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Renaissance Art History

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Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venice, Italy
Franciscan monastery
Gothic church from the 1200’s, mammoth sized
For the Glorious Mary
Rood screen, choir screen, separates the clergy from the people of the mass—made by Venetian scholars

Rood Screen, Church of Santa Maria
Wonderful carving in marble, round arches
When made the altarpiece, had to take into account the huge size of church and the Rood screen, so rounded the edges to fit it right into the Rood Screen

Titian, Assumption of the Virgin, 1516-18, Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, Venice, Italy
Over 20feet high
Artist simplified the altarpiece because if there were busy details, the naked eye couldn’t see the piece and understand it from all the way in the back; three simple divisions
Simplified the color palette to the three primary colors
Features Mary in the middle, the focal point
Assumption of the Virgin: Mary is mortal; she cannot carry herself, after her funeral
Assention of Jesus: Jesus is divine, can carry himself up to heaven
Very vertical
God is nicely foreshortened
X composition here, in all of his works
Mary looks very young, way younger than at her death, and looks healthy, how they wanted to remember her; he idealized Mary
At the same time this is being painted, Raphael is painting Pope Leo X
People are attacking the very emphasis on paintings like this

History Lesson: Protestant Reformation
Pope Leo X had to deal with it
Before this, the whole church if all Catholic, always has been then there are splits (Protestants)
The protestors don’t want to leave the church, just want to reform the parts of the church that they don’t like, why it’s called the Reformation
Martin Luther: 95 Thesis, sale of indulgences, buy your way into heaven; and simony, could pay for clergy positions; the clergy was very wealthy; he felt faith was personal; trouble: we don’t need the Pope or all these rituals, or the 7 sacraments except for 2 or them; he said Pope Leo X was the anti-Christ; we don’t need the trappings of the church  finds the Lutherans
John Calvin  Presbyterians
John Wesley  someone else
Protestants are saying that there is too much attention on the Saints, on Legends, and should only be art from the actual Bible
1563: Councils of Trent, the Counter Reformation, this is the Catholic church defending its actions against the Protestants; did not back down and just added to it and the art of Saints; and said the Saints are important for two reasons—*(1) didactic, to teach, especially people that cannot read & (2) to inspire people to devotion, and these are the two reasons that have been there all along, but were actually stated at the Council. Did not back down on its imagery, but did clean up its act on some other things
Baroque is a total outgrowth of the Counter Reformation

Titian, Madonna and Child with a Female Saint and the Infant St. John the Baptist, 1530’s, Kimbell

Titian, “Venus” of Urbino, 1538, Uffizi, Florence, Italy
For Duke of Urbino
Would have been scandalous because you would not paint a girl in all her nudity and sensuality, but would hide her in a Goddess or something
Private delight of men, nothing Venus about her, no baby, nothing mythological
See more people choosing oil on canvas
Would put reddish brown on the underlay, very warm toned, and it permeates, so the flesh tone has a warm tone permeating  Titian red
Dog: fidelity
Not painterly

Titian, Danae, 1552-53, Prado, Madrid, Spain
Golden Coins to abduct young maidens and men, Jupiter
Brushwork is looser: painterly, when you can see the brushwork, get a sense of the hand of the artist
More expressive brushwork

Titian, Rape of Europa, 1559-62, Boston
Even more painterly
When Jupiter disguises himself as a Bull
Abductions
The Titian X
Very atmospheric in the background

Main Characteristics of the Baroque
Diagonal, Action, Movement

Titian, Man with a Glove, Louvre, Paris, France

Titian, Pietro Aretino, Pitti, Florence, Italy
Black backgrounds on both like Raphael
Master with likeness like Raphael, and implied texture also like him
Titian was vastly wealthy, never had a problem with Rising Status of the Artist, Emperor picked up one of his paint brushes
Lived a long time, 86 years old, obviously turning towards Jesus’s Death in
Titian, Christ Crowned with Thorns, 1570, Munich, Germany &
Titian, Pieta, 1576, Venice, Italy*
Very painterly
Buried in Church of Santa Maria Gloriousa dei
As neared the end of his life turned towards Jesus’ death Pieta is over his tomb for awhile
He is a Venetian painter
Painting within a painting to ask Mary to save them from the plague
Michelangelo, Last Judgment, 1536-41, Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Italy
Heavily muscled, larger than life, all these people are in Heaven with top row
Saint Bartholmy was flaid alive, holding a knife, holding his skin, Michelangelo’s self portrait
Mary and other women in bliss

Michelangelo, Pieta, c. 1547-55 (Duomo Florence)
Wanted this over his tomb, but never finished so never over his tomb
Went back to Florence to die & be buried
So different from his idealized Pieta in the Sistine Chapel, body is clearly broken, grief and pain
Face is a portrait of Michelangelo

Michelangelo, Pieta, 1554-64
Elongation
Very unfinished, very powerful work, put his signature on the piece, the second one that he signed it, because it’s completely different

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