...i) Historical development The People's Republic of China and Kazakhstan formed diplomatic relations on January 3, 1992. The two nations signed their first boundary agreement in April 1994, a supplementary agreement in September, 1997, and their second supplementary boundary agreement in July 1998 to mark their 1,700 kilometers (1,100 mi) shared border. In 1993, the President of Kazakhstan Nursulta Nazarbayev made an official visit to Beijing at the invitation of the then-Chinese President Jiang Zemin. Since then, the leaders of China and Kazakhstan have frequently exchanged high-level official visits. In 1996, both nations became co-founders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Aimed at bolstering regional partnership on regional security, economic development and fighting terrorism and drug trafficking amongst Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan and China become co-founders of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).In developing ties with China, Kazakhstan aims to balance the geopolitical and economic influence of its northern neighbour Russia. However, potential conflicts exist around China's the cultural ties between the Kazakh people and the Uighurs of China's Xinjiang province, which could influence a Uighur separatist movement. China also aims to prevent the growth of U.S. influence in the region and the possible establishment of American air bases in Kazakhstan. In 1997, both nations signed an agreement to reduce the presence of military forces along the...
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...China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 7, No. 1 (2009) p. 47-59 © Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program ISSN: 1653-4212 China-Central Asia Trade Relations: Economic and Social Patterns Sadykzhan Ibraimov* ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to study China’s economic presence in Central Asia and its main involvements in raw materials, transport routes, opening of markets and free economic zones, and small and medium-scale projects. It must be noted that over the years from 1992 to 2007, the highest trading volumes were between China and Kazakhstan, which represented from 80 to 86 percent of all Chinese-Central Asian trade. This growing economic cooperation has a social impact on the development of a Central Asian business diaspora based in Xinjiang. China also demonstrates its capacity to use local corruption schemes and internal Central Asian weaknesses in its own interests: From the earliest years of independence, smuggling with China, especially the export of metals and the import of consumer goods, has proved to be a very profitable venture for Central Asian high-level officials. Keywords • China-Central Asia Trade • Xinjiang • Business Diaspora • Shuttle Trade • Corruption Introduction The main difficulty in the study of economic relationships between China and Central Asia is the lack of reliable or complete information. Many reasons can explain this fact. The Central Asian states, first of all, do not publish information...
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...Position of Kazakhstan in International Trade and Business Student’s name Institutional affiliation Analysis of macroeconomic situation in Kazakhstan 1 Macroeconomic trends Kazakhstan is one of the richest economies in Asia. It is also the second largest of the former Soviet Republics after Russia. The economy has enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of minerals (Francis, 2011). There are different metals available in the economy including uranium, zinc, and copper. Some like uranium are exported to almost all parts of the globe. The economy was ranked 11th out 42 countries in the Asia-pacific region. The overall score of the economy is also above world and regional averages. The GDP of the economy grew from 78,014,200 in 1995 to 147,453,000 in 2005 (Aitzhanova, et al. 2014). The dollar exchange rate has been well managed through a sound monetary policy that has been adopted. The country has been faced with inflation challenges. In 2001, the inflation rate was very high because of strong foreign-currency inflows (Ibrayev, Badjanov & Li, 2014). However, the economy survived the pressure, and surprisingly it is one of the first former soviet republic that has repaid all debts to the international monetary fund in 2000 (Datkhayev, 2013). The country paid $400 million ahead of the schedule. From then, the economy has been able to limit its foreign debt within manageable levels. [pic] Figure 1: Kazakhstan GDP in billion USD retrieved from...
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...characterized by sweeping modifications. Since the breakup of Soviet Union, Russian policy in Central Asia has gone through drastic transformations and its influence in the region has varied over time. At present, Russian authority in Central Asia is weakening, yet the Kremlin continues to utilize number of political, institutional and economic strategies to prolong its presence there. Multilateral as well as Bilateral arrangements, and economic and energy leverages combined with cultural instructions are widely implemented in order to maintain Russian influence in Central Asia. Considering the fact that states in the region most importantly though not solely Kazakhstan, have begun to search for diversification and partnership with other great powers, they have gained a certain degree of independence from Moscow. Besides, in recent years China has emerged in Central Asia as an important rival to Russia in terms of influence, and has already established multiple agreements and investments with all of the states in the region. The degree of independence that Central Asian states have managed to gain due to their conviction to act separately from Moscow and to grab Western opportunities, as well as the Chinese presence in the region, suggest that Russian influence there is decreasing and will continue to do so in the near future. Russia has not lost its ambition to remain the main player in Central Asia, which is seen as a priority for its regional security, and besides the opposition both...
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...As the countries of the world are slowly becoming more tied to each other, the relationship they have with energy is one that sparks interest. Brenda Shafer’s Energy Politics shows us that both energy and politics are undoubtly linked. The energy policies that countries enact can help boost both countries trust with each other as well as provide new economic roles for a developing country. This paper will analyze how countries are influenced to form bonds with each other, through pipelines such as the one between Kazakhstan and China, or are hindered from progress, which is the case with India and Pakistan. Also, since the U.S. has a major role in energy politics, its role will be looked at in how it is hindered with its own domestic policies and also what it is doing to help these oil producing countries. One drawback that oil-producing countries have is that if they focus too much on oil, they are not paying attention to other sectors of their economy. Other areas of the economy such as manufacturing and textiles are overlooked in an oil producing state. As Shafer illustrates, oil prices are volatile so they are unstable producing unstable economies, hence, they cannot have a fully functioning economy. Only when the oil sector is doing well do governments keep up with large-scale state spending. However, if the oil sector is not doing well, the country’s infrastructure will suffer because the government can’t provide money for projects. Also, the people of the country will...
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...benefit from the advantages of cross-national business operations, that is, from the fact that the sale of certain goods in another country, or establishing the production of the firm based in one country in the other one, ensure the high benefits to the involved business parts than they would have had, running business only in their countries. In this work apart from the general integral summery of each of the sectors needed to study, also the history and specific features of the relationship between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented to fully understand the competitive advantages and to adequately assess the risks of doing business in the Republic of Uzbekistan. As of today, the relationships between the Republics are legally regulated. The main document regulating the relations between the two states is the Treaty on Eternal Friendship between the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 31 October 1998.Juridical base of cooperation between the two countries is composed by 116 interstate, intergovernmental and interdepartmental documents, which cover almost all spheres of life. Only in trade and economic cooperation 68 documents are signed, including agreements of free trade, promotion and reciprocal protection of investments, avoidance of double taxation, etc. Economics Despite a significant decline in the share of agriculture in GDP - from 37% in 1991 to about 18% in 2009, this sector continues to play an important...
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...Kazakhstan`s place in Global Economy Dinara Zhangabayeva 145075 International business (MGMT 550) Submitted to ASSOC. PROF. DR. AKER SULE 28- 12- 2015 Introduction At the turn of 20-21 centuries, the world economy has entered a new phase of internationalization of economic life, which is defined as globalization. Globalization of the world economy as multidimensional process manifests itself in substantially all major aspects of modern economic life. The world is getting united through globalization. This is happening because of the technological advancements in the recent decades and the global organizations that made trading and capital movements easier. Regulations from various countries supported free trade, which made the countries more integrated with each other. Various entities were created to facilitate the trade between countries and to reach a more global economy (World Trade Organization, International Monetary Funds, The World Bank, European Union…). Efforts were made to get the financial markets integrated between each other as we have indexes for the whole world such as BBC Global 30, S&P global 100 … etc. and indexes for the European union like FTSE Euro 100, FTSE Euro Top 100… etc. The independence allowed Kazakhstan to establish economic relations with many developed and developing countries, to rebuild relationships with former partners and to advance on the path of integration into the world market. The liberalization of foreign economic...
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...Strategy………………………………………………………..…….15 Accessing the Country…………………………………………………..15 Discipleship and Church Planting Strategy…………………………...16 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....18 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………......20 Figures – Physical Map of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia…………………………..3 Introduction The Kazakhs of Mongolia are a people untouched by the gospel fire and the redeeming love of Jesus Christ. The Kazakh’s of Mongolia are the largest ethnic minority group in Mongolia, numbering over 100,000 and mainly live in the western province of Bayan Ulgii. These nomadic people migrated from their homeland of Kazakhstan and are a people rooted in tradition and ancient customs, which make the gospel fire difficult to ignite within their hearts. Figure 1: Physical Map of Bayan-Ulgii, Mongolia. The country of Mongolia is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. Joshua Project gives the Kazakh’s of Mongolia a 1.2 on their progress scale, which means there are less than 2% Evangelicals and less than 5% Christian...
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...Xiamen University Title The Impact of Capital Account on Economic Grow Author : Yagoub Ali Elryah School of Southeast Asian Studies Faculty of International Relations Student number: 25520120254069 January, 2013 Correspondence Yagoub Ali Elryah, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Tel: 15860796370, E-mail: yagoubelryah@hotmail.com 1- Background: In the era of economic integration, most of the developing and developed countries not only open their borders for trade of goods and services, ideas, technology, information, etc. but also open capital accounts that have virtually made the world a global village1. During the 1980s and 1990s, a large amount of capital moved internationally from private investors in the whole world. It took place primarily through sale of bonds and equities and international investment by multinational corporations. Thus, globalization of finance and efficient allocation of capital stimulated growth in developing countries significantly. It is the nature of capital to move from places where it is plentiful to where it is scarce, provided there is no barrier to cross the border. Return on new investment is higher where capital is scarce. This is an incentive for people to save more (leading to enhanced capital formation) in developing countries as these countries are in general capital poor. For the same reason, foreign individuals and companies seek to invest their surplus capital in developing countries. Thus, this channel in turn, can help...
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...project: Barriers for franchise business in Kazakhstan Prepared by Shynar Galiyeva 2013 Introduction Kazakhstan is the ninth largest country in the world, sharing its borders with Russia, China, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Astana is the capital and Almaty is the largest city and considered to be a financial center of the country. The population of Kazakhstan is about, 16 million, which is low considering the large size of the territory. Nowadays Kazakhstan is known as a country committed to the principles of democracy and market-based economy. After the collapse of Soviet Union and over 20 years of transition period, Kazakhstan has developed into one of the leading economies within the Commonwealth of Independent Countries (CIS). This was achieved mostly because Kazakhstan is very rich for natural resources. Up to the present time, around, 160 oil and gas deposits have been discovered on the territory of the country. Business in Kazakhstan is often focused on the oil and gas sector, which has been responsible for the country’s strong economic expansion over the last decades. However, these are not the only strong sectors of Kazakhstani economy, it possesses almost a quarter of the world’s uranium reserves, holds leading ranks in reserves of barite, chromite, phosphate, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore and gold. Although, Kazakhstan’s economic growth is profoundly dependent on the oil and mining sectors, Kazakhstan is constantly undertaking efforts to build...
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...In particular, if the well-being of the country has any direct consequence on the number of teenage pregnancies. The aim of this investigation is therefore; “To what extent does HDI effect the rate of teenage pregnancy in a country?” Personal Expected Outcome I expect a correlation between the two chosen variables, HDI and teenage pregnancy . Although as I realize there are many factors such as religion, cultural beliefs, and economic situation, to name a few, that affect the rate of pregnancies among teenagers, it will be far from perfect. Meaning factors besides HDI. The correlation that I expect to see is that countries with a lower HDI will have a higher rate of pregnancies and vice versa. Plan of Investigation 1. I will make two separate graphs displaying the values of all 50 countries. One will show the HDI and the other teenage pregnancy. Arranged according to size of values. 2. Next I will take the 10 top and bottom values from the Teenage Pregnancy data set and HDI data set. Comparing them according to my hypothesis...
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...the western Chinese border with Kazakhstan taken by Rob Gifford, a National Public Radio reporter. In the book, the author describes not only signs of the booming urban economy everywhere in China but also some of the deep-rooted problems that could harm China’s growth. Key problem mentioned in the book is about government’s corruption and irresponsible local officials. Gifford’s adventure becomes more interesting when along the way Gifford meets many people with different characters such as citizens frustrated with government corruption, older people worrying about changes in Chinese culture and morality or young people unsure and excited about the future. Besides, he also takes part in some activities with the locals. For example, he rides with members of a Shanghai jeep club, or sings karaoke with migrant workers. Sum up, there are huge changes including economic growth, rich mixture of modern Chinese life, or closer commercial and cultural proximity between cities and rural towns in China. However, the country still has many frailties caused mainly from its government; local offices only focus on their benefits and never care about the locals. As a result, whether China will be really the next global superpower and whether it is as solid and powerful as it looks from the outside are questionable. 2. In your opinion, what is the most important contribution about China the authors have given the readers? To begin with, the economic in China is changing remarkably. Although...
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...PAKISTAN AND CHINA INTRODUCTION 1. Economic corridors have appeared as a significant tool of local cooperation and development in a globalized world. The name ‘Corridor’ suggests a passage that connects the two separate countries or regions. ADB defines ‘Economic Corridor’ as “they join economic lumps along a distinct landscape”. The impression is to increase economic expansion by connecting backward regions with more developed industrial hubs and to expand access to markets through the merger of trans-border production networks. 2. During the visit of Chinese Prime Minister to Pakistan from 22 to 23 May 2013, China proposed a ‘China-Pakistan Economic Corridor’ (CPEC or C-PEC) to connect Kashgar in China’s Xinjiang...
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...Very High Financial System Risk Moderate Low High Very Low Very High For information on companies followed Market Outlooks Copyright © 2011 by A.M. Best Company, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise. 1 AMB Country Risk Report Pakistan Regional Summary: South Central Asia • The region of South Central Asia, comprising the countries south of the Himalayans, is dominated in population and economic size by India. • Strategic in location, as it is bordered by China, Central Asia, and the Middle East, this region contains a cross section of cultures and histories and is prone to periods of regional instability, particularly between Pakistan and India. • Much of South Central Asia had been colonized by the United Kingdom prior to World War II....
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...Journal of World Business 37 (2002) 69±80 Eastern European cluster: tradition and transition     Gyula Bakacsi, Takacs Sandor, Karacsonyi Andras, Imrek Viktor1 Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, 1093 Budapest, Hungary Abstract The eastern European cluster consists of Albania, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. It has a population of 232 million and a gross domestic product (GDP) of U.S.$772 billion. The cluster's distinctive cultural practices are high power distance and high family and group collectivism. The region is facing signi®cant challenges during its period of transition from communist philosophy to market-based economies. The participating managers value a much greater degree of future and performance orientation, but are strongly attached to their cultural heritage of deep family and group cohesion. They are also highly value charismatic and team-oriented leadership. The challenges and complexities facing the region are explored in the paper. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1. Introduction This article provides an in-depth look at the eastern European culture. This region is understudied due to its socialist past and was not (with the exception of Greece and Yugoslavia), included in Hofstede's seminal work (1980) or basic reviewing and synthesizing study of Ronen & Shenkar, 1985 comparative study of 25 countries. Over the past few years, a few writers have examined cultural and...
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