...are reliable and valid. The following paragraphs will explore reliability, and validity. This paper will also explore data collection methods and data collection instruments that are used in human services research, and managerial research. Types of Reliability Reliability is defined as “the quality or state of being reliable; specifically: the extent to which an experiment, test, or measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials” ("Reliability," 2011). There are five types of reliability: alternate-form, internal-consistency, item-to-item, judge-to-judge, and test-retest reliability. Alternate-form reliability is the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Internal-consistency reliability is how reliable the test is as a whole or how judges score (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Item-to-item reliability and judge-to-judge reliability are almost the same. Item-to-item reliability is the reliability of any single item on average and judge-to-judge is the reliability of any singe judge on average (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). Finally test-retest reliability is the degree of stability of a measuring instrument or test (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008). All types of reliability are used in human services research. It is very important the researcher makes sure that the tests that he or she is using are reliable. For example the alternate-form reliability, if the researcher gave his or her participants a test that will...
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...When conducting research for an essay or research the researcher must have evidence that supports their writing from sources that can back up their ideas. If I can’t seem to find something creditable, resourceful I will not use the source. A couple of courses back that most reliable sources for the internet are .Gov .Edu. .Org .Mil. Com. Something’s you should look out for who is the author of the website and if the author doesn’t have credentials then the source is not reliable. I like to look a gossip columns about celebrities most of the time what they are saying is not true. Know if they say reliable sources then I might think it may be true. If a website seems old, it's probably best to steer clear. One way to check - look for a "last updated" date on the page or site. If a site looks poorly designed and inexperienced, chances are it was created by amateurs. This means the source is not reliable. But be careful - just because a website is professionally designed doesn't mean it's reliable. Many sources of information come from people or organizations that have a special interest in the information being presented. This can cause the information to be biased in a way that persuades the reader to believe the information being presented and form an opinion that shows favor to the reader or organization. Some drug companies tell you about all the benefits of their medication but not the side effects of the drug I think that why drug companies have a lot of people are suing...
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...Reliability and Validity Walter Boothe BSHS/382 April 23, 2012 Staci Lowe Reliability and Validity In human services, research and testing is conducted in order to provide the most effective program possible. Testing methods should have both reliability and validity. They should be both consistent and specific. This paper will discuss two types of reliability and two types of validity and provide examples of how each can be applied to human services research. Additionally, this paper will discuss methods of gathering data in human services, and why it is vital that these methods have reliability and validity. Reliability Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly (Cherry, 2010).Regardless of the reason for testing administering a test , in order for it to be reliable , the results should be approximately the same each time it is administered. Unfortunately, it is impossible to calculate reliability exactly, but it can be estimated in a number of different ways (Cherry, 2010). Two specific types of reliability are inter –rater reliability and internal consistency reliability. Inter –rater reliability is assessed by having two or more independent judges score the test (Cherry, 2010). The scores are compared to determine the consistency of the rater’s estimates. One way to test inter-rater reliability is to have each rater assign each test item a score (Cherry, 2010). Next, test administrators...
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...Reliability and Validity Paper Jessica Cruz BSHS/382 Angela Colistra April 16, 2010 Reliability and Validity Paper Reliability and validity are the two criteria are needed when conducting research in the human services field in which the researcher’s results would be ineffective and useless without reliability and validity. In this paper the types of reliability and validity will be defined and examples of each will be given. Examples will be given of a data collection method and what data collection instrument is used in human services and in managerial research. Reliability Reliability implies to consistency or stability but it may also imply dependability. There are many types of reliability that are used in research, beginning with Alternate-form reliability: The degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test and an example of this is when a psychosocial assessment’s questions are changed. Internal-consistency reliability: The overall degree of relatedness of all items in a test or all raters in a judgment study and an example of this is when a participant agrees that “I love hot days: and “I’ve enjoyed hot days in the past”, and disagreed with the statement “I hate hot days”. Item-to-item reliability: The reliability of any single item on average and an example would be two identical items such as coins. Test-retest reliability: The degree of temporal stability...
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... Maggie Boone Psychological Testing There are tests of every type that most people will have to take throughout their lives. There are driving tests, tests to get into college, tests in all varieties of schools and even in the workplace, when being hired or promoted. There are also tests in the world of psychology, including testing in schools and the workplace. Psychological testing will be defined, with a few different varying descriptions from a few sources, since there is not just one definition for this type of test. The major categories of tests will be described and the major uses and users of these tests will be identified. The concepts of reliability and validity will be compared and contrasted, and how they both impact the field of psychological testing will be discussed. Definition of the term “test” “The glossary of the authoritative Standards for Educational and Psychology Tests,” according to our textbook, “says that a test is an evaluative device or procedure in which a sample of an examinee’s behavior in a specified domain is obtained and subsequently evaluated and scored using a standardized process,” (Hogan, 2007, p. 12). The same source also says that psychological testing is defined as “any procedure that involves the use of tests or inventories to assess particular psychological characteristics of an individual, (Hogan...
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...Sampling and Data Collection To purchase this visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/BSHS435Week2SamplingandDataCollection/2788 Contact us at: help@mindblows.us BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data Collection in Research Paper BSHS 435 Week 2 • Student described observation and measurement as they relate to human services research. • Student addressed each of the following points in the paper: o Sampling • What is the purpose of sampling? • How can you avoid bias when selecting samples for human services research? o Data Collection • Describe the scales of measurement used in research • What are the types of reliability? Provide examples of the types of reliability as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • What are the types of validity? Provide examples of these types of validity as they apply to human services research or to human services management research. • Why is it important to ensure that data collection methods and instruments are both reliable and valid? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of: Telephone surveys Online surveys Focus groups Surveys via websites Which of the above examples of survey research you would like to use if you are collecting data and why? • The paper is 700 to 1,050 words in length. • The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. • The conclusion is logical, flows, and reviews the major points. BSHS 435 Week 2 Sampling and Data...
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...self administered questionnaires is low. preliminary notification is essential in self administered questionnaire because it will increase the response rate due to the following reasons. • • • Preparing the respondent through advance notice through letter/telephone. Notify closer to the questionnaire mailing time. Depends upon the infrastructure, nature of study, and the type of respondents. Question No: 37 ( Marks: 5 ) "Because literature survey is a time-consuming exercise, a good in-depth interview will be sufficient to develop a theoretical framework". Discuss this statement. The purpose of the literature survey is to ensure that no important variable is ignored that has in the past been found to have had an impact Note: Solve these papers by yourself This VU Group is not responsible for any solved content www.vuaskari.com Composed...
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...difficult attainable deadlines play an important role. Furthermore, there is a "gray-zone" in which clinical scientific researchers are influenced particularly by the pharmaceutical industry, leading to the writing of tendentious publications. (Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 2004). Over the last 25 years, a small but growing body of research on research behavior has slowly provided a more complete and critical understanding of research practices, particularly in the biomedical and behavioral sciences. The results of this research suggest that some earlier assumptions about irresponsible conduct are not reliable, leading to the conclusion that there is a need to change the way we think about and regulate research behavior. This paper begins with suggestions and support for more precise definitions of the terms “responsible conduct of research,” “research ethics,” and “research integrity.” It then summarizes the findings presented in some of the more important studies of research behavior, looking first at levels of occurrence...
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...Reliability and Validity During this paper the different types of reliability and validity will be discussed. Reliability and validity will then be applied to the Human Services profession in showing how they apply to the Human Services field. There will be two methods of data collection presented as well as why they are important to this field. Reliability is defined as: “the ability to be relied on or depended on, as for accuracy, honesty, or achievement” (Webster dictionary). The central method that reliability is measured is the test/retest theory. According to Carmine, “The more consistent the results given by repeated measurements, the higher the reliability of the measuring procedure; conversely the less consistent the results, the lower the reliability” (Carmine and Zeller pg 12). For example, a blood pressure machine can be used to test and re-test your blood pressure. When measuring one’s blood pressure repeatedly one will get similar results at that given time. Any measuring appliance is legitimate if it does what it is intended to do by giving consistent results on repeated measurements. Another common way in measuring reliability is by using Cronbach’s Alpha. According to Santos, “Cronbach's Alpha is a numerical coefficient of reliability. Computation of alpha is based on the reliability of a test relative to other tests with same number of items, and measuring the same construct of interest” (Santos, volume 32). Validity is defined as: “the state...
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...Survey Research and Data Collection Testing Dustin Sparks CJA345 March 14, 2016 Susan Wind Survey Research and Data Collection Testing “Survey research is a commonly used method for collecting information about a population or a research area of interest.” (Week 3 Podcast) In this paper we are going to discuss the different ways of collecting data, as well as how reliability and validity play a part in the research methods of criminal justice. We will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of certain survey distribution techniques, and how reliability and validity are important. Also in this paper, I will show you the importance of a police officer and their role in collecting data. There are many different ways that data is collected in the criminal justice system. Examples of these are with surveys and questionnaires, and Sampling. These are used to gather information about the area and the people in it. Surveys are made with premade responses to the questions asked. Questionnaires are made with open ended questions. “Questionnaire development is made of a series of steps. The first step would be deciding what information you are trying to receive, identify the participants taking the survey, selecting the methods of reaching the participants, question development. There are many advantages and disadvantages when it comes to the different forms of surveys. There are in Person, Telephone, Computer-Based, and Focus Group Surveys; just to name a few types....
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...A++PAPER;http://www.homeworkproviders.com/shop/psy-326-week-2-assignment/ PSY 326 WEEK 2 ASSIGNMENT PSY 326 Week 2 Assignment, Establishing Reliability and Validity. You are a psychologist working for a consulting firm that specializes in survey development. Your firm has been contacted by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (M.A.D.D.) to develop a survey that will identify teenagers who are at-risk for driving while intoxicated. M.A.D.D. has provided a list of questions that its research suggests will help to identify risk factors contributing to this behavior. M.A.D.D. needs your firm to work with its members to establish reliability and validity of this survey so that they can begin using it to establish risk in young adults across the nation. In a two to three page paper (excluding title and reference pages), discuss the steps that you would take to establish reliability and validity of this survey. Be sure to describe the type(s) of reliability and validity that you are attempting to establish as part of your consulting project. Your paper should include an introduction to these concepts, a clearly stated thesis for the development project, and a conclusion. You must use two to three scholarly, peer-reviewed sources published within the last five years, from the Ashford University Library to support your discussion in this assignment. For information regarding APA, including samples and tutorials, visit the Ashford Writing Center, located within the Learning Resources...
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...Classifying Abnormality Paper Alycia Moss PSY/410 September 7, 2011 Laurie Rhia Classifying Abnormality Paper Many efforts have been made to try to classify abnormal behavior, by utilizing some type of diagnostic categorizing system. These efforts have progressed from methods that vaguely lists disorders, to more thorough, modern methods, like DSM- IV- TR, this method lists numerous amounts of different mental disorders. Psychopathology is the study of mental illness, abnormal/maladaptive behavior. Psychopathology is a term commonly used in psychiatry whereas pathology relates to disease progressions. The standard classification system for psychopathology is the Diagnostic and Statistics Manual (DSM-1). The DSM is a manual, published by the American Psychiatric Association, listing the official diagnostic classifications of mental disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DMS-1) is the official manual listing psychiatric and psychological disorders. This manual was published by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952, takes its coding scheme from the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), which is a diagnostic manual for all medical diseases. The DSM was commonly used by physicians/medical professionals, insurance companies and many courts systems. Courts used the DSM to define and diagnose mental disorders, and the diagnostics code that was attached to the case would regulate insurance reimbursements...
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...CHAPTER 3 SELECTING AND USING ASSESSMENTS Introduction This chapter will address three issues: (a) the institutional assessment needs of workforce development organizations, (b) the assessment needs of individual youth to help make informed choices about their careers, and (c) the practical needs of practitioners for information about how to select and use different assessment tools. At the end of this chapter, Exhibit 3.1 contains information that can be used to help with the selection and use of assessments, including a directory of commonly used published tests. Meeting Institutional Assessment Needs Agencies and organizations in the workforce system use assessments to meet institutional needs in two ways-to determine a youth's eligibility for services and to document achievement of program goals by assessing the progress of program participants. The number of participants served and achievement of program goals can impact the amount of funding an organization receives. Funding for the youth programs considered in this guide may come from the Department of Education, the Department of Labor, other federal agencies, states, local governmental agencies, or a combination of these. Table 1.2 in Chapter 1 summarizes the eligibility and assessment requirements of IDEA, WIA Title I, and the Rehabilitation Act. More specific information on assessments mandated or permitted by several federal funding sources may be found in Appendix A. (Mandated assessments are...
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...Psychological Testing PSY/475 Psychological Testing In this paper the subject is to summarize the major assumptions and fundamental questions associated with psychological testing. The author begins by defining the term test. Next, the author describes the major categories of tests and identifies the major uses and users of these tests. Last the paper compares and contrasts the concepts of reliability and validity and discusses how they affect the field of psychological testing. The Standards for Education and Psychological Testing defines test as, “An evaluative device or procedure in which a sample of an examinee’s behavior (is) evaluated and scored using a standardized process” (Hogan, 2007, pg. 38). Anastasi and Cronbach, both traditional textbook authors, define the term test as, “an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior” and “a systematic procedure for observing behavior and describing it with the aid of numerical scales or fixed categories” (Hogan, 2007, pg. 38). In psychology, tests are used to make important decisions about an individual. Testing samples a person’s behavior, creates a standardized measure, and contributes in making important decisions about the individual taking the test. Testing is used in many different areas and is used to sample a person behavior, create a standardize measure, and contribute in making important decisions. For example, college admissions officers consult test score before admitting or rejecting...
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...Coker PSY /475 June 17, 2013 Telisha Williams Psychological Testing There are many types of testing toward garnering information regarding the psychological behavior of individuals. Professional psychologists make assessment tests in order to allow personnel, schools, psychologists. and other professionals gather information and assess the knowledge, or the psychological outlook of a person. This paper will give a light overview of psychological testing by defining the term “test”, describing a few of the major categories of tests while looking at reliability and validity and how psychological testing is affected by them. The definition of the word “test” is important to understand in order to go on with making tests and taking tests. The Merriam-Webster dictionary (2013) tells that a test is “critical examination, observation, or evaluation”…..”a basis for evaluation” (“test” 2013). That brings us to testing, which may be defined as a procedure or a group of questions to an individual or group. A test may try to prove something such as a hypothesis, or a test may try to evaluate intelligence or knowledge, and yet a test may try to determine an individual’s psychological being, the individual happiness, fear, or anxiety...
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