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Recruitment, Selection and Employment of Managers for Foreign Assignments (Indonesian)

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RECRUITMENT, SELECTION AND EMPLOYMENT OF MANAGERS FOR FOREIGN ASSIGNMENTS
(Assignment 1)
Dosen Pengampu: Achmad Sobirin, PhD

Disusun oleh:
Faizal Hidayat – 13311199

Jurusan Manajemen
Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Islam Indonesia
2015

Proses rekrutmen dan seleksi bisa dibilang merupakan proses dasar yang tidak bisa terpisahkan dengan ilmu manajemen sumber daya manusia. Menurut Bohlander dan Snell, rekrutmen merupakan suatu proses pencarian karyawan yang dilakukan berdasarkan standarisasi perusahaan. Sedangkan menurut Handoko (2008), rekrutmen merupakan suatu proses pencarian dan pemikatan para calon karyawan atau pelamar yang mampu untuk melamar sebagai karyawan. Seleksi menurut Bohlander dan Snell merupakan suatu proses memilih individu yang memiliki kualifikasi yang relevan untuk mengisi lowongan pekerjaan yang sudah ada atau yang diproyeksikan. Sedangkan menurut Handoko (2012), seleksi merupakan suatu kegiatan dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia yang dilakukan setelah proses rekrutmen selesai dilaksanakan untuk menentukan siapa yang paling tepat mengisi lowongan pekerjaan atau lowongan jabatan yang ditawarkan. Di era global seperti sekarang ini, kegiatan manajemen sumber daya manusia tidak lagi terbatas hanya di dalam satu Negara, melainkan sudah semakin meluas atau biasa disebut dengan manajemen sumber daya manusia internasional (IHRM). Hal tersebut berarti semakin menambah tantangan yang akan dihadapi manajemen sumber daya manusia, dalam konteks ini yang dimaksud adalah proses rekrutmen dan seleksi. Banyak faktor yang nantinya akan mempengaruhi proses rekrutmen dan seleksi SDM asing atau biasa disebut dengan ekspatriat, dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) ekspatriat memiliki arti sebagai tenaga kerja asing. Faktor yang paling nyata akan mempengaruhi proses rekrutmen adan seleksi ekspatriat adalah perbedaan budaya (culture), karena kebudayaan yang melekat didalam suatu Negara pasti berbeda dengan Negara yang lainnya. Misalkan Indonesia dengan Jepang, dimana disiplin dan ketepatan waktu sangat diutamakan oleh orang Jepang. Dalam konteks ini, saya tidak mengatakan jika orang Indonesia itu tidak disiplin dan tidak menghargai waktu, tetapi ada beberapa orang yang memang begitu dan budaya orang-orang kita yang terbiasa memaklumi hal-hal tersebut. Perbedaan budaya juga akan mempengaruhi proses adaptasi dari ekspatriat itu sendiri, misalkan seorang ekspatriat asal Indonesia yang merupakan seorang muslim harus bekerja di Negara barat yang mayoritas penduduknya merupakan non-muslim. Maka dia harus membiasakan diri tinggal di daerah yang bisa dibilang kurang memadai untuk seorang muslim, dimana ketika di Indonesia terdapat banyak masjid maupun musholla sebagai tempat beribadah dan pengingat waktu masuk sholat, sementara di tempat dia yang baru mencari masjid bisa dikatakan cukup susah meskipun memang pasti juga ada masjid disana. Hal lain yang tidak kalah susah adalah soal makanan, bayangkan saja jika di Indonesia sangat mudah bagi dia menjumpai produk makanan dan minuman yang halal, sekarang dia harus berusaha lebih keras untuk mencari produk makanan dan minuman yang halal, karena disana memang mayoritas produk tidak menggunakan label halal. Untuk menanggulangi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi serta meminimalisir kegagalan para ekspatriat asal Amerika Serikat yang banyak mengalami kegagalan dibanding dengan ekspatriat asal Eropa dan Asia, Maali H. Ashamalla dalam jurnal-nya menyatakan jika harus ada persiapan pra-keberangkatan bagi para ekspatriat. Berdasarkan kajian Henry (1965) kesulitan dalam penyesuaian dengan perbedaan budaya menyebabkan sebanyak 30% ekspatriat dari perusahaan multi-nasional Amerika Serikat gagal dalam penugasannya. Dengan demikian, persiapan yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisir resiko kegagalan ekspatriat adalah cross-cultural training, language training dan leadership training. * Cross-Cultural Training
Cross-cultural training atau pelatihan lintas budaya telah sejak lama dianggap penting dalam mempermudah interkasi yang efektif. Salah satu keunggulan pelatihan ini adalah mampu mengembangkan pemahaman terhadap budaya, sejarah dan warisan dari host country, sehingga ekspatriat dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya (Dowling dan Schuler, 1990). Cross-cutrural training juga mampu memberi para ekspatriat yang baru ditugaskan beberapa pemahaman mengenai cara berbisnis di negara penugasan yang mungkin akan sangat berbeda dengan cara berbisnis di negara asal mereka.

* Language Training
Kemampuan berbahasa asing sangatlah penting bagi pengalaman yang sukses dan produktif di luar negeri. Bagi ekspatriat yang berasal bukan dari negara yang menggunakan Bahasa inggris sebagai Bahasa nasional, mampu menggunakan Bahasa inggris sebagai Bahasa internasional tentu akan mempermudah ditambah jika mampu menguasai Bahasa lokal negara penugasan. Mengetahui Bahasa verbal maupun non-verbal dari host country mencerminkan ketertarikan terhadap negara dan budayanya dimana hal tersebut akan membantu membangun kepercayaan.

* Leadership Training
Pelatihan kepemimpinan sudah mencangkup keterampilan seperti kemampuan instruksi, melatih dan menasehati - kapasitas untuk memberi wewenang kepada orang lain – dan kompetensi dalam membangun kepercayaan. Keterampilan tersebut sangat diperlukan oleh manajer yang bekerja di luar negeri bersama orang yang berbeda-beda di lingkungan yang berbeda dengan negara asalnya. Selain training, masih ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kesuksesan ekspatriat. Sulaiman, Omar, Yussuf dan Othman (2014) melakukan riset terhadap sembilan ekspatriat asal Malaysia sebagai responden dan menyatakan ada beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi kesuksesan ekspatriat dalam penugasaannya. Faktor tersebut antara lain: * Penyesuaian Diri
Menurut para responden, penyesuaian diri mereka di lingkungan baru menjadi lebih mudah dengan bantuan orang-orang local. Seorang responden menjelaskan “Hal yang membuat penyesuaian diri saya lebih mudah adalah kemurahan hati orang-orang lokal, pikiran terbuka dan keramahan mereka yang membantu saya”.

* Dukungan Dari Pusat
Seorang responden menyatakan jika seorang ekspatriat sedang menghadapi masalah, sebuah diskusi mungkin saja diadakan dengan kolega dan top manajemen di kantor pusat. Meskipun tidak ditemukan solusi sekalipun, masih ada saran yang mungkin didapat”. Hal ini menunjukan jika komunikasi antara manajemen di kantor pusat dan ekspatriat di lapangan sangat diperlukan.

* Kecerdasan Emosional
Dengan memandang peran yang dimainkan oleh kecerdasan emosional dalam mengamankan kesuksesan seorang ekspatriat, seorang responden menyatakan jika kecerdasan emosional mampu menuntun pada kinerja yang luar biasa di tempat kerja.

* Kompensasi Bagi Ekspatriat
Para responden memiliki opini sendiri mengenai kompensasi yang mereka ingin terima selama dan setelag penugasan mereka. Seorang responden menyatakan “Kamu tidak hanya mempertibangkan soal gaji tetapi juga yang lainnya seperti kesempatan merit pay, dana pensiun, benefit asuransi, cuti liburan dan sakit, tunjangan relokasi dan mobilitas yang seharusnya dipertimbangkan sebagai bagian dari kompensasi bagi ekspatriat.
Di era global seperti sekarang ini, persaingan menjadi lebih ketat dimana peran wanita dalam dunia kerja semakin menyaingi peran laki-laki, begitu juga dalam konteks untuk menjadi seorang ekspatriat. Michel Domsch dan Bianka Litchenberger di dalam jurnalnya yang meniliti tentang peran wanita sebagai seorang ekspatriat, menyimpulkan jika sekarang ini pasar internasional sudah semakin kompleks dan kompetitif. Oleh karena itu, perusahaan akan mendatangkan atau mempromosikan orang-orang yang dianggap mampu mengatasi tanggung jawab yang diberikan tanpa memandang jenis kelamin. Dalam kasus ini, wanita menggambarkan sumber daya yang kurang dimaksimalkan. Beberapa perusahaan menyatakan jika wanita lebih enggan untuk menerima penugasan internasional dibandingkan laki-laki. Meskipun belum ditemukan perbedaan alasan yang signifikan mengenai keengganan tersebut (Domsch dan Lichtenberger 1991:337). Sebenarnya, tidak ada perbedaan ketertarikan dalam penugasan internasional, tetapi lebih merujuk pada pola tradisional dan peran dalam keluarga. Kompetisi global merupakan tempat persaingan yang ketat, yang mengharuskan perusahaan memaksimalkan seluruh kemampuan dan kelebihan mereka, serta yang terbaik dari para orang-orang di dalam perusahaan tersebut. Jadi, kesuksesan wanita dalam penugasan internasionalnya mendemonstrasikan jika talenta manajerial wanita memang sesuatu yang diperlukan bagi keinginan dirinya sendiri maupun perusahaan untuk menghadapi persaingan di lingkungan global.
Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Linehan, Margaret, Walsh dan James mempercayai jika jenis kelamin merupakan penghalang utama dalam proses seleksi dan persiapan penugasan internasional, jika mengacu pada pemikiran stereotip terhadap ekspatriat manajer haruslah seorang laki-laki yang masih ada di organisasi maupun lingkungan. Penelitian sebelumnya memperkirakan jika hanya ada sekitar 3% ekspatriat manajer yang merupakan wanita. Melihat hal tersebut, berarti para wanita harus segara melenyapkan penghalang yang ada dihadapan mereka sebelum mulai mengembangkan karir internasional mereka. Mereka menyarankan jika perusahaan harus meninjau kembali kebijakan organsasi mereka mengenai rekrutmen, seleksi, pelatihan dan pengembangan untuk manajer internasional jika mereka menginginkan orang yang terbaik untuk mewakili perusahaan mereka di luar negeri. Para narasumber dari penelitian ini meyakini jika lebih sulit bagi para manajer wanita untuk dipilih dalam penugasan intenasional dibandingkan rekan pria mereka. Hal itu karena adanya resiko yang muncul dalam penugasan internasional dan manajer wanita lebih tidak diuntungkan dalam proses seleksi. Tapi meskipun begitu, diprediksikan jika jumlah manajer internasional wanita akan meningkat di masa depan dan pihak perusahaan akan lebih memperhatikan proses rekrutmen, seleksi, pelatihan serta pengembangan sumber daya wanitanya sebagai salah satu keunggulan.
Jadi sepertinya tidak ada masalah apakah laki-laki atau wanita yang nantinya dipilih menjadi seorang ekspatriat, asalkan mereka yang dipilih sudah benar-benar melaui prosuder yang telah ditetapkan dan dinyatakan mampu mengatasi beban yang cukup berat sebagai ekspatriat setelah mendapat berbagai pelatihan dan bekal sebelum penugasan internasional. Beberapa kompetensi penting yang diprioritaskan dalam Handbook of HR Management Practices (Armstrong, 2006) antara lain: * Sensitifitas budaya * Kemampuan mengelola perbedaan budaya dan etis * Kemampuan Bahasa * Membangun dan memimpin tim multinational * Kemampuan adaptasi * Motivasi diri * Mengelola keseimbangan kerja dan keluarga
Philips (1992), menuliskan tentang persyaratan seorang manajer internasional yang menekankan pada kemampuan bekerja secara kompleks, lingkungan yang tidak pasti yang dipengaruhi oleh perubahan secara terus menerus. Kompetensi lainnya adalah mampu menanggulangi ambiguitas dan partikularitas ketika bertransaksi dengan budaya bisnis yang berbeda. Dimana tujuan dari semua persiapan ini adalah untuk membantu menyukseskan penugasan internasional seorang ekspatriat agar mampu bekerja efektif dan hidup harmonis selama penugasan internasional mereka di host country.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Snell, S & Bohlander, G. 2013. Principle of Human Resource Management (International Edition). Shout Western Cengage Learning. Canada.
Ashamalla, Maali H & Crocitto, Madeline. 1997. Easing Entry and Beyond: Preparing Expatriates and Patriates for Foreign Assignment Success. International Journal of Commerce & Management Vol. 7, No. 2.
Omar, Azura. Othman, Abdul Kadir. Sulaiman, Mohamed & Yusuf, Osman Abdulkerim. 2014. Factors Affecting the Success of Malaysian Expatriates on Foreign Assignments. International Review of Management and Business Research Vol. 3, Issue. 2.
Domsch, Michel & Lichtenberger, Bianka. 1992. Foreign Assignment for Female German Managers. The International Executive (1986-1998).
Linehan, Margaret & Walsh, James S. 1999. Recruiting and Developing Female Managers for International Assignments. Emerald Group Publishing, Limited.
Hurn, Brian J. 2006. The Selection of International Business Managers: Part 1. Industrial and Commercial Training Vol. 38, No.6.

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