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Renaissance

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文学理论基本名词解释汇总(附参考答案)
1、文艺学(略) 2、文学理论(略) 3、文学批评(略) 4、文学史(略)
5、文学活动(略) 6、马克思主义文学理论(略) 7、中国特色(略)
8、当代性(略) 9、生活活动(略) 10、人的本质力量的确证(略)
11、文学活动的“四个要素”(略) 12、文学本体论(略) 13、文学起源的劳动说(略) 14、物质生产与文学生产在发展上的“不平衡关系”(略) 15、广义文学(略) 16、狭义文学(略) 17、折中义文学(略) 18、一般意识形态性质(略)
19、审美意识形态性质(略) 20、话语(略)

21、话语蕴藉:
是对文学活动的特殊语言与意义状况的概括,指文学作为社会性话语活动所包含的丰富的意义生成可能性。主要有两层意思:一是整个文学活动带有话语含蕴性质,二是具体的本文带有话语含蕴性质。

22、文学:
是显现在话语含蕴中的审美意识形态。

23、主导性与多样性(略) 24、社会主义新人形象(略) 25、百花齐放、百家争鸣(略) 26、推陈出新(略) 27、人民性(略) 28、精神生产(略)
29、艺术生产(略) 30、文学创造的客体(略) 31、文学创造的主体(略)

32、材料:
作家有生以来从社会生活中所获取的一切生动、丰富但却相对粗糙的刺激和信息。

33、艺术发现:
作家依据自己的理想、审美原则,从所观察的事物中发掘出的一种独特的感知。

34、创作动机:
驱使作家投入文学创作活动的内在动力。

35、艺术构思:
作家以各种心理活动和艺术概括方式创造意向及其序列的过程。

36、直觉:
省略了推理过程而对事物或现象作出的直接判断和认知。

37、灵感:
在创造性思维过程中认识发生飞跃的心理现象。

38、综合:
作家围绕一个中心意念,加工、改造许多旧材料,使之揉合成一个新的有机的艺术形象的过程。

39、突出:
在创作中,作家调动各种材料加工中心意象或意念,使之比周围其他意象更为明确、清晰,更加与众不同。

40、简化:
作家故意少说几句,略去细节而抓住主干,形神兼备地传达出中心意象或意念的主要特征的构思方式。

41、变形:
作家驰骋自己的想象力,以违反常规事理的方式创造意象。

42、陌生化:
在创作中,作家把与人太切近的事物或现象当成是第一次看见,无法称呼,不得不进行的指称的描写,以造成似曾相识的生疏感。

43、即兴:
在某一刺激或内在冲动的支配下,作家兴会来临,迅速完成作品的状况。

44、推敲:
在文字操作过程中,作家反复斟酌,选择、调动词句,以求妥帖地传达意象的过程。

45、艺术真实:
是文学创造的基本原则之一,要求作家以主观性感知与诗艺性创造,在其营构的假定性情境中表现对社会生活内蕴、特别是那些本质性、规律性的东西的认识和感悟。这是一种主观的真实,诗艺的真实,假定的真实,内蕴的真实;它既不像生活真实那样与生活本身是同一的,又不像科学真实那样能够验证和还原。

46、艺术概括:
是文学创造的基本原则之一,要求作家依据自己的体验和认识对个别或特殊的事物加以独特处理,在主体与客体统一的基础上,创造出具有鲜明的个性和普遍性的艺术形象。

47、情感把握:
是文学创造的基本原则之一,要求作家对自己的创作对象作情感性体验和评价。情感把握作为一种主体心理过程,内隐着人的政治、经济、文化、伦理、宗教、审美等社会性需要,以及由此而形成的对社会生活的情感性评价。

48、形势创造:
是文学创造的基本原则之一,要求作家赋予自己的创作对象以艺术形式。形势创造既体现为对内容的内在结构的把握,又体现为利用语言材料及艺术手段(结构、体裁、韵律、表现手法)对内容的外在形态的追求。

49、艺术形式:
是文学作品的存在方式与形态,是语言材料及各种艺术手段的有机组合。

50、现实型文学:
是一种侧重以写实的方式再现客观现实的文学形态。
从两个方面理解:一是再现客观现实。这是现实型文学的主旨。它强调立足客观现实,正视现实,忠实现实,对现实作冷静的观察、分析,直接揭示现实矛盾。二是写实的方式。这是现实型文学的主要艺术手段。现实型文学具有写实的逼真性。它按生活中各种事物的本来面目,进行精细逼真的描绘。它以描写见长,描写不夸张,不变形。客观事物感性状貌和细节的真实,是它的特色。

51、理想型文学:
是一种侧重以直接抒情的方式表现主观理想的文学形态。
从两个方面理解:一是表现主观理想。这是理想型文学的主旨。它突出的主观因素,具有明显的理想主义色彩。它艺术地创造一个理想的世界,表达作家超越现实的主观愿望。二是直接抒情的方式。这是理想型文学的主要艺术手段。它的情感态度主要以直抒胸臆的方式表达出来,而不像现实型文学那样不动声色地将情感隐藏在客观事物的描绘之中。

52、象征型文学:
是一种侧重以暗示的方式寄寓审美意蕴的文学形态。
从两个方面理解:一是寄寓审美意蕴。这是象征型文学的主旨。这种意蕴或是侧重客观现实,或是侧重主观感受,都往往有某种超出具体、个别现象的抽象、概括、朦胧的性质。二是暗示的方式。这是象征型文学的主要艺术手段。它侧重以间接的方法去暗示客观规律和主观感受。往往塑造变形、虚拟的假定性形象,启发读者去体味象外之意。
需要说明的是,象征型文学不是个别词句、形象、段落具有象征性,而是整个作品的形象体系具有寓意性的象征意义。整体象征与个别的象征手法不同。象征手法是指作品中局部性的寓意描写,通过描写某种具体事物来暗示、喻指另一种事物或观念意绪。这种局部象征,在现实型、理想型文学中也是存在的。而象征型文学则在整个作品中塑造一个统一的象征体系。它的暗示、象征,不像个别词句、形象的象征那样有明确的(往往是单一的)寓意,而是具有多义的、朦胧的、深邃的含义。

53、诗:
是一种语词凝练、结构跳跃、富有节奏和韵律、高度集中地反映生活和表达思想感情的文学体裁。
从三个方面理解:(1)凝练性、诗语词精粹,篇幅短小,高度集中、概括地反映生活。(2)跳跃性。其结构安排遵循情感、想象逻辑,超越时空限制,不注重情节、事件的连续性。(3)节奏、韵律性。诗有节奏——诗句中长短、强弱不同的音节有规律的变化;有韵律——同韵母的字在相同位置上有秩序的重复。虽然诗也可以不押韵,但与小说、散文等比较来看,押韵恰是它的一大特点。其节奏、韵律在表现情感意味上具有重要的功能。

54、小说:
是一种侧重刻画人物形象、叙述故事情节的文学体裁。
从两个方面理解:(1)刻画人物形象。诗和散文可以不写人物,而小说必须写人物。它在刻画人物方面拥有更丰富的表现手段,不像剧本那样受舞台时空限制,局限于以人物台词展示性格,也不像报告文学那样受真人真事约束。(2)叙述故事情节。小说篇幅可以随故事内容无限度地增加长度,容量非常大。其情节比叙事诗、叙事散文、戏剧、报告文学都更完整和复杂。

55、剧本:
是一种侧重以人物台词为手段,集中反映矛盾冲突的文学体裁。
从两个方面理解:(1)以人物台词为手段。小说可以利用叙述人的话语来直接叙述生活事件,描写人物的思想感情、心理活动,以及介绍、分析、议论人物和事件。而剧本则不允许作者出面,一般不能有叙述人的言语,只能靠人物自身的言语塑造形象。离开了台词就没有了剧本。(2)集中反映矛盾冲突。戏剧舞台时间、空间的限制要求剧本集中地反映生活中的矛盾冲突,并使之达到剧烈程度。矛盾冲突不集中、不剧烈,剧情的发展必然会缓慢。矛盾冲突的集中展开也为人物展示性格提供了充分条件。戏剧的观众性也要求以剧烈的冲突吸引观众的审美注意力。

56、散文:
是一种题材广泛、结构灵活、注重抒写真实感受、境遇的文学体裁。
从三个方面理解:(1)题材广泛。一般来说,只有比较完整的生活事件和人物形象才可以入小说;只有含有集中的矛盾冲突的生活现象才可以入戏剧;而散文则不必以某个人物为中心,不必叙述完整的故事情节,而往往摄取生活中的一个片断、侧面,写人、写景、叙事、咏物,无所不可。(2)结构灵活。与诗、小说、剧本等较规范的程式相比,散文的结构没有严格的限制和固定的模式,灵活、随意,是其特色和长处。(3)抒写真实感受、境遇。不同于小说、剧本的虚构,散文注重叙实事,写实物,记真人。而和同样强调纪实的报告文学相较,散文更侧重于作者的真实感受,以情韵胜。

57、报告文学:
是一种在真人真事的基础上塑造艺术形象、及时反映现实生活的文学体裁。
从三个方面理解:(1)记真人真事。它不虚构人物、情节,而是以现实生活中的真人真事为描写对象。(2)塑造艺术形象。这是强调其艺术性、文学性。报告文学必须塑造丰满生动的艺术形象,既要有生动、形象的细节描绘,、又要有鲜明的性格特征。(3)及时性。它以最快的速度把生活中刚发生的激动人心的事件及时地传达给读者,如果发表不及时,就削弱了它的独特的新闻价值。

58、典型:
是文学形象的高级形态之一,是文学话语系统中显示出特征的富于魅力的性格。典型一般又称典型人物或典型性格。作品中人物的典型性,它的性格特征和艺术魅力都是通过“卓越的性格刻画”来实现的,在人物塑造时处于艺术表现的中心地位。

59、特征化:
是写实性作品中最基本的表现方法,即作家珠柱生活中最富有特征的东西,加以艺术强化、生发的过程。“特征”,可以是一句话、一个细节、一个场景、一个事件、一个人物或一种人物关系,高明的作家可以通过特征化使之变为传世之作。

60、意境:
是文学形象的高级形态之一是指抒情型作品中呈现的那种情景交融、虚实相生的形象系统及其诱发和开拓的审美意象的空间。它是我国古典文论独创的一个审美范畴,也是我们民族抒情文学审美理想的集中体现。

61、意象:
这里主要指审美意象,是文学形象的高级形态之一,是指以表达哲理观念为目的,以象征性、荒诞性为其基本特征的达到人类审美理想境界的表意之象。

62、叙事学(略) 63、行动元与角色(略) 64、表层结构与深层结构(略)
65、本文时间与故事时间(略) 66、叙述者的声音(略)

67、情节:
是按照因果逻辑组织起来的一系列事件,情节应当体现出人物行为之间的冲突。

68、叙述频率:
是指叙事作品中本文话语与故事内容之间的重复关系,包括事件的重复(即反复出现相似的事件)和话语的重复(即对一个事件反复叙述)两种重复关系。

69、视角:
是指作品对故事情节内容进行观察和讲述的角度。传统上区分视角主要是从人称划分,即第一人称叙述与第三人称叙述,但同时应注意到在不同人称的叙述视角中,都存在着内在视角与外在视角的差别。在有些作品中,叙述视角是可变化的。

70、抒情:
指以形式化的话语组织,象征性地表现个人内心情感的一类文学活动,它与叙事相对,具有主观性、个性化和诗意化等特征。作为一种特殊的文学反映方式,抒情主要反映社会生活的精神方面,并通过在意识中对现实的审美改造,达到心灵的自由。抒情是个性与社会性的辩证统一,也是情感释放与情感构造、审美创造的辩证统一。

71、抒情性作品:
指以表现作者个人主观情感为主、偏重审美价值的一类文学作品。与叙事性作品相对,抒情性作品具有丰富的情感意味和审美特征,是由情感内涵和抒情话语直接融合而成的整体。抒情性作品的主要体裁是抒情诗、散文、杂文等,另外,中国戏曲文学也以抒情写意为主。

72、抒情话语:
是一种表现性话语。它是抒情内容直接融入其中的、不同于普通话语系统的特殊语言组织形式,具有象征性地表现情感的功能。抒情话语通过类似音乐的声音组织和富有意蕴的画面组织来表现复杂微妙的主观感受过程。与普通话语相比,抒情话语突出了直接呈示情感运动形式的表现功能,时常打破日常语言规范,既经济、精炼而又具有复杂化、陌生化的特征。

73、抒情话语的修辞:
指抒情作者为创造审美化的抒情话语而采用的特殊用语方式。主要有比喻、象征、倒装、歧义、夸张、对比、借代、用典等。

74、抒情角色:
指抒情作者在抒情性作品中表现情感时所处的地位。常见的抒情角色有第一人称的抒情、代言式的抒情和叙事者的抒情。

75、抒情性作品的结构:
指抒情性作品的构成要素及其相互关系。抒情性作品的构成要素主要有声音、画面、情感经验。在一般情况下,抒情性作品由这三个要素相互融合而成。声情并茂、情景交融是抒情性作品的完美结构形态。

76、声情并茂:
指抒情话语的声音组织与其表现的情感内涵相互协调融合的状态。具体表现为,抒情性作品中,音调与情调、节奏与情感运动形式的高度一致,直接可感的声音组织成为抒情内容生动有力的象征性表现。

77、情景交融:
指抒情性作品中描写的景物(画面)与情感内涵水乳交融般地结合。具体表现为抒情性作品中的景是情中之景,情是景中之情,写景之语成为象征性表现情感的写情之语。

78、节奏:
指一种有规律的、连续进行的完整运动形式。用反复、对应等形式把各种变化因素加以组织,构成前后连贯的有序整体(即节奏),是抒情性作品的重要表现手段。节奏不仅限于声音层面,景物的运动和情感的运动也会形成节奏。

79、隐喻:
指不用喻词,喻体与喻本直接结合的比喻方法。

80、象征:
指以具体事物(意象)间接表现思想感情的一种修辞方式,具体表现为不是用词语直接表现而是暗示情感意义的纯意象性抒情话语。

81、文学风格:
就是作家创作个性与具体话语情境造成的相对稳定的整体话语特色。文学风格是主体与对象、内容与形式的特定融合,是一个作家创作趋于成熟、其作品达到较高艺术造诣的标志。作家作品风格是文学风格的核心和基础,但也包括时代风格、民族风格、地域风格、流派风格等内涵。

82、创作个性:
是作家在创作实践中养成并表现在他作品中的性格特征。这种性格特征,是作家世界观、艺术观、审美趣味、艺术才能及气质秉赋等综合形成的一种习惯性行为方式的表现。它制约和影响着文学风格的形成和表现。

83、话语情境:
指本文中由语词、体裁、结构和形象等构成的具体话语环境。作家的个性和作品的风格就是通过这种话语情境体现出来的。不同的语词。可以表现不同的格调、色彩、气势和节奏;不同的体裁具有不同的体势和效果;完美统一的结构,才能造成显示风格的艺术整体;形象创造包括题材选择、主题提炼、人物刻画、环境描写,是表现作品风格的主要内容。

84、简约:
是力求语辞简洁扼要的文体风格。其特点是简洁洗练,单纯明快,辞少意多。简约不是简单摹写,也不是简陋肤浅,而是经过提炼形成的精约简省,富有言外之意。其弊在容易流于郁而不明的晦涩。

85、繁丰:
是不节约辞句、任意衍说、说到似乎无可再说而后止的风格形态。其特点是内容充实,辞藻丰富,描述详尽,篇幅较大。其弊在于容易流于冗长。

86、刚健:
是刚强、雄伟的风格形态。刚健的作品,气势豪迈壮阔,感情奔放激烈,笔力刚健遒劲,境界雄奇浑厚,具有阳刚之美。

87、柔婉:
是柔和优美的风格形态。柔婉的作品,内在和美,外表秀丽,抒情表意曲折委婉,具有阴柔之美,给人闲静和谐的感受。

88、平淡:
是少用辞藻、务求清真的风格形态。平淡的作品,其特点是单纯通俗,质补冲淡,给人平时而悠远的感受。

89、绚烂:
是尽遣辞藻,直逼富丽的风格形态。绚烂的作品,往往追求繁华奇艳,色彩绚烂。

90、谨严:
是指那种构思严密、文笔精细的风格形态。谨严之作一般庄重严肃,在表现上,有时比较含蓄甚至拘谨。

91、疏放:
是指那种似乎遵循自然,不加雕琢、不论粗细、文思放纵、率意挥写的风格形态。疏放之作往往谐趣不羁,随和畅达。

92、文学消费(略) 93、文学传播(略) 94、大众传播媒介(略)
95、文化市场(略) 96、消费心理(略) 97、高雅文学(略)
98、大众文学(略) 99、文学的认识属性(略) 100、文学的审美属性(略)
101、文学的文化属性(略)

102、文学接受:
是一种以文学本文为对策、以读者为主体、力求把握本文深层意蕴的积极能动的阅读和再创造活动,是读者在特定审美经验基础上对文学作品的各种价值、属性和信息的主动的选择、接纳、消化或扬弃。

103、期待视野:
在文学阅读之先及阅读过程中,作为接受主体的读者基于个人和社会的复杂原因,心理上往往会有一个既成的结构图式。读者的这种据以阅读本文的既成心理图式,就叫期待视野。在具体的文学阅读过程中,这种期待视野主要呈现为文体期待、形象期待和意蕴期待这样三个层次。

104、接受心境:
在现实生活中,人们总是处于一定的情绪状态中。在文学阅读活动开始时,这种生活中的情绪状态不可能截然中断,必然会伴随读者进入阅读过程,影响阅读效果。读者的这种影响阅读的情绪状态,就叫接受心境。

105、隐含的读者:
是相对于现实读者而言的,指本文自身设定的能够按照作者的创作动机,理解作者的本义,把本文的可能性加以具体化的预想读者。

106、正误与反误:
二者均是对作品的误读,但性质与效果绝然不同。正误是指读者的理解虽然与作者的创作本义有所牴牾,但作品本身,客观上却显示了读者理解的内涵,从而使得这种“误解”看上去又切合作品实际,令人信服。反误是指读者自觉或不自觉地对文学作品进行的穿凿附会的认知与评价,包括对作品菲艺术视角的歪曲等。

107、共鸣:
是文学接受进入高潮阶段的一个标志,通常包括两种含义:一是指在阅读文学作品时,读者为作品中的思想情感、理想愿望及人物的命运遭际所深深打动,从而形成的一种强烈的心理感应状态;二是指不同的读者,包括不同时代、阶级和民族的读者,在阅读同一作品时,可能产生大致相同或相近的情绪激动和审美趣味趋同现象。

108、净化:
是文学接受进入高潮阶段的又一标志,指读者在阅读文学作品并与之形成共鸣后,不由自主地达到精神调节、情绪排遣、杂念去除和人格提升的状态。

109、领悟:
是文学接受进入高潮阶段的一种更高境界,是指读者在阅读文学作品,与之形成共鸣,并达到净化后进入的更高阶段,包括潜思默想、洞悉宇宙奥妙、体悟人生真谛和提升精神境界等状况与过程。

110、延留:
是文学接受进入高潮阶段后的一种可能的心理延续和留存状况,即文学作品在引发了读者的共鸣,使读者达到净化和领悟后,继续留存于其脑际并使其不断回味的状况。

111、文学批评:
是文学接受活动中的一种能动的意识形态评价行为,即站在一定立场、根据一定的文学理论思想以文学作品为主要对象并兼并一切文学活动和文学现象的理性分析、评价和判断。

112、伦理批评(略) 113、社会历史批评(略) 114、审美批评(略)
115、心理批评(略) 116、语言批评(略) 117、文学批评的标准(略)
118、文学批评的思想标准和艺术标准(略) 119、文学批评形态(略)
120、文体批评(略)

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