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1: Vzájemná závislost a prospěch z obchodu. příčiny prospěchu z dělby práce; hranice výrobních možností; absolutní a komparativní výhody; příčiny prospěchu z vnitrostátního a z mezinárodního obchodu; určení, kdo co vyrábí a co nakupuje; určení rozsahu cen, ve kterém je směna možná; vzájemná závislost a potřeba koordinace; příklady)

Jednotlivé ekonomiky států jsou v dnešní době úzce propojeny z hlediska obchodu. Prakticky každá věc, kterou denně používáme pochází z různých zemí světa. To znamená, že jsme závislí na výrobě statků po celém světě.
Model jednoduché ekonomiky
Pro lepší pochopení, proč lidé zvolí raději závislost na ostatních zemích a jak tato závislost vylepšuje jejich život přédstavím model jednoduché ekonomiky, ve kterém lidé spotřebovávají pouze dva statky - maso a brambory a jsou pouze dva druhy lidí: zemědělci, kteří produkují brambory a pastevci, kteří produkují maso. Zároveň každý z nich by rád jedl maso i brambory. Pokud každý vyrábí pouze svůj produkt, výsledek je zřejmý. V situaci bez možnosti obchodování by každá skupina lidí mohla konzumovat pouze svůj produkt. My nicméně předpokládáme, že výrobci by rádi jedli oba produkty, tudíž by byly radši, kdyby byla vzájemná směna možná.
Druhá situace je taková, kdy pastevec i zemědělec mohou produkovat oba statky, kdy ovšem výroba druhého statku je značně snížena z důvodu toho, že se na ni výrobci nespecializují. Pro lepší znázornění tohoto případu představím křivku hranice výrobních možností pastevce i zemědělce. Křivka hranice výrobních možností vyjadřuje množství celkového výstupu, který daná ekonomika může vyrobit. To můžeme aplikovat i na náš model jednoduché ekonomiky. Předpokládáme, že zemědělec i pastevec pracují 40 hodin za kterých vyrobí různé množství masa i brambor. Pastevec vyrobí za hodinu 1 maso a 1/5 kila brambor. Zemědělec vyrobí za hodinu 1 kg brambory a 1/5 masa. V tomto případě jejich indivivuální hranice výrobních možností jsou následující (nakresli graf, je lehký). Tato hranice je zároven hranicí jejich spotřebních možností. Jaké množství si každý zemědělec vybere na svojí hranici pdodukčních možností záleží na jeho preferencích neboli na umístění indiferenční křivky. Pokud by začali obchodovat mezi sebou, pak by jejich společná hranice výrobních možností byla následující (další graf). Reálná křivka hranice výrobních možností má konkávní tvar, nebot nejprve se přesunou od výroby jednoho statku k druhému firmy, které mají nízké náklady příležitosti, tím pádem se ztratí málo množství tohoto statku.
Je zřejmé, že i v tomto modelu dojdeme k obdobným závěrům jako v modelu předešlém. Opět budou na tom výrobci lépe, pokud jim bude umožněn obchod s druhou stranou. Zároven pokud budou pastevec i zemědělec mít možnost obchodovat se zahraničním trhem výrobky v poměru 1:1 dostanou se ještě na vyšší hranici výrobních možností vyjádřenou jako přímku. Z důvodu toho, že se ýváší hranice produkčních možností při interakci s mezinárodním trhem, tak na tom spotřebitelé vydělají, ovšem někteří výrobci na tom budou tratit, nebot je převálcuje konkurence ze zahraničí. Celkový přebytek bude ovšem vyšší.
Třetí situace je taková, kdy je pastevec úspěšnější v produkci jak masa, tak brambor. Výsledky této situace již nejsou tak zřejmé, jako v předešlých modelech. Pro lepší pochopení si tedy nadefinujeme další faktory - komparativní a absolutní výhodu.
Z grafu lze vidět, že pastevec vyrobí větší množství masa i brambor za 40 hodin. I přes to lze ukázat, že se mu vyplatí, pokud začne obchodovat se zemědělcem a dostane se na lepší kombinaci obou statků, a tedy na vyšší indiferenční křivku (viz další otázka).
Absolutní výhoda: Znamená porovnání výrobců statků z hlediska jejich produktivity, neboli množství vstupů, který každý výrobce do výroby vloží. V našem modelu jednoduché ekonomiky například počet hodin. V našem modelu má absolutní výhodu v obou statcích zemědělec.
Komparativní výhoda: Znamená porovnání výrobců statku z hlediska nákladů příležitosti (rovnají se tomu, čeho se vzdáme pro získání statku). Například v našem modelu NP na výrobu jedné libry brambor pastevce je 8 kilo masa a NP zemědělce je 0,5 kg masa. Tudíž komparativní výhodu ve výrobě brambor má zemědělec. Zároveň NP zemědělce na výrobu kilo masa je 2 libry brambor a pastavce je 1/8 brambor. Tudíž komparativní výhodu ve výrobě masa má pastevec. (příklad v učebnici: Michael Jordan a jeho trávník. Má absolutní výhodu, ale nemá komparativní).
Prospěch z obchodu
Rozdíly v NP a s tím souvisejících komparativních výhodách vytvářejí prospěch z obchodu. Pokud se každý specializuje na to, na co má komparativní výhodu, celková produkce v ekonomice vzroste a zvětší se celkový společenský přebytek. Pokud bychom chtěli vědět cenu, za kterou se statky budou vyměnovat, 1 kg masa bude pastevec nabízet za cenu od 1/8 brambor do 2 liber brambor, pokud předpokládáme ekonomiku, kde neexistují peníze a statky se akorát směnují za sebe. Tato specializace sebou nese i značnou dělbu práce, což zase velké závislosti skupin lidí na sobě. Tyto závislosti ale fungují díky neviditelné ruce trhu, která uvádí trh do rovnováhy.

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