...Question 1: In your view, what are the three most important mechanisms for applying principles of truth and reconciliation at the local community level? You may wish to revisit the case study on Northern Ireland in Week Seven as support for your arguments. Provide examples to reinforce your main points. Anyone who has suffered from genocide, war crimes, torture, extrajudicial executions, enforced disappearances and general crimes against humanity have the right to truth and reconciliation. Establishment of the truth in the case of crimes is absolutely necessary for: Discovering the real information about crimes and their causes to those who were directly affected by the crime (to make their sufferings of people publicly recognized). In addition, establishment of the truth can help to circumvent false accusations; Relatives and friends (of people who are missing or who were killed) in order to find out what really happened to their loved ones, and to establish their whereabouts; The society in which the crimes happened, to know the circumstances and reasons that led to violations, and not to allow to repeat the commitments of such events in the future, to recognize and...
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...reasons for the conflict in Northern Ireland and to what extent have these been resolved by the agreement brokered by the government of the UK and Ireland in 1998? "No person knows better than you do that the domination of England is the sole and blighting curse of this country. It is the incubus that sits on our energies, stops the pulsation of the nation’s heart and leaves to Ireland not gay vitality but horrid the convulsions of a troubled dream."Daniel O'Connell in an 1831 letter to Bishop Doyle The conflict in Northern Ireland started in the late 1960’s, and officially ended with the “Good Friday” Agreement, signed in Belfast in 1998. If this duration is not questioned, what remains at the root of the conflict generally is. Spreading over almost thirty years, “The Troubles” have been divided down many lines: ethnically, geographically, and religiously. Therefore, in order to understand the complexity of Irish nationalism, as well as the role played by the various actors (political parties, paramilitaries, security forces of the UK and Ireland etc…), it is necessary to go back in time, in search of the very core of “the Irish Question”. Ireland was England’s first colony in the late 12th century, and after it had been brought under the ascendancy of the English Crown in 1534, the Irish Parliament appointed Henri VIII “King of Ireland” in 1541[1]. At this stage of history, the first religious disagreement came to light. Whereas Ireland pledged allegiance to...
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...No Peace WiThouT Justice Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity Closing the gap The role of non-judicial mechanisms in addressing impunity No Peace WiThouT Justice No Peace Without Justice Copyright 2010 © No Peace Without Justice Via di Torre Argentina 76, I-00186, Roma, Italy www.npwj.org Permission to reproduce and distribute this document is hereby granted provided that this notice is retained on all copies, that copies are not altered and that No Peace Without Justice is credited. This publication is also available at www.npwj.org. No Peace Without Justice is an international non-profit organisation founded by Emma Bonino and born of a 1993 campaign of the Transnational Radical Party that works for the protection and promotion of human rights, democracy, the rule of law and international justice. NPWJ undertakes its work within three main thematic programs: International Criminal Justice; Female Genital Mutilation; and Middle East and North Africa Democracy, including specific work on Iraq. NPWJ is a Member of the TRP Senate, a Member of the Steering Committee of the NGO Coalition for the International Criminal Court and the Italian civil society partner in the Democracy Assistance Dialogue. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of No Peace Without Justice and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European...
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...POLICY BRIEF SUMMARY SHAPING EUROPE’S AFGHAN SURGE Daniel Korski Unnoticed by many, the last few years have seen something of a European military surge in Afghanistan. Since late 2006, 18 of the 25 EU countries participating in the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), NATO’s Afghan mission, have increased their troop contributions, and as a result EU member states now account for 43% of ISAF’s total deployment. This military surge has been accompanied by a steady growth in European efforts to contribute to Afghanistan’s reconstruction, from development aid to police training – although not every EU member state is pulling its weight. These measures have made the EU a major stakeholder in Afghanistan. Yet the EU’s real impact on the country has been limited. In the face of a likely request from the Obama administration to do more, European governments should now formulate a hard-headed political strategy as a complement to the coming US military surge. Introduction President Barack Obama and his secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, have made it clear that they expect a significant enhancement of the European effort in Afghanistan. The issue is likely to be viewed in Washington as a litmus test of whether the Europeans can be taken seriously as strategic partners. Obama’s strategy in Afghanistan is likely to include an attempt to “regionalise” the issue, involving some kind of dialogue with Iran and efforts to bring India, the Gulf states and the central Asian...
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...Critique Paper on President Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946 in the small city of Hope, Arkansas. Bill Clinton was the 42nd President of the United States of America, serving his time in the White House from 1993 – 2001. He was the third youngest president to have taken office, with only Theodore Roosevelt and John Kennedy being younger than him. During the time in office of President Clinton, the U.S experienced a lot of benefits. Clinton also successfully managed to do what no other democrat since Theodore Roosevelt had done either – he was reelected for a second term. In this paper, I will outline what President Clinton achieved successfully during his time in office, and also my opinion on the former president of the United States. Whilst perhaps the most famous thing Bill Clinton is known for is the number of scandals he was involved in, most notably being sued by Paula Jones for sexual harassment, President Clinton was a religious man and had an excellent character. He attended Church from a young age, and stated ‘Religious faith has permitted me to believe in the possibility of becoming a better person every day’. During Clinton’s presidency, the crime rate continued to drop each year he was in office, and at the end of his second term, the crime rate was at a 26 year all-time low. Clinton was granted funding for 100,000 new police officers nationwide, and also famously introduced a ban on assault rifles, and in 2001 statistics...
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...: I. The United Kingdom 1. The Make-Up of the UK 2. Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy 3. The Electoral System and Political Parties in the UK 4. The Current Political Situation 5. Devolved Administration in the UK II. The United States of America 1. The Make-Up of the USA 2. The Federal and Constitutional Republic of the USA 3. Political Parties in the USA 4. The Current Political Situation in the USA I. The United Kingdom 1. The Make-Up of the UK The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy and unitary state. It is made up of four individual countries, which are England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It is governed by a parliamentary system and its seat of government is in London. There are also three devolved powers outside of the capital, located in Belfast, Cardiff and Edinburgh (the three capital cities of Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively). There are also a number of islands that are constitutionally tied to the United Kingdom constitution, but that are not part of the UK. They are the bailiwicks (headed by a bailiff, appointed by the crown to administer) of Jersey and Guernsey (to the south of the UK) and also the Isle of Man, which is off the north-east coast of the British mainland. However, it is true to say that the majority of British might even get confused as to the difference between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the British Isles. In...
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...ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD FEBRUARY 1999 FRS 15 FIXED ASSETS ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD FINANCIAL REPORTING TA N G I B L E STANDARD 15 Financial Reporting Standard 15 ‘Tangible Fixed Assets’ is issued by the Accounting Standards Board in respect of its application in the United Kingdom and by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland in respect of its application in the Republic of Ireland. FIXED ASSETS ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD FINANCIAL REPORTING TA N G I B L E STANDARD 15 Financial Reporting Standard 15 is set out in paragraphs 1-110. The Statement of Standard Accounting Practice, which comprises the paragraphs set in bold type, should be read in the context of the Objective as stated in paragraph 1 and the definitions set out in paragraph 2 and also of the Foreword to Accounting Standards and the Statement of Principles for Financial Reporting currently in issue. The explanatory paragraphs contained in the FRS shall be regarded as part of the Statement of Standard Accounting Practice insofar as they assist in interpreting that statement. Appendix IV ‘The development of the FRS’ reviews considerations and arguments that were thought significant by members of the Board in reaching the conclusions on the FRS. ©The Accounting Standards Board Limited 1999 ISBN 1 85712 079 5 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD FEBRUARY FRS CONTENTS Paragraphs SUMMARY FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 15 ...
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...‘The consolidation of royal authority in the years 1487-1509 was due to Henry VII’s control over the nobility’ Explain why you agree or disagree with this view Henry came to power in 1487 after Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth. The government by 1485 was well organised but had come perilously close to collapse on a number of occasions during the fifteenth century. Therefore Henry faced many problems such as crown authority as Henry was not entitled to the crown and he was only supported by some because he was an alternative to Richard III. He knew he had to establish his claim to the throne and to secure his immediate future. Henry also faced problems with the nobles as he had to balance their wealth and territorial power which they had as they could become potential rivals and may spark a rebellion such as Lovell and Stafford. The uneven control that the crown had over the kingdom was another problem for Henry, as it was stronger in the more populated areas of the south and east, but looser in the borderlands, especially with the lack of a developed system of local administration. Henry had problems with the poor finances of the crown which had been depleted by wars at home and abroad and the council learned and council in star chamber. Henry’s biggest challenge was to win the support of the nobles, while at the same time making sure that their power and arrogance were controlled. Henry had two options which he could take: either to buy their support...
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...The Supreme Court Annual Report and Accounts 2012–2013 The Supreme Court Annual Report and Accounts 2012–2013 Annual Report presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 54(1) of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Accounts presented to the House of Commons pursuant to Section 6(4) of the Government Resources and Accounts Act 2000. Accounts presented to the House of Lords by Command of Her Majesty. Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed on 20 May 2013. HC 3 London: The Stationery Office £21.25 © Crown Copyright 2013 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit: www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ doc/open-government-licence/ or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: enquiries@supremecourt.gsi.gov.uk You can download this publication from www.supremecourt.gov.uk ISBN: 9780102983234 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 2557463 05/13 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. The Supreme Court Annual Report and Accounts 2012–2013 4 Contents one FOREWORD AND INTRODUCTION SETTING DIRECTION: OUR OBJECTIVES AND OPERATING CONTEXT ...
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...Peace and justice has a lot of different meaning to different people. Some people define peace as a way to avoid negation or in common synonym harmony and tranquility while justice is the conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct. Two simple words but they carry out so much within them. These two words may seem different but they complement each other when said in one. Like people in different faith traditions, these people have different believes and different traditions but they’re perspective of peace and justice complement each other. They may not be the same but they are equally connected to each other. Like Martin Luther King, Martin a Baptist now referred to as human right icon of today. In his history of fighting for peace and justice he came across a lot of hardships, problems and has endured more than anything you could imagine. He always believed in the teaching of Mahatma Gandhi that there should be non-violence. And that everyone should live simple and should not try to look at the material things but only look to God. He would always implement peace and justice but no one listen they would always think of it as non sense, but in one of King’s speeches called “I Have a dream” everyone’s eyes opened to consciousness about civil rights. Dr. King’s vision of justice included men, women, sanitation workers, and union members. He knew that if their concerns were met they would together create a broad-based movement that would endure. He spoke...
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...33m Asses the view that religion is a major source of instability and conflict in society today | IntroductionExplain religion, conflict and instability Show differing view of society today, modern, postmodern, late modern | Study | Arguments FOR | Reference | Huntington Casanova | Religion is a major source of conflict Huntington * Clash of civilisations * 7 civilisation he identifies clash due to traditionalist values * All civilisations linked to core religions * Religion can create social cohesion within civilisations but not across * Religious identity linked to civilisation, attack on identity cause conflict * Religion creates us and them relationshipsCasanova * Religion conflict can occur within civilisations | Middle East * Conflict occurring on boundaries, war in 1990s between western, Slavic-orthodox, * Religious differences harder than political ones to resolve because they are deeply rooted in culture and historyNorthern Nigeria * Increase in conflict * Christianity against Islam * Us and them relationship * Religious conflict occurred due to Islamic law in the state * Christians felt at threat and marginalised * Stayed true to their identity, causing them to be under threat * Bombing of Christian churches, metal detectors installed | Maduro and Gramsci | Religion is a major source of conflict * Working class have a dual consciousness, mixture of ruling class ideology and their own experience of exploitation *...
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...agreed that many of the activities undertaken by organizations in an attempt to achieve wealth occur within six domains: Innovations, networks, internationalization, organizational learning, top management team and governance, and growth orientation. Critical challenges facing top management and the suggested recommendations were acknowledged by the participating CEOs. INTRODUCTION There is a general agreement regarding positive effects entrepreneurship has on firms' efforts for creating wealth (Lyon, Lumpkin, & Dess, 2000). Entrepreneurship is defined as a context, dependent social process through which individuals and teams create wealth by bringing together unique packages of resources to exploit marketplace opportunities (Ireland, Hirt, Camp, and Sexton, 2001). According to Barringer and Bluedorn (1999), this definition suggests that if a firm gains access to a variety of resources...
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...Eur J Population (2007) 23:1–31 DOI 10.1007/s10680-006-9110-6 Population and labour force projections for 27 European countries, 2002–2052: impact of international migration on population ageing Projections de population et de population active pour 27 pays europeens ´ 2002–2052: impact de la migration internationale sur le vieillissement de la population Jakub Bijak Æ Dorota Kupiszewska Æ Marek Kupiszewski Æ Katarzyna Saczuk Æ Anna Kicinger Received: 8 August 2005 / Accepted: 31 March 2006 / Published online: 2 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Population and labour force projections are made for 27 selected European countries for 2002–2052, focussing on the impact of international migration on population and labour force dynamics. Starting from single scenarios for fertility, mortality and economic activity, three sets of assumptions are explored regarding migration flows, taking into account probable policy developments in Europe following the enlargement of the EU. In addition to age structures, various support ratio indicators are analysed. The results indicate that plausible immigration cannot offset the negative effects of population and labour force ageing. Keywords Population projections Æ Labour force projections Æ International migration Æ Population ageing Æ Europe ´ ´ Resume Des projections de population et de population active sont presentees ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ˆ pour 27 pays Europeens pour la periode 2002–2052, avec un interet particulier...
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...The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN...
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...Sri Lankan Civil War A Case Study of Tamil Refugees in the Sri Lankan Conflict 8-10-2015 Contents Overview 2 Outbreak of Civil War 3 Rajiv Gandhi’s Assassination 4 Human Rights Violation 5 Refugee Conditions 10 Cost of War 13 Conclusion 15 1 Overview In Sri Lanka, since the year 1983 the ethnic conflict between the majority Sinhalese and the minority Tamil has already killed off about 60,000 people, and has also produced some 800,000 internally displaced persons and has forced millions of people to migrate as refugees making them one the world’s largest groups of asylum seekers .This violent environment in the island has brutalized the civil society, giving rise to a climate a chauvinist hysteria and intolerance. There are also allegations of human rights abuse on the government during the civil war. Due to lack of political motivation, the peace talk between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is getting failure and the vicious consequence of this dispute is confronting by the common people. Over the course of the conflict, the displaced Tamil in Sri Lanka sought refuge in India and hundreds of thousands more in the other part of the world. Also the present living conditions of the refugees is inhuman and invites concern on the government’s part. 2 Outbreak of Civil War Supported by the on-going politics of conflict in Sri Lanka, politicised Tamil youth in the north and the east...
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