...between Religion and International Trade Hilal AKINCI, Yeditepe University, İstanbul 2014 The main aim of this paper is to show whether or not religion has impacts on international trade and how it does happen. To do so, researches about the topic will be covered and some worldwide statistics are gathered together. Empirical Studies There are few empirical studies about impacts of religion on international trade or its relationship with international trade. In shared research of Emilia Justyna Powell, University Alabama, and Stephanie J. Rickard, London School of Economics, impacts of Islamic law on international trade is examined. Two models which are monadic and dyadic techniques are used in this study. The main purpose of them to demonstrate whether or not countries governed by Islamic law are effected regarding their international trade although they believe that “the importance of countries’ legal systems for trade has declined over time, possibly due to the increased role of international arbitration bodies and/or the standardization of international sales contracts (Powell & and Rickard, 2010). This research is important as being the first direct test of the effect of Islamic law on countries’ trade relations. The researched draws our attention to the situation that trade can be conceptualized as the aggregate flow of goods and services between countries but in fact that flows are a series of contracts between buyer and seller countries. Enforcement of contract...
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...Crime Comparison Paper Christopher Shavers CJA 314 October 3, 2012 Michael Rutledge, Facilitator Crime Comparison Paper Introduction Hate crimes within the United States have become increasingly rampant. The federal government has established hate crime laws in each state except Wyoming. Each state has different definitions of what constitutes hate crimes. The most commonly known hate crimes consist of race, ethnicity, religion, and sexual orientation. Most of these crimes are committed by assailants who physically assault their victims. Many victims are also subject to have their property vandalized. (Nij, 2010). This paper will compare hate crime data from the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report on hate crimes that have been committed in Florida and Georgia during 2010. According to the FBI Uniform crime report, Gainesville Florida had the largest number of reported incidents out of the all the state enforcement agencies during the year 2010. There were a total of 136 incidents reported in the state of Florida. In Georgia seven law enforcement agencies submitted incidents totaling seventeen crimes. Gainesville Florida had a total of eleven incidents of hate crimes. The crimes were motivated by race, religion, and sexual orientation. Three of the incidents were motivated by race, four was motivated by religion, and two each was motivated by sexual orientation and ethnicity. The most occurrences of hate crimes occurred during the second quarter of the fiscal...
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...Allegations of the use of excessive force by U.S. police departments continue to generate headlines more than two decades after the 1992 Los Angeles riots brought the issue to mass public attention and spurred some law enforcement reforms. On Staten Island, N.Y., the July 2014 death of Eric Garner because of the apparent use of a “chokehold” by an officer sparked outrage. A month later in Ferguson, Mo., the fatal shooting of teenager Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson ignited protests, and a grand jury’s decision not to indict Wilson triggered further unrest. In November, Tamir Rice was shot by police in Cleveland, Ohio. He was 12 years old and playing with a toy pistol. On April 4, 2015, Walter L. Scott was shot by a police officer after a routine traffic stop in North Charleston, S.C. The same month, Freddie Gray died while in police custody in Baltimore, setting off widespread unrest. The policeman in the South Carolina case, Michael T. Slager, was charged with murder based on a cellphone video. In Baltimore, the driver of the police van in which Gray died, Caesar Goodson, was charged with second-degree murder, with lesser charges for five other officers. There have been no indictments in the earlier cases. These follow other recent incidents and controversies, including an April 2014 finding by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), following a two-year investigation, that the Albuquerque, N.M., police department “engages in a pattern or practice of use of excessive...
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...every United States (U.S.) citizen should be afforded whether in the work system or the justice system. With African American men being treated unfairly, it can directly affect my friends, neighbors, or co-workers. According to Fernando (2003), “Cultural diversity is the term given to a range of societies or peoples, with different origins, religions and traditions, all living in a specific region” (p. 1). The U. S. have a large population of different cultures and they have form a community which they live in and practice their cultural beliefs. As for African American, this group has communities that are populated with their group as well. This topic is important to cultural diversity because this is a particular group that are being singled out which is related to racial profiling. This is a diverse group that is being treated unfairly by law enforcement. They are a part of the minority with the majority is in control. This paper will provide information dealing with the frequency, reasons, end results, and propose resolutions that can end this crisis. Especially, finding out what have caused this outrageous law enforcement practice against...
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...Program Syllabus Semester I Paper - I Legal Theory - I Paper - II Constitutional Law - I Paper - III Research Methodology Semester II Paper - I Legal Theory - II Paper - II Constitutional Law - II Paper - III Law and Social Change ~YllabUS for tbe LL.M. Programme Note: The topic title of the syllabus is merely indicative. In order to keep up with the recent developments in law and the development of various concepts and ideologies, the subject faculty will supply detailed syllabus during the course of the scheme. The subject faculty will also supply the seminar topics for each student for each semester separately. The student should ensure that they are allotted the seminar topics in each of the subjects at the beginning of the semester itself. LEGAL THEORY I 1. Nature of jurisprudence 2. Meaning of Law 3. Natural Law theories 4. Classical Positivism 5. Pure Theory of Law 6. Analytical School of Law 7. Sociological School of Law 8. American Realism 9. Scandinavian Realism 10. Historical and Anthropological Jurisprudence 11. Marxist Theories of Law and State 12. Feminist Jurisprudence 13. Postmodernist Jurisprudence 12 SUGGESTED READINGS 1. Lloyd's introduction to jurisprudence 2. Jurisprudence by Dias 3. Jurisprudence by Mahajan 4. Jurisprudence by Bodenheimer 5. Jurisprudence by Wayne Morrison 6. Concept of Law H.L.A. Hart 7. Social Dimension of law by Julius Stone 8. Law in the Changing Society by Friedman 9. Law in the making by C.IZ. Allen...
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...a discriminatory practice by law enforcement officers of using individual’s race, ethnicity, religion among other traits as grounds for suspicion Racial profiling has particularly affected the black Americans and other minority groups. Research shows that these minority groups and especially the black Americans are overrepresented in the U.S. Criminal system despite the fact that they constitute just a small percentage of the total U.S. population. History of Racial Profiling in the United States Racial profiling is an old problem dating back to a number of centuries ago. The history of racial profiling is ingrained in a number of historical events that cast African Americans in an inferior light. In 1704, South Carolina created the first slave patrol in which white men oversaw black slaves on plantations as well as hunting down fugitive slaves. Black Americans, most of which were slaves had to produce passes as proof of having permission not to be in plantations, or if they had been emancipated, they were required to carry with them freedom papers to show that they were free. Black people were exposed to interrogations, harassments, physical torture and even death if they were found to have run away. Similarly to the modern racial profiling by the police force, a black person’s skin color as opposed to their actions formed the criterion for discriminatory treatment by the law enforcement system of the time (Rushing,2013)...
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...a discriminatory practice by law enforcement officers of using individual’s race, ethnicity, religion among other traits as grounds for suspicion Racial profiling has particularly affected the black Americans and other minority groups. Research shows that these minority groups and especially the black Americans are overrepresented in the U.S. Criminal system despite the fact that they constitute just a small percentage of the total U.S. population. History of Racial Profiling in the United States Racial profiling is an old problem dating back to a number of centuries ago. The history of racial profiling is ingrained in a number of historical events that cast African Americans in an inferior light. In 1704, South Carolina created the first slave patrol in which white men oversaw black slaves on plantations as well as hunting down fugitive slaves. Black Americans, most of which were slaves had to produce passes as proof of having permission not to be in plantations, or if they had been emancipated, they were required to carry with them freedom papers to show that they were free. Black people were exposed to interrogations, harassments, physical torture and even death if they were found to have run away. Similarly to the modern racial profiling by the police force, a black person’s skin color as opposed to their actions formed the criterion for discriminatory treatment by the law enforcement system of the time (Rushing,2013)...
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...a discriminatory practice by law enforcement officers of using individual’s race, ethnicity, religion among other traits as grounds for suspicion Racial profiling has particularly affected the black Americans and other minority groups. Research shows that these minority groups and especially the black Americans are overrepresented in the U.S. Criminal system despite the fact that they constitute just a small percentage of the total U.S. population. History of Racial Profiling in the United States Racial profiling is an old problem dating back to a number of centuries ago. The history of racial profiling is ingrained in a number of historical events that cast African Americans in an inferior light. In 1704, South Carolina created the first slave patrol in which white men oversaw black slaves on plantations as well as hunting down fugitive slaves. Black Americans, most of which were slaves had to produce passes as proof of having permission not to be in plantations, or if they had been emancipated, they were required to carry with them freedom papers to show that they were free. Black people were exposed to interrogations, harassments, physical torture and even death if they were found to have run away. Similarly to the modern racial profiling by the police force, a black person’s skin color as opposed to their actions formed the criterion for discriminatory treatment by the law enforcement system of the time (Rushing,2013)...
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...(Hindmarsh, 2000, p.1) This paper will focus on the long-standing history, the physical and emotional effects, law enforcement involvement, prevention and legal remedies regarding domestic violence. Domestic violence can involve more than just a physical act. This type of violence can be physical, emotional, verbal and/or sexual in nature. Domestic violence has taken major strides in the past few years including, but not limited to, advocates, shelters, harsher punishments, support groups, and public awareness involving law enforcement and the community. By raising awareness on this issue, law enforcement agencies can no longer “sweep the issue under the rug”. After being dispatched to a domestic violence situation, officers are responsible for calming the situation down, separating the parties, getting medical help, if necessary, arresting the abuser and getting the victim to a safe haven. I believe officers should encourage the victim to press charges against the abuser. If more victims would adopt this behavior, this could decrease domestic violence, especially if abusers are receiving harsher punishments for their acts. Domestic violence involves many different social psychology concepts. I have narrowed down those concepts to discrimination, social learning theory, and resource theory. Discrimination. Domestic violence does not discriminate against anyone. Any human being can become a victim to this type of violence; regardless of your gender, age, religion, ethnic...
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...Hate Crimes in American Society in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries Sample Student Research Paper Project of Sociology Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement…………………………………………….………….....Page 4 II. Introduction and Summary………………………………….………….....Page 4 III. Literature Review………………………………………………………....Page 6 IV. Methods………………………………………………………….......….. Page 16 V. Socio-Historical Analysis………………………………………………. .Page 18 A. 20th Century 1. Lynching 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Rodney King and the Los Angeles Riots 4. Matthew Shepard B. 21st Century 1. Post 9/11 2. Jena Six VI. Cause and Effect Analysis…………………………………………… ....Page 24 A. Causes 1. Prejudice a. Stereotypes b. Scapegoats c. Presence of Hate in American Culture d. Need for Status and Power 2. Reasons for Crime a. Sending a Message b. Thrill Seeking c. Defensive B. Effects 1. Psychological Trauma 2. Undo Social Progress 3. Community Unrest 4. Threat of Retaliation VII. Descriptive Analysis……………………………………………….........Page 30 A. Description of Victims 1. Bias against a Particular Race 2. Bias against a Particular Religion 3. Bias against a Particular Sexual Orientation 4. Bias against a Particular Ethnicity/National Origin 5. Bias against a Disability B. Description of Offenses and Offenders This must be your new section? VIII. Comparative Analysis…………………………………………………. Page 36 A. United States Justice Department Definition of Hate Crime B. International Justice...
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...Subject] [Date] Racial Profiling and Law Enforcement Introduction Over the years racial profiling has become a significant topic especially among law enforcement agencies across the United States. Many cities and states have made a conscious effort to study racial profiling and ascertain how race and ethnicity play a significant role in stopping vehicles by law enforcement in their jurisdictions. Profiling refers to the practice of police that view certain characteristics as indicators of criminal behavior. It is the establishment of law enforcement practices that solves crime and develop prevention strategioes against crime. While, racial profiling is the new term for profiling. The change is partially because of the ambiguity that racial profiling has some confusions and controversories. The term racial profiling best decribes the situation where police arrests, questions or stops the person on the basis of race (Cleary 5). In regards to the racial profiling, the concern about it is erupting in the entire nation (Harcourt 18). Racial profiling is considered as the use of the individual’s ethnicity and race through the law enforcement personnel. In many of the jurisdiction, the practice of such acts is considered as illegal and controversial. United States have decided to work on the issues related to the racial profiling, that how the ethnicity and race play a part in order to stop the injustice through the law enforcement in relevance to their jurisdictions (Welch...
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...Dell Roberson Research Process and Terminology Research Methods in Criminal Justice July 24, 2012 Abstract When people are learning about the criminal justice, they learn that research method and terminology plays a major role in the academic and law enforcement field. These research methods and terminologies used daily with the police officers or detectives for investigation cases. Effective research methods and terminologies also used by attorneys or paralegals in criminal justice field to open and close cases in the court. Research methods are the tools that identify the issues in criminal justice from its point of view and base on the nonscientific problem or issue. “Knowledge is why people create reality and describe by Comte. This paper tells different type of research methods that are applied in the criminal justice field and how the terminology involved with these types of research methods. Scientific Research in Criminal Justice In many criminal justice fields, the law enforcements start to gather the documents and data information. They begin to observe the information or facts about the crime. Many of them use a systematic method to check the information such as asking questions about who, what, where, when, why, and how of the crime. They begin to gathering the piece together, by the facts and determining if there is enough evidence for the case. The hypothesis takes a part...
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...In this paper I am going to assess one of the controversial issues regarding the juvenile justice system. I am also going to explain why the juvenile justice system should adopt the focus that I choose. I will try to explain how the specific focus that I have chosen affects everything from law enforcement to probation to intervention programs. Just about every young adult from any community knows that when they break the rules or do a crime, there are punishments that will follow. In the way that I am thinking, I think that the juvenile justice system should focus on punishment and work on rehabilitation when the punishment is done. Looking at the punishment side, it would take a big burden off of all law enforcement when a lot of these young adults that have done crimes are locked up for a while and the police can go on to other thing then just to try and help these young people do the right thing. Because law enforcement usually reflects general public prejudices, they can and are held accountable by the public. In addition, the general public expects a certain type of justice, either wrong or right, so that the punishment will fit the crime. There is much institutional and public skepticism over the findings and all the research done on punishment and institutionalization. The one factor is that changing the thought process or the way they act in large groups takes much longer then trying to change the thought process and behaviors of one person. Another issue...
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...Law State Constitution – LAWS 2501 T – Course Paper Topics Each of these three essay topics is intended to enhance your understanding of an aspect of this course. You are to select one topic below and write an essay on the topic- note: unless approved by me in writing papers on other topics will not receive a passing grade. You are expected to research and make sense of the topics independently; I won’t be able to answer “am I on the right track?” types of questions, or to comment on any drafts before your final copy is due on, or before, midnight November 25, 2013. Despite the foregoing, I am available for consultation on your paper, please contact me if you need assistance. Make sure you address the various aspects of the topic necessary to answering the question. You must independently assess how much space to devote to each aspect, depending on the importance it appears to have in the context of the question as a whole. The body of the paper’s text is strictly limited to between 10 and 12 double spaced pages. It is to be written in 12 point font, and include a title page, page numbers, footnotes, bibliography and citations following the Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (McGill Guide) format.Please note that overdue essays without valid excuse (e.g. death in the family, illness, injury) will be penalized 4% for each calendar beyond the deadline. Any paper more than seven (7) days late will automatically receive a failing grade. Essay Topic #1 On September...
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...duties, and leadership roles Melissa Carpenter Genesee Community College Author Note This paper was prepared for Administration in Criminal Justice 205, Section 99, taught by Professor Bushen Abstract: The journey of women in policing and police leadership has been long and strewn with obstacles and issues. The aim of this paper is to examine and discuss women in the policing. This paper will attempt to discuss the struggles and problems women face when taking a leadership role. This paper will give a brief history of the roles women played when first being introduced into the criminal justice system along with the roles they obtain now. When thinking of people in the criminal justice field especially that of police officers, chief of police, prosecutor, etc. many people often picture men in those positions. For many decades the criminal justice system was a male-dominated field and although men still hold a majority of these positions, more women are stepping up and taking initiative to lead in these areas. “In most cultures across the globe, males hold more power and privilege—both publicly and privately—than females. Men control more of the wealth, hold the highest position in government and industry, control the military, make more scientific and scholarly discoveries, and are more prominent in sports and entertainment than women” (Goodstein). This paper will discuss the roles of women in the criminal justice system and will attempt to explain their...
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