...The Hammer or the Anvil The 19th Century in Europe was a time of power-balancing, revolution, industrialization, and imperialism. The turn of the century marked the end of French continental domination and the beginning of longest period of European peace in history following the Congress of Vienna. Up until 1848, the delicate balance of European power was maintained from an international perspective, but in that year, domestic uprisings plagued much of continental Europe. Given Britain’s geographical isolation and the success of its early colonies (like Australia), it experienced general domestic and foreign tranquility, as well as economic success and worldwide naval supremacy. However, as the British Empire continued to expand, its domestic industrial infrastructure was almost altogether abandoned, causing its inevitable technological obsolescence by the last quarter of the century. The relative decline of British industry and global dominance began in the 1870s along with a shift in gross national investment from domestic markets to overseas, requiring British foreign policy to ensure the naval, military, and financial security of its empire through defensive build-up and diplomacy at the turn of the 20th Century; in response to Britain’s relatively weaker position, German policy became more aggressive in an effort to assert Germany’s new global power status and attract Great Britain to an Anglo-German alliance. Britain’s escape from the revolutionary fervor engulfing...
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...Chapter 4 Rapprochement and Normalization United States during the 1960’s • Vietnam war- US involvement in the War took place from 1965-1975 with over 536,100 troops stationed overseas. The Results of this war was withdrawal of American forces from Indochina and a Communist takeover of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. • Tet Offensive- Attacks that began on Vietnamese New Year 1968 that targeted military and civilians throughout South Vietnam. This was the turning point of the war and lead public opinion of the war in the US as unfavorable. • US draft- During the was 25% of United States Armed forces were draftees, with about 30% being combat deaths. • Many questioned US commitment to Vietnam with the cost of casualties, supplies, and...
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...Power and the Balance of Power The first concept that we will discuss is power, and its related concept, the balance of power. Power is an important concept in global relations, and a fundamental idea within the school of thought known as Realism. Realism is based on the assumption of anarchy, or the absence of a central order, as the key description of global relations. This is supposedly a self-help system, in which states compete with each other for power. Power is defined as the ability to get someone to change their behaviour in a direction desired by a stronger actor. The idea of power and the balance of power go back only 300 years, but there is evidence, according to Realists, that the Ancient Greeks and Romans pursued power politics. The idea of the balance of power is that interstate interaction will be stable if states, operating under Realist principles, seek to balance each other in their relations. By acting prudently, "carefully, with foresight, avoiding rash acts," no state will seek to upset the system. Each state will check the others, and no state will grow powerful enough to overthrow the others. A state that seeks domination will be defeated, so no state will attempt this. The classical balance of power operated only under a certain number of conditions: 1. There were a large number of states for alliance formation. 2. There were clear geographic confines in the system e.g. the European continent. 3. There must be flexibility/freedom...
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...THE TWO WORLD WARS Objcctives Introduction Factors for tlie Wars 30.2.1 National Economics tlnd I'olitict~l Rivalry 30.2.2 Ihternationul Relations and I;ortn;~tionof C:imps Tlie Warring Nations in lllc World Wars Wars as the Wars of ldeologies 30.4.1 ldcologically deli~lcdArmed Camps of the Two Worid Wars 30.4.2 Political Spectrum of Eurclpc at the Outhrcak ol' the War Beginning of the Cold War Let Us Srlnl Up Key Words Ans~versto Check Your Progress Exercises 30.0 OBJECTIVES In this Unit you will learn about : changes introduced in intcrnalional relat!ons due to industrializaiion. continuities that came to be establislled between the two world wars as a single. unintcrrupted process, and the ideological factors that kcpt the groupings in the wars identical in both cases. 30.1 INTRODUCTION We have so far discussed the nature and conscquences of industrial capitalis~nand tlle consequent rise of nlodern politics. In the earlier Units. the growth of nation-states and thc nature of i~nperialist rivalries have also been discussed. We understand yo11 arc now bcttcr placed to see the two world wars as culmination of these diverse proccsses. Industrialization had signalled in fact the growth of new states that conlpeted with each other for global domination: and in the absence of riicclianis~iisfor peacefiil resolutions of internatiooa\ rivalries, armed conflicts on an al~llostglobal scale becanle incvit;ible. Since Europc had tdzological already been divided into...
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...Independent treasury system ended * Fiscal Bank * Create a new BUS * Vetoed by Tyler * Fiscal Corporation * Vetoed by Tyler * Tyler now rejected by Whig party * Reluctantly signed Tariff of 1842 because of the government’s need for revenue A War of Words with Britain * 19th Century had lots of Public disdain for Britain * “3rd war with England” * Fought with editorials in papers * 1837 – small rebellion in Canada American ship ‘Caroline’ Aroostook War Mexico not recognizing Texas A War of Words with Britain (cont) * Rebellion supported by Americans but failed because of no Canadian backing * 1837 – American Ship “Caroline” was sank by British forces * Carrying military supplies * Washington made ineffective protests against attack * 1841 – British officials offered asylum in Bahamas * 130 Virginian slaves who rebelled and captured American ship “Creole” Manipulating the Maine Maps * 1842 – British wanted to build road linking seaport Halifax and Quebec * Proposed road ran through northern territory of Maine * Skirmishes broke out between locals * Aroostook War // ^^^ * London Foreign...
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...WarPan-Slavism“Pan-Slavism theory and movement intended to promote the political or cultural unity of all Slavs. Advocated by various individuals from the 17th cent., it developed as an intellectual and cultural movement in the 19th cent. It was stimulated by the rise of romanticism and nationalism, and it grew with the awakening of the Slavs within the Austrian and Ottoman empires. Slavic historians, philologists, and anthropologists, influenced by Johann Gottfried von Herder, helped spread a national consciousness among the Slavs, and some dreamed of a unified Slavic culture to replace an allegedly declining Latin-German culture. The first Pan-Slav Congress, held at Prague in 1848 and presided over by František Palacký, was confined to the Slavs under Austrian rule and was anti-Russian. The humiliating defeat suffered by Russia in the Crimean War (1853-56) helped transform a vague, romantic Russian Slavophilism into a militant and nationalistic Russian Pan-Slavism. Prominent among the Russian Pan-Slav publicists were Rotislav Andreyevich Fadeyev and Nikolai Yakovlevich Danilevsky. Fadeyev claimed that it was Russia's mission to liberate the Slavs from Austrian and Ottoman domination by war and to form a Russian-dominated Slavic federation. Danilevsky predicted a long conflict between Russia and the rest of Europe, to be followed by a federation of states including the Greeks, Magyars, and Romanians as well as the Slavs. In the reign of Czar Alexander II, the foreign minister, Aleksandr Gorchakov...
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...International Relations Department Research Paper SIGNIFICANCE OF PAK-RUSSIA RELATIONS: FOREIGN POLICY OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN By: Arshad Mahmood, M.Phil (IR), NDU, Islamabad 20 November 2012 Submitted to: Dr Shaheen Akhtar Associate Professor Department of International Relations NDU, Islamabad SIGNIFICANCE OF PAK-RUSSIA RELATIONS: FOREIGN POLICY OPTIONS FOR PAKISTAN ABSTRACT Pak-Russia relations, viewing from a realist perspective, have not been built upon strong pillars of understanding each other’s interests and concerns which are most essential for establishing enduring bilateral ties. The history of their bilateral relations is simply a tale of misperception and misunderstandings. Both the nations despite having convergence of interests on various bilateral, regional and international issues and immense potentials in cooperation have never availed opportunities. In fact both, Pakistan and Russia had viewed each other through the prism of other states and with wrong perceptions. The changing international environment and internal and regional political dynamics of both the states have now provided another chance their elites to revisit their bilateral relations and lay down a foundation for a prosperous future. SECTION-1 INTRODUCTION Background 1. On 26 December 1991 the world witnessed the collapse of the first and the largest communist country - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). This most historic event of the 21st century marked...
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...Karachi school for business and leadership | Financial Institutions (Banks) & Industrial Development in Germany, Russia & India | Global and South Asian Business Development | Dr. Imran Ali | | 3/24/2014 | Salik Chaturbhai M2130024 Taimour Abdullah M2130017 Zeeshan Jessani M2130034 Salik Chaturbhai M2130024 Taimour Abdullah M2130017 Zeeshan Jessani M2130034 Contents Introduction 2 Review of Literature 3 Looking at the Past: Industrialization and Financial Institutions 8 Germany 8 Deutsche Bank, Germany 10 Russia 13 Sberbank, Russia 16 India 17 The State Bank of India 18 Major Themes: Comparison & Contrast 24 The debate between Capitalist and Communist Industrialization 25 Fiscal and Industrialization policy 27 Mission Statement and goals 30 The Banking Sector 31 Target Markets 32 Colonized Industrialization or De-industrialization 34 Conclusion 37 Appendix 1 39 Appendix 2 40 Work Cited 42 Introduction Mankind as a whole and the world as has been observed in the past has undergone much change in all aspects of human life. The concept of economic development in light of increasing industrial growth, free labour, the growth of private property as an institution and the development of the international trade as a concept have changed the way humans and hence nations interact and intervene in the world economic system. These gradual yet drastic changes in the structure of human interactions led to a wave...
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...Faculty of Business Studies Module: Presentation and Communication Skills Examiner: Dipl. Ök. Marina Alvares-Wegner The BRIC countries Leslie Authier Matr. No.: 7007017 E-Mail: leslieauthier@orange.fr Diana Carolina Ramirez R. Matr. No.: 7004479 E-Mail: dianacarolina_puebla@yahoo.de Maya Höpfner Matr. No.: 7003768 E-Mail: maya.hoepfner@googlemail.com Table of content 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 2 2 The Federative Republic of Brazil .................................................................... 3 2.1 General information on the Federative Republic of Brazil....................... 3 2.2 Brazil’s connection with the European Union.......................................... 4 2.3 Brazil’s financial situation........................................................................ 5 2.4 Brazil’s imports and exports.................................................................... 6 2.5 Brazil’s leading companies ..................................................................... 9 3 The Russian Federation................................................................................. 10 3.1 General information on the Russian Federation ................................... 10 3.2 Russia’s connection with the European Union...................................... 11 3.3 Russia’s financial situation.................................................................... 12 3.4 Russia’s imports...
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...the world. It is this happy fact, now clear to the view of every public man whose thoughts do not still linger in an age that is dead and gone, which makes it possible for every nation whose purposes are consistent with justice and the peace of the world to avow nor or at any other time the objects it has in view. We entered this war because violations of right had occurred which touched us to the quick and made the life of our own people impossible unless they were corrected and the world secure once for all against their recurrence. What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us. The programme of the world's peace, therefore, is our programme; and that programme, the only possible programme, as we see it, is this: I. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy...
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...INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Escrito por: Susan Edson Dirigido por: D. Juan Carlos Palmer Trabajo presentado para la obtención del Titulo Universitario Senior Universitat Jaume I Castellón, mayo 2005 2 Indice: I. General Concept………………………………..…… 4 1. First industrial revolution 2. Second industrial revolution 3. Modernization II. Europe……………………………………………….. 9 1. England 2. Scotland 3. Rest of Europe III. U.S.A………………………………………………... 17 1. The growth of U.S. industry. 2.Organization of industrial relations. 3.Agriculture. IV. Developments and innovations……………………… 24 1. Colonialism 2. Apprenticeship 3. Science and technology 4. Machine tools 5. Textiles 6. Steam engines 7. Locomotives and Steamboats 8. The Electric Telegraph 9. Architecture 10. Rubber 11. Lighting 12. Time V. Conclusions………………………………………... 42 VI. Bibliography………………………………………… 44 3 I. General Concept 1. The First Industrial Revolution Between 1760 and 1830 the Industrial Revolution was mainly confined to Britain. Being aware of its head start on other countries, Britain forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers and manufacturing techniques. This could not last, as many Britons saw profitable industrial opportunities abroad and continental European businessmen were keen to lure British know-how to their countries. Belgium became the first country in continental Europe to be transformed economically, having machine shops set up in Liège (c.1807)...
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...anti-foreign sentiments. In the period after the Opium Wars, the nature of Sino-Western relations had changed, leading to a scramble for concessions. This had exposed the inefficacy of the Manchus. Simultaneously, it had intensified the socio-economic crisis already prevalent in the 19th century. This essay attempts to analyze the causes, nature and impact of the Boxer Movement. Causes 1. A study of the traditional Chinese society and economy is imperative to trace the origins of the Uprising. The Chinese society was strictly compartmentalized by the principles of Confucianism. The society was highly stratified and had a rigid and inflexible hierarchical structure. A unique combination of power, wealth and knowledge defined the gentry or the elite class. The peasantry was the ‘exploited’ class, the taxpayers, who despite the theoretical emphasis on ‘career open to merit’ could rarely attain gentry status. The growing tax burden and exploitation caused discontent among them and though they remained placid, the simmering of discontent was always there. However, peasant uprisings, though a frequent occurrence, were spontaneous and scattered and so easy to suppress. The growing unrest culminated into agitation, and found expression in the Boxer Movement. 2. A series of natural calamities in the late 19th century intensified the discontent. Series of floods, famine and drought between 1880 – 1900. The Manchu government, due to insufficient resources and inefficient...
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...INR 2001: Intro to International Relations January 12, 2015 Big Themes in International Relations * Conflict or Cooperation? Pays to Cooperate: Success in business- Don’t shoot customers * Major Actors in Conflicts * Chines, Navy, NATO, and Somali Pirates * States fighting other states * States fighting rebellions within the state * Conflict between non-state actors * Not all conflict is between states, much if not most is below the level of state-state conflict * Conflict maybe driven by man interests- ethnic conflict, material resources, land * Cooperation * Lots of Conflict and lots of Cooperation * Examples * Cooperation focused on economic issues, why? * All sides gain from economic exchange so it literally pays to cooperate * Is cooperation or conflict the natural state? * Economic cooperation mitigates conflict * Globalization or Fragmentation? * France-Germany and the European Union * Free trade agreements and NAFTA * What is Globalization * Examples: * Increasing level interconnectedness * What it means for international relations * More interdependence * Cultural aspects, both positive and negative * Is globalization a new phenomena * Less and less dialogue more usual stuff happening * 50 million died as a result 1918 Spanish...
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...commitment to end genocide events is categorically challenged by lack of sufficient devotion to ‘the pledge’ to eradicate the vice. The paper is structured into three main parts and one secondary part. The background will attempt to examine the scholarly effort attempting to relate the basis of global community pledge and the general act of genocide. A further sub category of this part will introduce the role played by United Nations in minimizing genocide. The second section will be substantial in analyzing past genocide events; courtesy of three relevant examples, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Rwanda. In this section, the document will examine the various roles played by United Nations in fueling the genocide. The third section will examine 21 century events, and how United Nations has chosen a back player in preventing the occurrences of these genocides. The secondary section will attempt to examine the role played by International Criminal Court and how it has been challenged in limiting genocide events. Background Research has attempted relate the end of the holocaust and the emergence of non-allied political movements and arms race to contemporary genocide. Besides, a close consideration of this discussion is the commencement of 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and how they took center stage in political philosophy. Primarily, the global community was integral in empowering the UDHR. The discussion will on category attempt to examine how UDHR was...
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...Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century The end of the nineteenth century was a tremulous time for America. We had millions of immigrants pouring into our country from around the world. We had enough problems at home and the last thing our leaders wanted was to be drawn into war outside of the continental United States. We were founded on the idea of freedom and we were destined to protect individual rights to freedom, even if it took us beyond our borders. In the late 19th century the United States found its self, producing more agricultural and industrial products than it could consume. Business leaders and politicians began to look abroad to help boost our economic standing in the world. One percent of the population owned 99% of the wealth in America. As a nation we had to evolve (Woog 10). The work force in America began to unite. There were uprisings of people forming unions in order to change the work place practices. At first the corporations simply fired the disgruntled employees and hire others in their place. Working conditions were often deplorable “Because of this, the accident rate was higher in U.S. factories, mines and railroads than in any other industrial nation. According to a survey from 1907, half a million Americans annually were killed, crippled or seriously injured while on the job” (Woog 49). Eventually the government stepped in to regulate businesses. Teddy Roosevelt once intervened between mine owners and strikers, threatening...
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