...Acid Reflux: New ways to treat an old issue Stacy C. Darracott NS304 Professor Linda Flowers Park University For my position paper I plan to discuss the several techniques used in treating acid reflux. Since the majority of the population suffers from some form of Acid Reflux, myself included, I thought that this would be a great opportunity to do some research on the different treatments, and find out exactly why and what causes it. My paper will take a closer look at the non-pharmaceutical approaches that are surgical in nature or homeopathic in nature. Lastly, my paper will not only help the reader to understand what acid reflux is exactly, but will help to inform them as well as myself, to the every changing techniques and practices of physicians who are trying to help those who suffer from acid reflux, a better a ray of choices when discussing their treatment plans. Gastro esophageal reflux disease is a consequence of the failure of the normal anti reflux barrier to protect against frequent and abnormal amounts of gastro esophageal reflux. It is the gastric contents moving effortlessly from the stomach to the esophagus. It is a normal physiologic process that occurs multiple times each day especially after large meals. Possible factors determining whether reflux occurs include abdominal straining, presence of hiatal hernia and degree of esophageal shortening and duration of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations. Pregnancy also increases the...
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...A Critique of Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements Gina Emmanuel Grand Canyon University, NUR 641E August 14, 2013 A Critique of Direct-to-Consumer Advertisements The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively and concisely critique an internet advertisement for the FDA approved prescription drug: dexlansoprazole (Dexilant) and for the non-FDA regulated herbal product Aloe Cure, two products advertised as options in the management of gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Advertisement of just about anything is just about everywhere and with the rapid expansion of technology our society is currently immersed in, getting the word out, whether by print, broadcast, or electronic media, has never been easier. In a country where it is estimated that in 2005 133 million people (1 out of every 2) suffered from a chronic condition it is not surprising that the pharmaceutical companies are taking advantage of technology driven advertisement advancements for product promotion (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisement, a type of advertisement directed to the public by a pharmaceutical company on the premise that the health of the general public benefits when patients are better educated, is a common practice in the United States PhARM (2008). Through FDA regulation, pharmaceutical companies can create approved drug advertisements geared towards the public. And while an official regulating body is lacking in the fast growing...
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...Organic Chemistry I Research Paper on Pseudoephedrine By: Natalie Roberts Jennifer Dargis Nakeesha Longeley Pseudoephedrine is a phenylethylamine which is utilized as a pharmaceutical product. It has the official IUPAC name of (1S,2S)-2-methylamino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol, and the CAS number of 90-82-4. Psuedoephedrine contains three functional groups: amine, hydroxyl, and ethyl in its ring; it also has one stereogenic carbon. The enantiomer of pseudoephedrine is ephedrine, and this substance can form two other diastereomers as well. Pseudoephedrine contains covalent bonds (both and double) and hydrogen bonds. A two-dimensional and three-dimensional structure are given below. [pic] [pic] Psuedoephedrine is also synthesized in various ways, sometimes with methods that add an amide to its structure in order to alter its medicinal effect. One of the most efficient techniques for synthesizing pseudoephedrine is given below: [pic] Reagents and conditions: (i) (CH2O)n, PTSA, benzene, reflux, 1 h; (ii) 1 equiv. NaBH4, MeOH, 2 h; (iii) PhMgBr, THF, 0°C–rt, 3 h; (iv) (CH2O)n, PTSA, benzene, reflux, 1 h; (v) NaCNBH3/TMSCl, CH3CN, rt, 30 min; (vi) conc. HCl, reflux, 2 h Pseudoephedrine is originally obtained as an alkaloid from the Oriental plant genus of Ephedra; as shown above, however, it can also be prepared artificially. The most common method of creating pseudoephedrine today is from yeast fermentation of dextrose in the presence of benzaldehyde. Typically...
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...disease such as necrotizing enter colitis is more prevalent in developing countries such as Africa A recent research article in February 2010 focuses on data collections within developing countries such as Africa that is experiencing an high rate of necrotizing enter colitis. Through the uses of statistical data and analysis the article also provides information on the long-term prospect of the disease and whether or not it is lacking in developing countries. The article focuses on data this is collected by South Africa during the pre human immunodeficiency virus era. The focus of this paper is to provide information on the statistical procedure and the significance of the study. The statistical procedures within this research article began with what is known as a cohort. A cohort is a group of subjects which shares a particular experience during a specific time span. During this research article the focus is mainly within a specific cohort of premature infants that are born in South Africa between the years of 1992 and 1995. The study expresses the mean values and how the data ranges throughout the article. For example the mean within the article is known as the gestational age of the cohort, which is thirty two weeks gestation. The range for gestational ages is from twenty two weeks gestation to forty week gestation. The t test is also a part of this research article and it evaluates ongoing variables for statistical significance. The cohort within this study consist...
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...recent research article in February 2010 focuses on data collections within developing countries such as Africa that is experiencing an high rate of necrotizing enter colitis. Through the uses of statistical data and analysis the article also provides information on the long-term prospect of the disease and whether or not it is lacking in developing countries. The article focuses on data which is collected by South Africa during the pre human immunodeficiency virus era. The focus of this paper is to provide information on the statistical procedure and the statistical significance of the study. Statistical Procedures The statistical procedures within this research article began with what is known as a cohort. A cohort is a group of subjects, which shares a particular experience during a specific time span. During this research article the focus is mainly within a specific cohort of premature infants born in South Africa between the years of 1992 and 1995. The study expresses the mean values and how the data ranges throughout the article. For example the mean within the article is known as the gestational age of the cohort, which is 32 weeks gestation. The range for gestational ages is from 22 weeks gestation to 40 weeks gestation. The t test is also a part of this research article, and it evaluates ongoing variables for statistical significance. The cohorts within this study consist of 128 subjects, which is not considered as small test group. The research article...
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...the biodiesel practical in the labaratorium we used the following materials: an erlenmeyer, a spatula, a funnel, a heater, a graduated cylinder, a reflux condenser, a beaker, a lab lift, a round bottem flask and a stirring bullet. All these materials were placed in a fume hood. The most appropiate testresult that we could get from this experiment, is a biodiesel with a flashpoint above 130 °C and a cloud point as low as possible. We would recommend the production of biodiesel in this form, because it is a very easy, convenient and eco friendly way to produce fuel. Introduction The main goal of this practical was to find out how hard it is to make biodiesel out of soja oil and if the biodiesel we produced is convenient for usage. The production site was a fume hood in a labatory at the university. Methods We took a couple of research steps to produce the biodiesel. At first we made the pre-practical exercises to get familiar with te process of making biodiesel. The second thing we did was reading the laboratory manual in which we learned how to cope with the instruments in the laboratory. After this we got the read the instructions on the paper we got so we knew what to do. The first thing that stood on this paper was to get an oil, we got 200 ml of sojaoil en we began with production. First we determined the weight of our oil, this was 0,1688...
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...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...Differences in Competencies between ADN and BSN There are differing of opinions as well as research pertaining to the differences in competencies between Associate Degree Nurses and Baccalaureate Degree Nurses. In recent years facilities have begun requiring nurses to have a BSN or higher to qualify for employment. Facilities wishing to apply for Magnet status must have plans in place to achieve the IOM recommendation of having 80% baccalaureate prepared RN by 2020 (Yakusheva). Let’s take a look at the differences and you can decide for yourself. An Associate’s Degree in Nursing requires 2 years to complete. The program focuses on several components such as: professional behaviors, communication, assessment, clinical decision making, care interventions, teaching and learning, collaboration and care management (Faison). ADN graduates will be well prepared to function in multiple health care settings, including community practice sites by spending time in classroom lectures and participating in clinicals with testing on a routine basis (Mahaffey). One’s education will not stop at this point, even if the RN does not seek out a higher nursing degree. The ADN will continue to build on his/her learning by participating in valuable on the job training, completing continuing education units as required by the Board of Nursing, and most of all, experience. Though the ADN is deemed competent to perform patient care, the choice not to pursue a higher level of nursing accreditation...
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...that is considering having genetic screening? Week 2: Question 1= Choose an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation. Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or lactation. Question 2= Active acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations. Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers with evidence-based research. Week 3: Question 1= Share a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the...
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...Supply and Demand Pharmaceutical companies are generating billions of dollars in revenues on prescription drugs that have patent protection. Once a drug loses its patent protection, other manufacturers are allowed to make a generic form of the drug. Having a generic form of a brand name drug available should increase the supply in the market for consumers by driving cost down. This paper will discuss the effect of generic drugs and evaluate their effect on the supply and demand for drugs that no longer have patent protection. An example of a prescription drug that recently lost its patent is Lipitor. It is a cholesterol-lowering drug. It has been a top selling drug for several years, totaling over seven billion dollars in sales in the US and a combined total of over ten billion dollars worldwide in 2010. Lipitor’s patent expired on November 30, 2011 making the drug available to be manufactured as a generic drug, therefore increasing affordability to consumers. Until May 2012, Ranbaxy had the sole rights for creating Lipitor’s generic form after the patent expired; after that, it was made available to other drug companies. Pfizer continued to market Lipitor after its patent expired and had spent over eighty seven million dollars in marketing, to generate three hundred eighty three million dollars in the first quarter of 2012. Market power shifted from Pfizer to other drug manufacturers with the expiration of the patent (Hughes, 2012). When a brand name prescription...
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...The Diaphragm and Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia The diaphragm is a commonly misunderstood body part. Those who sing appreciate it purely due to their ability to control the diaphragm to enhance their singing. However, its real purpose in the human body is more important than that. The diaphragm plays such a crucial role in everyday life to the extent that one cannot survive without it. In this paper we will consider the role of the diaphragm through its anatomy and physiology. We will then review a congenital birth defect known as Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) and how it changes the anatomy and physiology of the body. We will also look at current research and prognosis of the disease in an effort to gain a better understanding of this often-fatal defect. The diaphragm is located almost centrally in the body. It is a continuous sheet of muscle that spreads across the bottom of the rib cage creating a divide between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. As detailed in the text Gray’s Anatomy, the convex upper surface of the diaphragm faces the thorax and forms the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The concave inferior surface is pointed towards the abdomen and is mostly covered in peritoneum forming the superior part of the abdominal cavity. The right side of the diaphragm is superior to the right lobe of the liver, the right kidney, and the right adrenal gland. The left side of the diaphragm lays over the left lobe of the liver, the fundus of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Peptic ulcer A peptic ulcer, also known as PUD or peptic ulcer disease,[1] is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. It is defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm. As many as 70–90% of such ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach; however, only 40% of those cases go to a doctor. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs.[2] Four times as many peptic ulcers arise in the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine, just after the stomach—as in the stomach itself. About 4% of gastric ulcers are caused by a malignant tumor, so multiple biopsies are needed to exclude cancer. Duodenal ulcers are generally benign. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- [edit]Classification By Region/Location * Duodenum (called duodenal ulcer) * Oesophagus (called esophageal ulcer) * Stomach (called gastric ulcer) * Meckel's diverticulum (called Meckel's diverticulum ulcer; is very tender with palpation) Modified Johnson Classification of peptic ulcers: * Type I: Ulcer along the body of the stomach, most often along the lesser curve at incisura angularis along the locus minoris resistantiae. * Type II: Ulcer in the body in combination...
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...Rett Syndrome Joseph Lee 4th Period Rett Syndrome is a disorder which affects the nervous system and is found almost exclusively in girls. One in 10,000-20,000 newborn babies are born with Rett Syndrome, making this disorder very rare. Rett Syndrome is often described as autism, cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s, epilepsy, and various anxiety disorders wrapped into one. In this paper, I will discuss what exactly Rett Syndrome is, who discovered it, how he discovered it, what its causes are, what the symptoms are, the disorder’s course, and possible treatments for the disorder. Said Dr. Rett at a conference regarding the disorder which bears his name: These three words summarize best our task: To live, to love, and to learn. We are aware of the fact that many mysteries of this syndrome still remain undisclosed, and therefore, for the time being, we have no option but to live with it. However, the children with their very special ways give us enough impulse to share their lives. It is a further mystery of this syndrome that the affected children render it easy for us to love them. A dominating factor in the care of such children is that they understand us and we understand them. Their appearance and the sparkle in their eyes make it easy to love them. Daily care for them and working with them gives us grownups strength, enabling us to learn the special treatment required, thus furthering our own development. To...
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...recommends breastfeeding infants for a minimum of six months, with added benefits when breastfeeding continues for more than a year. Their overall opinion is that the greatest health benefits occur when it is done for one or two years (Ryan, 2012). The United States national health objective, Healthy People 2010, set a goal to increase the number of women who breastfeed for at least six months to 50 %, focusing specifically on low-income women (Pugh et al., 2002). This research paper will look into the many benefits associated with breastfeeding for at least six months. First, what added health benefits does the infant receive if they are breastfed for at least six months when compared to an infant who is fed formula. Second, what added health benefits does a nursing mother receive by breastfeeding for at least six months or longer. Lastly, what are the added benefits that are realized by the family of a mother who breastfeeds her child for at least the first six months of their life. Therefore, this paper suggests that...
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...It has been uncovered that there has been an increased rate of diagnosing autism which directly correlates with MMR vaccine immunizations overtime .[2] Furthermore, studies have shown that when the injection is injected the gastrointestinal tract doesn’t function to its maximum potential.[6] The MMR vaccine conceivably affects the peripheral nerves in the gastrointestinal tract which causes serotonin, a neurotransmitter to build up.[6] People with an dysfunctional gastrointestinal tract have a higher rate of reflux.[6] Due this there is a build up of serotonin which damages the central nervous system.[6] The body is ultimately put out of balance and this causes problems to arise. From this it has been assumed that the bloodstream has impurities enter it that circulate to damage parts of the brain.[6] The parts of the brain that are damaged are different depending on the subject that has Autism.[1] But the anatomy of the central nervous system consists of the spinal cord and the brain, these components are noticeably effected in people who have Autism.[1] This damage to the central nervous system is how autism, a hyperactive disorder is likely to be formed from the MMR vaccine. Heterogeneity is found between a normal brain structure and a brain that...
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