...Relational Cultural Theory: What is it? Relational cultural theory derives from an area of psychology that focuses on individuals interacting with others through relationships. Relational cultural theory shows how relationships have power and can change individuals. Relational cultural theory was derived from the work of Jean Baker Miller. RCT challenges the traditional psychology conceptions of self, autonomy, independence, individuation and competition (Miller). “The central tenet of RCT is that people develop through and toward relationship, which occurs within and is influenced by a cultural context. Above all, RCT asserts that people need to be in connection in order to change, to open up, to shift, to transform, to heal, and to grow” (Jordan 3). It is disconnection that causes psychological problems. Core Values of RCT Some of the core relational cultural theory and assumptions of growth dealing with psychological and relational development include the idea that: * People grow through and toward relationship throughout the lifespan * Movement towards mutuality rather than movement towards separation characterizes mature functioning * Relationship differentiation and elaboration characterize growth * Mutual empathy and mutual empowerment are the core of growth-fostering relationships * In growth-fostering relationships, all people contribute and grow or benefit; development is not a one-way street * Mutual empathy is the vehicle for change in therapy ...
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...Grid-group cultural theory Explanations > Culture > Grid-group cultural theory Description | Discussion | So what Description This model has two dimensions, each a measure of sociability. Group The group dimension describes how strongly people are bonded together. At one end there are distinct and separated individuals, perhaps with common reason to be together though with less of a sense of unity and connection. At the other end, people have a connected sense of identity, relating more deeply and personally to one another. They spend more time together and have stable relationships. When people group together, then laws are more easily defined and policed. For society to survive when bonds are weaker and central control is less possible, individuals must necessarily display self-restraint. In management, low group does not manage resources, whilst high group does. Grid The grid dimension describes how different people are in the group and how they take on different roles. At one end of this spectrum people are relatively homogeneous in their abilities, work and activity and can easily interchange roles. This makes them less dependent on one another. At the other end, there are distinct roles and positions within the group with specialization and different accountability. There are also different degrees of entitlement, depending on position and there may well be a different balance of exchange between and across individuals. This makes it advantageous...
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...* Tensions in defining communication * Level of Observation/Abstractness * Intentionality * Normative Judgment * Communication Definition * Systemic * Process * Symbols * Meaning * History of Communication Studies * Communication Science Approach * Empirical * Preferred Methods * Quantitative v. Qualitative * Types of Methods * Hypothesis * Research Question * Theory * Taxonomy * Goals of Theory * Description * Explanation * Prediction * Cultural Understanding * Reform * Criteria for evaluating research * Scope * Appropriateness * Heuristic Value * Validity * Parsimony * Openness * Utility * Reform * Key Differences in Early Models of Communication * Hypodermic Needle: Media watchers are directly effected by the media content * Lazarsfeld’s Response: Disaproved the idea * Later Models of Communication * The media does not directly effect the people, it affects others who influence others * Influence leaders: People who care a message * Wilbur Schramm’s Model of Communication: sender and reciever * Transactional Model of Communication: Both participants do both roles. More dynamic * Perception * Cognitive Schemas * Implicit associations * Self image * Self Concept * Self-fulfilling...
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...Leadership Theory The Chicago School of Psychology May 31, 2015 Ethical and Relational Leadership Principles Honoring the APA and TCS Codes of Conduct Licensed professionals in the legal, accounting, engineering, medical and other healing professions are held to a higher legal and ethical standard of professional behavior than people who work in other commercial, not-for-profit or government enterprises. As noted by the American Psychologists Association (APA) , “If this Ethics Code establishes a higher standard of conduct than is required by law, psychologists must meet the higher ethical standard.” (p. 2). The rationale for this higher standard is that legislation gives these professions and the people who are members of them unique and special rights to serve the public within their specific discipline. With these rights come added responsibilities to protect the public trust. As noted by the APA (2010), “Psychologists are committed to increasing scientific and professional knowledge of behavior and people’s understanding of themselves and others and to the use of such knowledge to improve the condition of individuals, organizations, and society…They strive to help the public in developing informed judgments and choices concerning human behavior.” (p. 2). In Canada, most professional bodies are governed by provincial legislation that gives authority to accredit professional training programs, confer professional licenses, monitor professional practice of individual...
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...Christine King 23rd November 2011 WHAT IMPACT HAS THE RELATIONAL APPROACH, AS DESCRIBED IN ‘BEYOND EMPATHY’ AND MEARNS AND COOPER’S ‘WORKING AT RELATIONAL DEPTH’, HAD ON YOUR CLIENT WORK. ILLUSTRATE YOUR ANSWER WITH REFERENCE TO A SINGLE SESSION WITH A CLIENT. Introduction This essay will be looking at the importance of relational depth and further more I will attempt to demonstrate my growing awareness of my relationship with my clients and how it has impacted on my client work. What is Relational depth? Relational Depth comes from the book entitled ‘Working at Relational Depth in Counselling and Psychotherapy’ (2005), Dave Mearns and Mick Cooper. ‘Such an encounter can feel beyond language’ (p.xi). I feel it’s a very true statement. Words do not feel powerful enough; it feels the power is almost being dismissed. I do not think that Mearns and Cooper have developed anything new to the Person Centred Approach, I feel that Carl Rogers had already developed relational depth by using congruence, positive regard and empathy. (Rogers 1959) Often I have found working with Bereavement, I sit with my client’s pain and can get to relational depth quite quickly. My client sat and cried and looked at me with pain in her eyes. Her eyes said, “this feels unbearable, can you feel my pain?” Yes, I thought as I slowly nodded, yes I can and it hurts. The pain was within me, my chest and stomach felt tight...
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...mechanism underlying the relationship. We predict and find support for our hypotheses in four experiments conducted in East Asian and Western cultures. Data showed that a high- (vs. low-) level construal activated state belongingness, but had no effect on state rejection, state self-esteem, positive emotion, or negative emotion in participants from Korea (Experiment 1) and Australia (Experiment 3). Moreover, a high- (vs. low-) level construal triggered greater ingroup bias for Koreans (Experiment 2) and Australians (Experiment 3) primed with a relational self, but not for those primed with an independent self. This construal level effect on ingroup bias was eliminated when belongingness was primed at both a high- and a low-level construal; instead, relationals under a low-level construal were more ingroup-biased when they were primed with a belongingness (vs. baseline) condition (Experiment 4). These findings highlight that the relational self is a boundary condition...
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...The International Journal of Organizational Analysis 1997, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April), pp. 156-179 GAINING A PERSPECTIVE ON INDIAN VALUE ORIENTATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR EXPATRIATE MANAGERS Suresh Gopalan Joan B. Rivera West Texas A&M University India's emergence in the international business arena presents challenges to Western-trained expatriate managers assigned there. These expatriates are familiar with management theories and practices based on value orientations very different from those in India. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Value Orientations Framework is used to provide an overview of the different types of cultural values an expatriate manager will confront in Indian society. The impact of Indian values on various management practices, including team composition, leadership, motivation, and human resource management functions is also discussed It is hoped that this examination of the dominant value orientations of Indian employees will facilitate the successful transfer of Western expatriates to India. Over the last two decades, the Pacific Rim countries of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, China, and Southeast Asian countries of Thailand, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore have achieved tremendous economic success (Adler, 1994; Foster, 1995). A relative newcomer to this group of countries is India, which is emerging as an industrial power to be reckoned with. As a consequence of the free market reforms and economic liberalization programs pursued by the Narasimha Rao administration...
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...0 Managing transnational teams Cultural heterogeneity within a team: A value or burden? Bachelor Thesis Organization & Strategy, 2009-2010 Name : Grace Bronmans Anr : 588850 Supervisor : Miranda Stienstra E-mail : gracebronmans@gmail.com Date : 11-06-2010 Nr. of words : 7967 Management summary Globalization has become an important aspect in business the last decennia. Companies’ competitive position is challenged by a globalizing market, and globalization is a natural development for growing companies to sustain their competitive position. When a firm enters the global market, management faces the challenge to work with transnational teams. International project teams are where most of the boundary spanning works in international enterprise goes on, making them a key factor in organizational success and an important catalyst for individual and organizational development. However, little is known about the management strategies on motivation of diversity, and existing information is scattered. Motivation is a key driver of performance, therefore it is important for management to know how they can influence motivation of transnational teams. This thesis will provide an overview of the effect of culture on the motivational strategy of management on transnational team motivation. This will be guided by the following research questions: RQ 1: How is management...
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...MANAGERS", The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, Vol. 5 Iss 2 pp. 156 - 179 Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028866 Downloaded on: 24 October 2015, At: 06:38 (PT) References: this document contains references to 0 other documents. To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1038 times since 2006* Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: Saikat Banerjee, (2008),"Dimensions of Indian culture, core cultural values and marketing implications: An analysis", Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 15 Iss 4 pp. 367-378 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/13527600810914157 Colin M. Fisher, Raj Shirolé, Ashutosh P. Bhupatkar, (2001),"Ethical stances in Indian management culture", Personnel Review, Vol. 30 Iss 6 pp. 694-711 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005981 Nitish Singh, Hongxin Zhao, Xiaorui Hu, (2005),"Analyzing the cultural content of web sites: A crossnational comparision of China, India, Japan, and US", International Marketing Review, Vol. 22 Iss 2 pp. 129-146 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651330510593241 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emeraldsrm:463575 [] For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission...
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...Between Theory And Research An excerpt from .awcett, J., and Downs, .. (1986). The Relationship of Theory and Reseach. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Century Crofts. [.awcett & Downs teach in a School of Nursing and their examples involve topics of interest to nurses. Your humble instructor has modified this excerpt slightly to maintain terminology consistent with the social sciences]. 1 The close connection between theory and research was implied in the discussion of their functions. Stated explicitly, the initial impetus for research is the search for theory. Theory development relies on research, and research relies on theory. Brown (1977) characterized the relationship between theory and research as a dialectic, a transaction whereby theory determines what data are to be collected and research findings provide challenges to accepted theories. 2 Research, then, is neither more nor less than the vehicle for theory development. It is the method used to gather the data needed for the theory. This is true whether the purpose of the research is to generate a theory or to test one. When the purpose is theory generation, the phenomenon of interest suggests things to look for. .or example, if a theory of clients perceptions of factors influencing their adherence to a nursing care plan were to be generated, one source of data would be clients perceptions of why they were willing and able to follow the care plan. Conversely, if the purpose is theory testing, the theory dictates...
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...Introduction to Neoliberalism/Neoliberal Institutionalism The theory/theoretical framework that is used to examine cooperation between nation-states, which emphasizes the possibility of mutual gains Related terminology 1. Absolute gain: a theoretical option open to political actors based on the belief that decisions will benefit all organisations within a state and/or all member states within an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) Includes all aspects of cooperative behaviour between states; especially power ratios, economic activity and socio-cultural effects 2. Relative gain: a theoretical option open to political actors based on the belief that decisions are only intended to balance power relations between states or increase the power of one state over its rivals Generally disregards economic and socio-cultural considerations, and only allows limited cooperation between states (especially in relations where information about other states’ interests and inclinations is limited) 3. Zero-sum: a relational state wherein a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participants (assuming that total gains of the participants are added, and the total losses are subtracted, the numerical result will sum to zero) Particularly useful in competitive relations, and explains economic behaviour such as opportunity cost and absolute advantage Non-zero sum: a relational state wherein all participants act based upon their respective efficient capabilities...
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...BUS520 Week 11 Final Exam 1 and 2 BUS520 Week 11 Final Exam 1 and 2 BUS520Week 11 Final Exam 1 and 2 Download Answer Here http://workbank247.com/q/bus520-final-exam-1-and-2/6911 Question 1 According to the Ohio State leadership studies, a leader high in __________ is sensitive to people’s feelings and tries to make things pleasant for the followers. • Question 2 __________ make(s) a leader’s influence either unnecessary or redundant in that they replace a leader’s influence. • Question 3 According to the path-goal leadership theory, a manager is showing a participative leadership style when he/she __________. • Question 4 According to __________ approaches, individual behavior is constructed in context, as people act and interact in situations. • Question 5 Meindl referred to the phenomenon whereby people attribute almost magical qualities to leadership as _____________. • Question 6 The __________ that are driving organizations of all types and sizes can be found in organization-environment relationships, the organizational life cycle, and the political nature of organizations. • Question 7 The decision to construct a new overseas plant can be considered to be a(n) __________. • Question 8 Which of the following, refers to altruistic love? • Question 9 __________ is intentional and occurs as a result of specific efforts by a change agent. • Question 10 Another name for incremental change is __________. • Question...
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... Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Parkville Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, harzing@unimelb.edu.au Acknowledgements This study was supported by funds from the 'Jubiläumsfondsprojekt Nr. 11618 of the Oesterreichischen Nationalbank'. We thank Professor Gerhard Fink and Dr. Markus Pudelko for their helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Abstract Using data collected from 25 interviews with Austrian employees in the European Commission, we explore the conditions under which cultural differences do and do not influence interactions. Previous experience with culturally-determined behaviour and experience working in a foreign language is found to foster norms that reduce conflict based on cross-cultural differences. Time pressure, on the other hand, makes cultural differences, specifically the way that criticism is delivered and the extent of relational-versus-task orientation, more explicit. Our...
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...Critically evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of feminist standpoint theory. Feminist standpoint theory is a theory which argues that the social science which is feminism should be practiced from the standpoint of women, or from particular groups of women, as some believe that women are better equipped to understand and comprehend certain aspects of society and the world. A feminisms standpoint epistemology proposes that it makes women’s experiences the main point of thinking, rather than it being a man’s. Nancy Hartsock is a female philosopher and is widely known for her work in feminist epistemology and standpoint theory, particularly her Feminist Standpoint essays. Hartsock came up with the theory that standpoint feminism is founded in Marxist ideology. She argued that feminist standpoint could be developed from Marx’s understanding of experience, and could be used to criticise patriarchal theories. She also adds how a standpoint view of feminism is essential when examining the systematic oppressions in a society in which standpoint feminists claim devalues and disregards women’s knowledge. Standpoint feminism draws on the idea that because women in all different types of societies all have significantly different lives and roles to those than men have, they believe that because of this, women hold a different type of knowledge. As women are a subordinated group, it allows them to see and understand the world different and in ways that differ completely and challenge...
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...Professional EThics Professional Ethics Legal and ethical issues are frequently encountered in the health care setting and present unique challenges to health care professionals. Practicing nurses need to be knowledgeable with these concepts to ensure patient’s rights. In this paper, the author will describe the relationships between legal and ethical issues. In addition, the author will identify personal values and professional ethics and examine ethical theories and principles. Examples of applications of legal and ethical issues to current practice will also be provided. Relationships Between Legal and Ethical Issues “Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with evaluating human action” (Guido, 2010, p. 3). It is based on the principles of right and wrong and provides structure to behaviors and actions. Ethics are closely intertwined with morals and values. Morals are “personal principles that are acquired from life experiences, family and peer relationships, religion, culture, and the law” (Guido, 2010, p. 3). Values are “personal beliefs about the truths and worth of thoughts, objects, or behavior” (Guido, 2010, p. 3). Therefore, ethics are subject to an individual’s personal interpretation. In contrast, laws are rules and regulations established by some authority and enforced by judicial decision (Dictionary.com, 2011). The legal system governs actions and behaviors without regard to personal values, beliefs, and views. Laws are constantly evolving to...
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