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Reflective Essay

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Submitted By ingrid78
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“Biological theories of major personality traits have been highly speculative with at least as much disconfirming evidence as confirming”

The first who attempt to describe personality traits was the ancient Greek philosopher- Aristotle, he identified three personality traits such as, modesty, bravery and vanity. He was followed by Hippocrates who provided the idea that physical illness it is caused by the balance of bodily fluids; such as blood, black bile, phlegm and yellow bile. He argued that if a person had an excess of black bile than that person would have a melancholic temperament; underlined by the feeling of depressed mood. Those with phlegmatic temperament were described by being very calm and those with sanguine temperament were confident ant optimistic.
Another great philosopher who wrote about personality traits was the German Immanuel Kant, who argued the fact that there are four types of personality and those personality traits were underlined by how active the person was and his individual's feelings. These philosophers were focusing about types of personality and not the personality traits.

Trait theorists are aiming to find the basic structure of personality and to produce reliable ways of measuring personality differences. Gordon Alport identified 18000 words of which 4500 described personality traits. Alport conceptualised human nature as normally being rational creative, active and self-reliant. He used the ideographic approach to discover personal disposition. He described three types of personality traits: cardinal; central and secondary. Alport emphasised the importance of the concept of self to any theory of personality. He hypothesised that children are not born with the concept of self, but that it gradually developed and it was a life long process. Alport was a pioneer in

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