...In the article, the author talks about the effects of recall on a person's memory and how that memory can be affected by the recall. Kirsten Weir describes recall as a process, every time the memory is brought up the details may be changed and that may affect the memory you are recalling. (Weir 2016). Compared to what most people think of recall as a clip that you remember the same thing over and over with no change. (Weir 2016). You do retrieve the memory every time but your knowledge on the memory depending on the influences around you. There are many examples of this they include things like multiple choice tests, or when you asked to describe someone to a police officer. There is also another type of memory retrieval that is called recognition. Recognition is not based on things you learned a...
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...Report 1 Grade: ……. The effect of organisation of visual material on subsequent recall Abstract Fifteen participants were tested in a repeated measures experiment. They were shown two sheets of visual images, one of which was organised into categories, while the other one was uncategorised. Recall was significantly higher in the categorised condition. This supports the view that organised materials can provides cues, even when they do not appear obvious. The study suggests that cues are also available for visual material, not just verbal material. Introduction Memory is a very complex and interesting area of psychology. It can take several different forms and is made up of a variety of different cognitive and social processes. As memory is a regularly occurring phenomenon which an individual will use every day, it is important to carry out research into the different aspects of memory to gain a better understanding of it and to be able to manage and control it. There has been a lot of interest in improving memory through organisation. Miller (1956) showed that one way of improving recall from short-term memory is by ‘chunking’ the information as it comes in. This is the process of breaking a large object, such as a phone number down into several smaller sections to make it easier to remember. There has been more work carried out into recall from long-term memory, where items have recently been presented and/or learned. Mandler (1967...
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...plagued by a variety of setbacks, including slumping sales, under-utilized assembly lines and multibillion-dollar losses. But perhaps most worrisome of all are signs that the company’s flaunted quality has been slipping. Long hailed as the industry benchmark, some key Toyota products have suffered quality snags in recent years regarding the overall safety of their vehicles. The auto media seems to believe that Toyota’s reputation is ruined. Consumers, though, are still under the impression that Toyota’s quality is tops when compared to all other automakers. Toyota had a rough 2009, to put it mildly. Toyota didn’t have a much better 2010 since the company announced a voluntary recall of 2.3 million vehicles to correct “sticking accelerator pedals.” Oddly enough, that new recall has...
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...Week 4 Assignment 1/29/2012 Case Study: A Laid-off Glass Worker Issue in the case Ronald Petrie was laid off from the company on March 20, 1997 and from the beginning of May that year, the remaining employees of the Glass department were made to work over-time and at the same time; a few other employees from different departments were transferred to the Glass department. The Union’s contention is that the management was wrong in not making a recall for Petrie when it realized in the beginning of May that there can be an opening for a job in the Glass department, while the management argues that it is their right to decide whether the opening was required or not. The issue in the case is whether the management has violated the labor agreement by discharging Petrie and then putting other Glass department workers on overtime and transferring people from other classifications to this department, and not considering making a recall to Petrie for this duration of time. Union’s position The union’s position can be described as follows: (1) the labor agreement clearly tells that if employees are laid-off from work as a result of reduction in workforce, and an opening occurs in the classification they were working for, then they will be recalled to that classification in order of seniority provided the concerned employee is physically able to return to work and perform in a satisfactory manner, (2) looking at the overtime and temporary transfer hours worked for the Glass department...
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...sight of the viewing public, with sheets of papers titled “Product Recall” or Safety Recall or something of the like. Recalled items run the gamut of consumers good and are generally recalled because of a safety or health concerns. The Food and Drug Administration regularly issues recalls or public safety notices for Medical Products, Pharmaceuticals, Tobacco, and contaminated food items. Product Liability is the responsibility of manufacturers, distributors and sellers, they are expected to act in the best interest of the public; to deliver a product free of defects which can harm an individual or persons; and to make good on that responsibility if their products are defective. These can include faulty auto brakes, contaminated baby food, exploding bottles of beer, flammable children's pajamas, or lack of label warnings. The key element in products liability law is that a person who suffers harm from a product need not prove negligence, since the negligence is "presumed" and the result is "strict liability" (absolute responsibility) on the seller, distributor and manufacturer. An injured person usually need only sue the seller and let him/her/it bring the manufacturer or distributor into the lawsuit or require contribution toward a judgment. (Gerald Hill, et al 2002). In the following paragraphs we will discuss and analyze the different types of product liability, regulatory bodies involved in product recalls and or safety, legal issues regarding product liability and ramifications...
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...of research into what effects eyewitness testimony (EWT), one of these being age. In 2001, Poole and Lindsay conducted an experiment to find out whether children could source monitor. They got children (aged 3-8) to watch a science demonstration and then listen to a story afterwards. When questioned later on, they found that the younger children got the information sources mixed up and so they wouldn’t make effective eyewitnesses. However, the younger children would lack schemas and the vocabulary needed to describe the science experiment. This means that they wouldn’t have been able to describe the experiment when asked to recall it, and therefore would make this experiment less valid. Anastasi and Rhodes performed an experiment in 2006 to see if recall is better when identifying people from the same age range (own age bias). They showed 24 photos to 3 age groups and then later they were shown 48 photos and had to identify the original 24. They found that generally the younger age groups were better at recall, but all age groups were better at recognising their own age group. They concluded that it’s easier to recall people in your own age range. This experiment was conducted in a lab, so lacks mundane realism and so would have affected the results. Also, individual differences would have affected the results because some of the photos may look like people you know, so recall would be better. Yarmey conducted an experiment to see if age affects recall ability (1993). He got...
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...efficient flow the business as they follow the conditions given to them. 3. If I am the marketing manager of embassy, the measures that I will be going to institute so as to make embassy remain as a popular “having-out among teens is that I must lessen or limit the serving of alcoholic drinks which will give a bad effect on teenagers” health. Instead, I will suggest serving new drinks that will be loved by teens such as juices or beverages that has only a small time I’ll suggest to serve foods which will be a good compliment to new drinks that I suggested. CASELET 2 MATTEL ISSUES NEW MASSIVE CHINA TOY RECALL ABOUT 9 MILLION ITEMS RECALLED; DANGER FROM MAGNETS AND LEAD PAINT Questions: 1. What do the recalls of various toys say about current product quality strategies? 2. As the owner of Mattel, what must you do in order to prevent product recalls? 3. Prepare SWOT analysis for Mattel. Answers: 1. If I am the marketing manager of embassy, the measures that I will be going to institute so as to make embassy remain as a popular “having-out among teens is that I must lessen or limit the serving of alcoholic drinks which will give a bad effect...
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...Spillover in Brand Portfolios: Exploring the Antecedents of Asymmetric Effects Jing Lei, Niraj Dawar, & Jos Lemmink Executive Summary Marketers often cultivate brand relatedness in their brand portfolios to increase marketing efficiency through positive spillover of brand equity, but creating linkages between brands may also make them vulnerable to negative spillover in which negative news about a brand can change evaluations of related brands that are not directly implicated. For example, if the Corn Flakes brand is subject to severe quality problems prompting product recalls, consumers might update their evaluations not just of Corn Flakes but also of other Kellogg’s subbrands. The objectives of this research are to examine negative spillover effects in brand portfolios and factors that influence it. The results show that the pattern of spillover is influenced by not only the strength of association between brands but also the directionality of brand association. This finding has implications for the management of negative spillover effect. For example, a crisis at Subbrand A may not influence evaluations of Subbrand B to the same extent that the same crisis at Subbrand B influences evaluations of Subbrand A. Managers need to be aware of this asymmetric spillover to design efficient remedy strategies that avoid exposing brands to unintended risk. To gain a deeper understanding of the asymmetrical spillover effect as a result of association asymmetry, the authors also examined...
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...1. What were the drivers of Toyota´s accelerators crisis? Why was Toyota facing a recall crisis? The drivers of Toyota crisis were Strategic, structural and cultural issues. At the strategic level, the cost reduction strategy added with the increasing of the output volume strategy caused a decrease in quality. Furthermore, the structure of Toyota (HQs in Japan and not in the U.S) impacted Toyota’s response to customer’s claims, taking a long time to address Toyota consumer’s concerns, and in fact was one of the most criticized issues during the crisis. In other words, the company took a considerable time before recalling units that meant life losses and significant economic impacts. At the cultural managerial level, there were difficulties driven by how Japanese address the situation vs. how Americans deal with the problems. The company lost its original philosophy due to different cultural orientations between Japanese headquarters and North American subsidiaries. The fact that Toyota was recovering from its last unit’s recall (due to motors leaking oil) plus the beginning of the global financial crisis, ended up yielding a deviation of the original long term plan to look after the U.S subsidiary´s financial performance, triggering a swap in the three main pillars of Toyota (Safety, Quality and Volume). 2. Michael Porter claims that “operational effectiveness” is not a strategy. Why was operational effectiveness such a focus at Toyota? What are the downsides...
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...TECNOLÓGICO DE MONTERREY | THUNDERBIRD Production Operation Management TOYOTA: THE ACCELERATOR CRISIS Study Case Report | | 1. What were the drivers of Toyota´s accelerators crisis? Why was Toyota facing a recall crisis? The drivers of Toyota crisis were Strategic, structural and cultural issues. At the strategic level, the cost reduction strategy added with the increasing of the output volume strategy caused a decrease in quality. Furthermore, the structure of Toyota (HQs in Japan and not in the U.S) impacted Toyota’s response to customer’s claims, taking a long time to address Toyota consumer’s concerns, and in fact was one of the most criticized issues during the crisis. In other words, the company took a considerable time before recalling units that meant life losses and significant economic impacts. At the cultural managerial level, there were difficulties driven by how Japanese address the situation vs. how Americans deal with the problems. The company lost its original philosophy due to different cultural orientations between Japanese headquarters and North American subsidiaries. The fact that Toyota was recovering from its last unit’s recall (due to motors leaking oil) plus the beginning of the global financial crisis, ended up yielding a deviation of the original long term plan to look after the U.S subsidiary´s financial performance, triggering a swap in the three main pillars of Toyota (Safety, Quality and Volume). 2. Michael Porter...
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...Case Study: A Laid-off Glass Worker Issue in the case Ronald Petrie was laid off from the company on March 20, 1997 and from the beginning of May that year, the remaining employees of the Glass department were made to work over-time and at the same time; a few other employees from different departments were transferred to the Glass department. The Union’s contention is that the management was wrong in not making a recall for Petrie when it realized in the beginning of May that there can be an opening for a job in the Glass department, while the management argues that it is their right to decide whether the opening was required or not. The issue in the case is whether the management has violated the labour agreement by discharging Petrie and then putting other Glass department workers on overtime and transferring people from other classifications to this department, and not considering making a recall to Petrie for this duration of time. Union’s position The union’s position can be described as follows: (i) the labour agreement clearly tells that if employees are laid-off from work as a result of reduction in workforce, and an opening occurs in the classification they were working for, then they will be recalled to that classification in order of seniority provided the concerned employee is physically able to return to work and perform in a satisfactory manner, (ii) looking at the overtime and temporary transfer...
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...1982 John Doe Business Society September 30, 2015 Abstract In this paper I talked about the Johnson and Johnson Tylenol case of 1832. I explained the case and defended Johnson and Johnson’s ethical decision. I learned that this case paved the way for companies to start recalling their products if there is something wrong with them. Tylenol crisis of 1982 Johnson and Johnson’s Tylenol product had become one of the most successful over the counter product in the United States. Then mysterious deaths all around the US were being linked to Tylenol. Johnson and Johnson was faced with the ethical decision whether or not they should have a recall on their product or not. Many companies have been put in the ethical decision of right and wrong before. Johnson and Johnson decided that the best decision they could make was to recall their product from the market. Even though this decision may have set Johnson and Johnson back in the short term, eventually they were able to come back even stronger in the long term. Johnson and Johnson’s Tylenol was cashing in 19 percent of its profits. Tylenol was becoming one of the most successful products ever. The fall of 1982 comes around and there are reports of deaths that doctors are relating to Tylenol. Many Tylenol bottles were reported tampered with. Somebody had replaced the pills in a Tylenol bottle with cyanide-laced capsules. These pills were killing people. These deaths put the pressure on Johnson and Johnson to fix what had...
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...concreteness and word length was the same. The list consists of 18 high frequency words and 18 low frequency words. Participants were also given a sheet of paper numbered 1-36. Participants were instructed to study and to write down an estimate (on the numbered paper given) of the chance of how well they would do at recalling each word on a later test (i.e. if you thought you had 80% chance of recalling a word, you would write down 80). After participants were presented with the words once, they were instructed that there would be an additional chance for them to study some of the words (without making recall estimates). While participants were instructed to write down estimate times, they were also told whether a word would be presented once or twice. After participants were done studying the list of words, they were then asked to write down as many words as they could recall. Procedure First participants were told to look in front of the classroom at the overhead projection as the instructor was about to present the list of 36 words. The instructor then began to run a practice trial. The...
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...costs of product recalls consists of two methods. The first is the accrual of “small campaigns” that are subject to a threshold of $100,000 (total campaign costs per product). Small campaigns are estimated and recorded together with the warranty reserve at the time of sale, since all payments related to such campaigns are expected to fall within the warranty period. The second is the accrual of “major campaigns” when announcement of the recall campaign is made. A major campaign involves consideration of numerous variables (for example, the number of defect occurrences, public safety issues, public relations concerns, evaluation of potential litigation, and so forth) and requires management approval prior to being announced. As part of a review of its accounting policies, Frequent Fixer began an internal evaluation of its product recall costs and its ability to reliably estimate and record product recall costs at the time of sale. The following summarizes the costs of announced product recall campaigns by Frequent Fixer in recent years: 1995 $ 8,000,000 1996 $ 11,500,000 1997 $ 15,500,000 1998 $ 20,000,000 1999 $ 32,000,000 2000 $ 50,000,000 From the data above, Frequent Fixer identified that the frequency and size of product recall campaigns, either voluntarily or mandated by industry regulators, have increased significantly in recent years. Frequent Fixer believes that the increased frequency and costs of product recall campaigns are the...
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...Factors That Affects Study Habits of Students in Jpnhs In: Social Issues Factors That Affects Study Habits of Students in Jpnhs SURVEY FORM FACTOR THAT MOSTLY AFFECTS THE STUDY HABITS OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION 4th year Question: what factor mostly affects the study habits of students in secondary education? Instructions: Put a check mark ( ) for the category that you prefer most NAME | YEAR AND SECTION | LOVE/CRUSH | FAMILY | PEER | ALJOHN MASOTES | IV-E | | | | CHRISTINA PADILLA | IV-B | | | | CHARLENE KATE GRACILLA | IV-I | | | | REYMART ALBANO | IV-B | | | | JOMAR BOGATE | IV-B | | | | HONEY GRACE VIDAL | IV-E | | | | ARRIANE GUATNO | IV-E | | | | VON JERIC DEPONE | IV-S | | | | HOWELL LANCE REYES | IV-S | | | | BRANDON MARK BRUTAS | IV-S | | | | NERISSA PANOL | IV-CDA | | | | MAY ANDREA ROBLES | IV-CDA | | | | JEZZEL MAÑALAC | IV-CDA | | | | ROMMEL BINO JR. | IV-G | | | | CYRELL ROSE CONDES | IV-G | | | | SURVEY CONDUCTED BY: SURVEY FORM FACTOR THAT MOSTLY AFFECTS THE STUDY HABITS OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION 3rd year Question: what factor mostly affects the study habits of students in secondary education? Instructions: Put a check mark ( ) for the category that you prefer most NAME | YEAR AND SECTION | LOVE/CRUSH | FAMILY | PEER | ANGELU CLUTARIO | III-M | | | | ELMAR MONTEVEROS | III-O | | | | ELIZABETH ABAD | III-C | | | | RHEY MARK CASERO | III-M | | | | ANGEL ROSE MANULID | III-M | | | | ...
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