...My topic is on the HPA activation in response to stress and its side effects on the body, both short and long term. Stress in something we’ve all experienced and although many of us are aware of how it affects us in the moment, we often don’t think about the long term physically, physiological, and neurological affects is has on our bodies. As a psychology major, the HPA axis is something I’ve encountered in many of my courses and although I understand the basics of it and some of its long term effects; I find the need to explore this into further depths in order to understand how it affects someone in my position, a college student. Not only would I like to explore the HPA axis, the mechanism of its activation and side effects, but I would...
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...relieves pain. They are sometimes used in the treatment and management of cervical nerve root injuries. Other usages include treatment of joint arthritis, bursitis, tendinitis, and many other painful conditions. Nerve injuries such as brachial plexus neuropraxia, also known as a “stinger” or “burner”, involve the cervical nerves usually 5 through 7 and the brachial plexus. Stingers can be caused by stretching, traction or compression of the brachial plexus nerves. Injury results in shooting pains from the neck down the arm out to the fingertips. Sometimes numbness and muscle weakness are present in the affected area. These injuries may produce severe complaints, as they do cause very sharp pain to radiate through the arm. When treating a stinger the first goal is to relive that pain. When physicians are presented with that task some evidence is showing that corticosteroids may be a safe way to successfully return an athlete to play following one of these injuries. There is an increased risk of getting a “stinger” in sports such as football and wrestling. The cervical nerve roots and the brachial plexus come in contact with a lot of stress during these competitions. In football we see that contact from hard hits or direct blows to the neck and shoulder cause traction or compression to those nerves causing damage. In wrestling it is common to see cervical injuries from repetitive stress to the area. Unlike football there are not much direct blows to cause the stinger, there...
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...7/21/2015 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Degenerative Cognitive Diseases Buck (2011) conducted an advanced review of current literature involving the growing issue of repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (MTBI) and its long lasting effects on creating degenerative cognitive diseases titled Mild Traumatic Brain Injury; A Silent Epidemic in Our Practices. MTBI can cause a host of degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia pugilistica, as well as a multitude of sensory, emotional, behavioral, communicational, and intellectual issues. These can range from difficulty regarding memory or speaking to depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Repeated MTBI has proven to especially dangerous as it is often more difficult to diagnose due to the relatively minor immediate implications that it presents, as opposed to the more blunt and obvious symptoms of severe or moderate TBI. Buck (2011) states that “A diagnosis of severe or moderate TBI is relatively straightforward given the availability of diagnostic technology, including computer tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging. Mild injuries, however, are far more difficult to diagnosis”. This is due to an underreporting of MTBI by those who suffer from this variety of head trauma as the symptoms may be subdued enough in order to not cause an alarm as well as current technology not being able “to reliably detect the neural damage that occurs in mild injuries”. Another major point...
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...Epilepsy Temporal lobe epilepsy; Seizure disorder Last reviewed: March 28, 2011. Epilepsy is a brain disorder in which a person has repeated seizures (convulsions) over time. Seizures are episodes of disturbed brain activity that cause changes in attention or behavior. See also: Seizures Causes, incidence, and risk factors Epilepsy occurs when permanent changes in brain tissue cause the brain to be too excitable or jumpy. The brain sends out abnormal signals. This results in repeated, unpredictable seizures. (A single seizure that does not happen again is not epilepsy.) Epilepsy may be due to a medical condition or injury that affects the brain, or the cause may be unknown (idiopathic). Common causes of epilepsy include: * Stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) * Dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease * Traumatic brain injury * Infections, including brain abscess, meningitis, encephalitis, and AIDS * Brain problems that are present at birth (congenital brain defect) * Brain injury that occurs during or near bith * Metabolism disorders that a child may be born with (such as phenylketonuria) * Brain tumor * Abnormal blood vessels in the brain * Other illness that damage or destroy brain tissue Epilepsy seizures usually begin between ages 5 and 20, but they can happen at any age. There may be a family history of seizures or epilepsy. Symptoms Symptoms vary from person to person. Some people may have simple staring spells, while...
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...Basketball-Related Injuries Basketball is the fourth leading cause of injury in organized community sports, although more than three out of four of basketball injuries are minor, an injury may require surgery. The ankle and knee are the most commonly injured. Basketball is a popular sport, but the sport has a risk for injuries that can be prevented and/or treated. During basketball games and practice, injuries can result in bruises, sprains, and spasms. Ankle injuries are the most common injuries in basketball. An ankle injury can be caused by overuse and excessive training on the ankle. The most common foot/ankle injury is the Achilles Tendinitis. The ankle is made up of 3 parts; tibia, fibula, and the talus. Where the calf muscles combine...
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...violence, isolation, economic, and coercion as well as intimidation (Newacheck & Halfon, 2007). It occurs in both heterosexual and homosexual relationships. Domestic violence especially violence against pregnant women, is still a shamed subject despite the fact that it is a severe public health issue that threatens both the unborn child and the mother's outcome. Women who are assaulted while pregnant are at a greater risk for putting off health care needs. Domestic violence allows the perpetrator to gain control of the victim through intimidation and fear. In addition, it has a positive correlation with alcohol and drug abuse. Overview/Pregnancy Assaults on pregnant females are focus attacks that can end in serious injury or death to the mother to be and unborn child. In the United States the number one cause of death among pregnant women are...
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...tissues. Or, spinal misalignment can cause nerve tissue to stretch, chafe or become irritated. This can distort nerve messages between the body and the body, which causes hyperactive organ function, high blood pressure or even pain. After education everyone on subluxations and the enormous stress they can cause to one’s body, he then shifted his focus back to Chiropractic’s purpose in optimal healthcare. He repeated several times how Chiropractic care focuses on the spine because it is the most vulnerable part of the nervous system. Since chiropractic care depends on the healing abilities of each patient, results can vary from patient to patient. Everyone respond differently. Some detect changes in a few short days or weeks while others may take weeks to month before showing progress. I am a huge advocate for comparing the Chiropractic model of optimal healthcare to the medical model of sick care. The Doctor next explained how the medical approach puts chemicals into the bloodstream to change the way the body works. Laxatives to speed up...
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...Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries that affect a person’s body movements or musculoskeletal system. The musculoskeletal system includes muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels. Some common MSDs are carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, and repetitive strain injuries. MSDs are common and costly problems for people and companies across the world. MSDs are the single largest category of workplace injuries and are responsible for 33% of all workers’ compensation costs. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when the nerve in the wrist compresses and travels through the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel is the narrow passage in the wrist that protects the median nerve, one of the most important nerves in your hands. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include pain, numbness, and tingling in all your...
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...is now being used in a quite different way. And more and more people are giving their attention to the problem of how bullying can be reduced in the community at large, and especially in schools where educating young people about how they should use and not abuse their power has become a matter of vital concern. I happen to think that much of our work in tackling bullying is hamstrung by arguments and disagreements about how we should define 'bullying.' I hope it may be useful to think about how people have sought to define the word. Appealing to the widespread, deeply-seated dislike of bullies, Tattum and Tattum (1992) proposed the following definition. "Bullying is the wilful, conscious desire to hurt another and put him/her under stress" Thus bullying was conceived as a desire (Rigby, 2012). Anybody who wants to hurt somebody - and knows it - is then, by definition, a bully. The inadequacy of this formulation becomes evident when you ask people whether they ever feel like hurting somebody. In fact, at some time or other, almost everybody admits that they do. And of course many of those harbouring ill-will do not express their desires in action. They commonly think better of it. They do not bully. Yet this definition is a popular one, endorsed at one...
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...intensity for a |pace every day. |hypertension, and high cholesterol. | | |long period of time | | | |Muscular Strength | The amount of force a muscle can |Going to the gym 5 times a|Building muscle strength helps with | | |produce with a single maximal |week |body alignment, makes performing | | |effort | |everyday actions easier, increases | | | | |metabolism, and relieves stress. | |Muscular Endurance |the body's ability to continue |Doing...
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...Duty Belts Disability Management & Ergonomics University of South Florida Spring 2011 The public relies on the many individuals that take the oath to serve and protect. Corrections officers, highway patrol officers, road deputies and community police officers all wear a duty belt while performing their jobs. Road deputies patrol the roads and respond to incidents within the jurisdiction of the county lines. Highway patrol officers patrol roadways especially interstates and monitor speeding and other traffic infractions. Corrections officers provide safety during incarceration whether in the county jail, state or federal prison. Duty belts are worn by all officers during their shift eight, ten or twelve hour shifts. Officers get in and out of a car all day, chase offenders for a mile, and drag unconscious people out of burning cars while wearing an extra 10-15 lbs around the waist. A duty belt contains many tools that are required to maintain officer safety and protect the public; however, they have the potential to damage the musculoskeletal system especially the lower back and spine. Duty belts contain an under belt which is a nylon or leather belt that is inserted in the loop of the uniform pants. The over belt or duty belt is attached to the under belt with Velcro and carries the equipment. A standard duty belt contains a cuff case and two pairs of handcuffs, baton hold and a wooden or aluminum alloy baton, radio holder and portable FM transmitter radio...
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...Health and Safety of Workers in the Coca-Cola Company We believe that a safe and healthy workplace is a fundamental right of every person and also a business imperative. Our Workplace Rights Policy requires that we take responsibility for maintaining a productive workplace in every part of our Company by minimizing the risk of accidents, injury and exposure to health hazards for all of our associates and contractors. In addition, we’re working with our bottling partners to ensure health and safety risks are minimized for their employees and contract workers. The Coca-Cola Operating Requirements (KORE) defines the policies, standards and requirements for managing safety, the environment and quality throughout our operations. KORE also requires that our manufacturing and distribution facilities implement BS OHSAS 18001 (British Standard Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series 18001, a framework for an effective occupational health and safety management system) or an equivalent internationally recognized safety management system. To guide us in achieving a safe work environment for our associates, KORE defines a rigorous set of operational controls to manage known risks. The controls generally align with top global requirements and consensus standards. In addition, we audit the compliance of each of our manufacturing operations with applicable laws and regulations and our Company occupational safety and health requirements. We provide substantial safety training to our...
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...by a BMI of 18.5). The death of muscle fibers releases myoglobin and creatinine kinase. The Rhabdomylosis was a contributing factor that caused renal complications. Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were apparent. Potassium levels were elevated, which led to cardiac complications. Sepsis was acquired later as evidenced by bradypea, elevated temperature, and a pulse under 90 bpm. Sepsis caused further damage to the heart, lungs, kidneys, and liver. CVVH was then implemented for this unstable patient. Fluid and solutes were eradicated. The CVVH was initiated to help with kidney filtration. CTE was also a possible concern as evidenced by the patient participating in contact sports for several years. Several contusions or injuries to the brain can cause a degenerative brain disease. A heroin overdose and alcohol toxicity provoked the mentioned complications. Opioid overdose is a leading cause of accidental death among adult in the United States. Prescription opioids are believed to serve as a gateway to the use of heroin, which is more accessible and more affordable than prescribed medications. According to Volkow & McLellan’s...
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...to the degree of bone in osteoporosis. Normal bone is composed of protein, collagen, and calcium, all of which give bone its strength. Bones that are affected by osteoporosis can break fracture with relatively minor injury that normally would not cause a bone to fracture. The fracture can be either in the form of cracking as in a hip fracture or collapsing as in a compression fracture of the vertebrae of the spine. The spine, hips, ribs, and wrists are common areas of bone fractures from osteoporosis although osteoporosis-related fractures can occur in almost any skeletal bone. Osteoporosis can be present without any symptoms for decades because osteoporosis doesn't cause symptoms until bone fractures. Moreover, some osteoporotic fractures may escape detection for years when they do not cause symptoms. Therefore, patients may not be aware of their osteoporosis until they suffer a painful fracture. The symptom associated with osteoporotic fractures usually is pain; the location of the pain depends on the location of the fracture. The symptoms of osteoporosis in men are similar to the symptoms of osteoporosis in women. Fractures of the spine vertebra can cause severe "band-like" pain that radiates from the back to the sides of the body. Over the years, repeated spinal fractures can lead to chronic lower back pain as well as loss of height and/or curving of the spine due to collapse of the vertebrae. The collapse gives individuals a hunched-back appearance...
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...HRF components • Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to exercise the whole body for long periods of time and is sometimes called stamina. • Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance. • Muscular endurance is the ability to use voluntary muscles many times without becoming tired. • Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint. It helps performers to stretch and reach further. • Body composition is the percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle or bone. It helps sportspeople depending on the type of sport they play, eg heavy rugby players are more effective in the scrum than lightweight players, but light long distance runners will always beat heavyweights. SRF components • Agility - the ability to change the position of the body quickly and with control. This helps team players dodge their opponents. • Balance - the ability to retain the centre of mass above the base of support when stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance). • Co-ordination - the ability to use two or more body parts together. This helps all athletes to move smoothly and quickly especially when also having to control a ball. • Power - the ability to use strength at speed. This helps athletes to jump high, throw far or sprint quickly. Power = Strength x Speed. • Reaction time - the time between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of a movement. • Speed is the rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement...
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