...Jeffrey Robinson August 20, 2013 Abstract In this discussion we look at some of the history around frame-relay. We then look at some of the equipment necessary to create the frame relay connections, as well as how the connections work both logically and physically. Some limiting factors are discussed as well as committed information rates, burst rates, an error handling. Some of the positive aspects of frame-relay are identified along with some options for the future of WAN technologies. Frame-Relay Operating at the physical and datalink layers of the OSI model, frame relay is a high-performing WAN protocol. It was originally designed for use with ISDN integrated services digital network interfacing. It has evolved into being used on multiple types of network interfaces. In 1984 the initial proposal for frame-relay standardization was presented to the CCITT Consultative Committee on international telephone and telegraph. Because interoperability standards were lacking, frame-relay did not fully take off until the 1990s. In 1990 StrataCom, Northern Telecom, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), and Cisco created a consortium that focused on the technical development of frame-relay technology. While the CCITT was already discussing frame-relay, the consortium established specifications that while still conforming to the frame-relay protocol, enhanced the protocol with additional features to accommodate more complex internetworking environments...
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...Frame Relay Congestion Control CIS532004016-201003: Network Architecture and Analysis TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1- Introduction …………………………………………………………. 3 Chapter 2- Background …………………………………………………………. 4 Chapter 3- Review and Findings ………………………………………………. 11 Chapter 4- Conclusion …………………………………………………………. 12 References ……………………………………………………………………... 13 Frame Relay Congestion Control This document is a study of the principles of congestion control within the frame relay protocol. From examining existing congestion management efforts to up and coming possible solutions there are a multiplicity of efforts intent on solving network congestion issues. These efforts include work by independent research groups as well standards groups like the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and IEEE (802.1Qau - Congestion Notification). Congestion is defined as the condition in which demand exceeds available network resources (i.e., bandwidth or buffer space) for a sustained period of time. Congestion control deals with the resource allocation and traffic management mechanisms that avoid or recover from conditions causing congestive situations. (McDysan, Spohn (1999). The methods for congestion control in frame relay involve congestion management and avoidance. Congestion management attempts to make sure the network never experiences congestion. One method of management attempts to avoid congestion entirely. This involves network designers allocating proper resource...
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...medium-sized business that will need to consider WAN technology using Frame relay technology within the company for the future expansion to other towns and cities. The Frame relay analysis will include the operation of frame relay, what equipment is needed, what switching technologies are employed by frame relay and how frame relay is actually brought into the business premises. Frame Relay in a WAN Frame Relay Frame Relay is one of the most common WAN protocols. This high performance protocol operates at the Physical and Data Link layers of the OSI, performing any type of serial interface. This technology was developed at an attempt to resolve some of the communication problems that the other protocols would not. There was an increased need for higher speeds, an increased need for larger bandwidth efficiency, an increase in intelligent network devices that lower protocol processing, and the need to connect LANs and WANs. The Frame relay evolved passed the X.25 as a less careful, but less burdensome protocol designed to transmit packets across a network. (Horton, 2010) Frame relay is known all around the world in many different networks. There are many terms that describe and refer to Frame relay and Wide Area Networking in telecommunications. These terms are also noted when referring to Local Area Networking as well. The table below describes these terms. (Horton, 2010) Table 1 – Frame Relay Terms CIR Committed Information Rate – the minimum level of throughput...
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...Zelio Logic 2 Smart Relay User Manual SR2MAN01 11/2007 Table of Contents Safety Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 About the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Part I Initial Power up and Discovering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Chapter 1 Initial Power up and Discovering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Presentation of the Smart Relay Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics and Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Keys on the Front Panel of the Smart Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 17 19 20 23 Part II Functions Accessible from the Front Panel . . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Overview of the Functions Accessible from the Front Panel. . . . 31 Functions Accessible from the Front Panel of the Smart Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Input/Output Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Inputs-Outputs Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 TEXT and DISPLAY screen . . . . ....
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...PROJECT REPORT ON FUZZY CONTROLLER BASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME FOR POWER TRANSFORMER iii CONTENTS Page no. * ACKNOWLEDGEMENT (i) * CERTIFICATE (ii) * CONTENTS (iii) * ABSTRACT (iv) CHAPTER 1: 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 MOTIVATION FOR UNDERTAKING THE PROJECT. 1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT. CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE. CHAPTER 3: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT. CHAPTER 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULT. CHAPTER 5: 5.1 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULT AND CONCLUSION. 5.2 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULT AND CONCLUSION. REFERENC iv ABSTRACT The power transformer is an essential component of electrical power system that needs continuous monitoring...
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...received and the signal is decoded and given to the Microcontroller, which uses this information for displaying the alert message in the LCD as programmed, simultaneously a buzzer alert is given. Block Diagram Transmitter[pic] Receiver [pic] HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS • Microcontroller Unit and Power Supply • LCD • Alarm unit • RF transmitter and receiver SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS • Embedded C • Keil Compiler LIST OF HARDWARE MODULES: MODULE 1: Power Supply for 8051 Microcontroller MODULE 2: Encoder MODULE 3: RF Transmitter MODULE 4: Decoder MODULE 5: RF Receiver MODULE 6: Relay...
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...Programmable Logic Controllers: Programming Methods and Applications by John R. Hackworth and Frederick D. Hackworth, Jr. Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Ladder Diagram Fundamentals Chapter 2 - The Programmable Logic Controller Chapter 3 - Fundamental PLC Programming Chapter 4 - Advanced Programming Techniques Chapter 5 - Mnemonic Programming Code Chapter 6 - Wiring Techniques Chapter 7 - Analog I/O Chapter 8 - Discrete Position Sensors Chapter 9 - Encoders, Transducers, and Advanced Sensors Chapter 10 - Closed Loop and PID Control Chapter 11 - Motor Controls Chapter 12 - System Integrity and Safety Preface Most textbooks related to programmable controllers start with the basics of ladder logic, Boolean algebra, contacts, coils and all the other aspects of learning to program PLCs. However, once they get more deeply into the subject, they generally narrow the field of view to one particular manufacturer's unit (usually one of the more popular brands and models), and concentrate on programming that device with it's capabilities and peculiarities. This is worthwhile if the desire is to learn to program that unit. However, after finishing the PLC course, the student will most likely be employed in a position designing, programming, and maintaining systems using PLCs of another brand or model, or even more likely, many machines with many different brands and models of PLC. It seems to the authors that it would be more advantageous to approach the...
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...equal to the diameter of switch / sensing face. For object other than M.S. apply suitable correction factor CORRECTION FACTOR : Apply following correction factor (%) when object is other than Mild Steel. MS 100 SALIENT FEATURES : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Repeat Accuracy Hysteresis Grade of Protection Enclosure LED Indication Ambient temp : : : : : : 0.02 mm 3-10% IP 67. For block type: IP 55 Metallic (Nickel-Chrome plated brass) / stainless steel / plastic. Provided. 70 0C max. 4 CAST IRON 110 ALUMINIUM 45 COPPER 40 SS 85 BRASS 50 3d d d FLUSH NON FLUSH INDUCTIVE THREE WIRE & FOUR WIRE DC SWITCHES : SERIES : IPS D3 These are three /four wire Switches (+ ve, -ve and output) working on 10-40 V DC. and directly drives DC Relay. These switches are compatible with PLC modules...
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...* DISPENSER * IR LEDS * SENSOR * INDICATOR * LAVATORIES * PHOTOTRANSISTOR * INFRARED * GALLIUM * ARSENIDE * PHOTORESISTOR(LDR) * RELAY * TELEGRAPH CIRCUIT * PROTECTIVE RELAY * IC BURNER DISPENSER One that dispenses or gives out, especially a machine or container that allows the contents to be removed and used in convenient or prescribed amounts. IR LEDS An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength. Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors. The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED. To overcome this problem, the camera on a cellphone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit. SENSOR A sensor (also called detector) is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an (today mostly electronic) instrument. For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter. For accuracy...
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...SEQUENCE OF ELECTIRCAL OPERATION SEQUENCE OF ELECTIRCAL OPERATION The electrical sequence between a freezer and a cooler are wired almost the same except for a freezer has a defrost heater, defrost thermostat, and clock motor to be able to turn the compressor, evaporator and condenser fan motors off when the clock motor is in a defrost duration. When the clock motor clicks it stops sending power to the components I just listed above and then sends power through the thermostat and then to the defrost heater. Keep in mind every load as in the compressor and fan motors need a neutral. The reason we need a clock motor is to simply thaw the ice on the evaporator coil. When the evaporator coil thaws it creates water that drips onto the drain pan down the drain line. The drain line needs to have heat tape on it so the water in the line doesn’t freeze and eventually plug. And the reason the freezer will form ice as to where a cooler might just have some minor frost is because the temperature of the evaporator coil is lower than 32 degrees. So that is what’s different from the wiring to a cooler and a freezer. Now when the unit is plugged in and the thermostat is not calling for cooling, only the neutral from the plug will be powered to all of your loads. And the hot wire that comes from your plug to the clock motor is your switched hot, meaning when the thermostat rises on a rise in temperature it then sends power to the compressor and condenser fan. One thing that is the same between...
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...Kilgore Manufacturing Case Report | | | Kilgore Manufacturing, Inc Case Background – Kilgore Manufacturing, Inc.: Kilgore Manufacturing, Inc. is a small manufacturing company based out of St. Louis area that is looking to expand their business. They operate within the aerospace industries that are currently bidding on new contracts related to the strategic defense initiative. Currently, they are betting against three different companies for a contract to produce R-7 relay switches. Whoever has the highest bid while producing over the limit amount of switches will win the bid. If awarded the contract a quota of 600 switches must be met each day, if not a $5000 penalty will be accessed. The companies’ usual profit margin is $3.80 per relay switch. KMI’s goal is to determine whether they should implement the new or the old R-7 production process. Additionally, what is the minimum daily production level needed to produce a profit $1000 per day. Analysis: Recently, based on a suggestion from a plant worker Kilgore manufacturing changed their production process. The original method produced an average of 635 units with a standard deviation of 40. Their lowest production in a day was 494 and highest was 768. They did a 60 day trial run using the new method to determine if indeed it was a more efficient process. See Figure 1 below with the daily results of the 60 day trial: New Method Figure 1 As predicted the new method did start off slow due to the steep learning...
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...Electrical Symbols and Line Diagrams Chapter 3 Material taken from Chapter 3 of Electric Motor Controls, G. Rockis, 2001 One-Line Diagrams One-line diagram – a diagram that uses single lines and graphic symbols to indicate the path and components of an electrical circuit. One-line diagrams are used when information about a circuit is required but detail of the actual wire connections and operation of the circuit are not. 1 Line Diagrams A line (ladder) diagram is a diagram that shows the logic of an electrical circuit or system using standard symbols. A line diagram is used to show the relationship between circuits and their components but not the actual location of the components. Line diagrams provide a fast, easy understanding of the connections and use of components. Electric Motor Controls, G. Rockis, 2001 2 Electric Motor Controls, G. Rockis, 2001 Wiring Diagrams Wiring (connection) diagram – a diagram that shows the connection of an installation or its component devices or parts. Wiring diagrams show, as closely as possible, the actual location of each component in a circuit, including the control circuit and the power circuit. 3 Electric Motor Controls, G. Rockis, 2001 Manual Control Circuits Manual control circuit – any circuit that requires a person to initiate an action for the circuit to operate. A line diagram may be used to illustrate a manual control circuit of a pushbutton controlling a pilot light. A line diagram may be...
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...Relion® 615 series Transformer Protection and Control RET615 Product Guide Transformer Protection and Control RET615 Product version: 5.0 1MRS756891 H Contents 1. Description.....................................................................3 16. Inputs and outputs......................................................21 2. Standard configurations.................................................3 17. Station communication................................................22 3. Protection functions......................................................14 18. Technical data.............................................................27 4. Application...................................................................14 19. Local HMI....................................................................49 5. Supported ABB solutions.............................................18 20. Mounting methods......................................................50 6. Control.........................................................................19 21. IED case and IED plug-in unit......................................50 7. Measurements.............................................................20 22. Selection and ordering data.........................................50 8. Disturbance recorder....................................................20 23. Accessories and ordering data....................................51 9. Event log...
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...The Sonic Plaza is protected by the 1990 Federal Artist Rights Act which is a subset of the copyright law. Therefore, the piece has to be maintained in perpetuity since it is officially considered part of American and North Carolinian culture. It’s very instance, there are computers to maintain and upgrade, software to be written, and components to replace and possibly design. There are many ways to improve the whole system like, the sonic gates could more sync with the steps. They could use weight sensors on the steps which would allow the Arduino to sync with music system. This would allow the weight of person to activate the music system instead of person crossing the sonic gates. Water Wall functions on the solenoid contracting and release mechanism. Usually solenoids tend to get worn out .One way to improve is by changing the mechanism they work, using opto-isolator circuit. This will help eliminate noise and safe some voltage when solenoid contracts. Each of these operations uses a different form of technology, as the glockenspiel uses a MDI sensor. MDI is a port on a hub or switch used to connect to other switches without requiring crossover cables. The other type of software is the Arduino sensor, which is an open-source computer hardware company that design and manufactures kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world. DMI and Arduino are both sensors but DMI is programmed based on timing of the day, whereas...
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...large currents will flow, and the fuse link will melt, causing the circuit to open(when concerned economics. 6.what is dominant type of abnormal condition in power system. Short circuit. 7.What protective equipment are share among adjacent protective zones in power system Circuit breaker. 8.Is two level protection economically justifiable for any type of failure No, just for short circuit 9Distinguish between “a” and “b” relay contact .a for an open contact ;b for an closed contact 10. Define “pickup” value of relay actuating quantity When a relay operates to open a b contact or to close an a contact, we say that it "picks up 11 Define”reset” value of relay actuating quantity When a relay operates to close a b contact, or to move to a stop in place of a b contact, we say that it "resets 12 what is the role of “seal in”or “holding” coil in a relay? Briefly explain with a diagram In order to protect the contacts against damage resulting from a possible inadvertent attempt to interrupt the flow of the circuit tripcoil current, some relays are provided with a holding mechanism comprising a small...
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