has an obvious, generally excepted route to follow” (Harries). This essentially means that, as humanity grew, the images of itself changed, whether due to the inventions of new things such as the camera, or the internet, and this caused a large upheaval and sway from the generally...
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...When things go wrong, at the time we can be furious but eventually we are usually able to look back and laugh, even if it is a rather wary laugh. Black comedy may position an audience to laugh at something they’re not ready to laugh at, or at something they’re not really allowed to laugh at. Black comedies can show us the errors and misjudgements that lead to our downfalls and give us an opportunity to laugh at the silliness of human existence. The only difference between comedy and black comedy is the seriousness of the consequences of the misunderstanding. Black comedy explores modern comic plays from different countries that deal with what is often uncomfortable or suppressed. The nature of comedy and the use of humour is used to confront an audience with human experiences of pain, loss, forms, styles, techniques and conventions. Black Comedy is all about how you get your audience into a position to observe the confusion, to be aware of the misunderstanding leading to these terrible events. And the difference (sometimes) between the confusion and the reactions of the confusion is what creates the comedy. The term for the positioning the audience so they are aware of a significance that the characters are ignorant, is of course Dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is a theatrical technique that can be used in a variety of styles of theatre, from tragedy to comedy. It is the form of irony where the audience is aware of the significance of something that the characters are ignorant...
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