...possessed property. * In 1800 you had to meet two criteria to be able to vote – you had to be male and you had to be wealthy. This meant that less than 3% of the adult population was eligible to vote. * Thankfully things have changed significantly since then and there have been some major changes to the regulations which govern our right to vote. * The 1832 Reform Act extended the right to vote to include certain leaseholders and householders. This gave 5% of adults a vote. * The 1867 Second Reform Act went further, although it was still based upon wealth, and extended the voting regulations in counties and boroughs allowing 13% of adults to vote. * The 1872 Secret Ballot Act brought about voting by secret ballot. * The 1884 Representation of the People Act enabled any man who occupied property or land with an annual rateable value of £10 to vote. * Now 24% of adults could vote....
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...influence the gender role attitudes that men express soon after exposure to the images. A total of 212 men (87% European American, 7% Asian or Asian American, 3% African American, and 3% other) viewed magazine advertisements containing images of men that varied in terms of how traditionally masculine vs. androgynous they were and whether the models were the same age or much older than the viewers. Men who had initially been less traditional espoused more traditional attitudes than any other group after exposure to traditionally masculine models, although they continued to endorse relatively nontraditional views after exposure to androgynous models. These findings suggest that nontraditional men's gender role attitudes may be rather unstable and susceptible to momentary influences such as those found in advertising. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 1997 Plenum Publishing Corporation In the average American household, the television is turned "on" for almost seven hours each day, and the typical adult or child watches two to three hours of television per day. It is estimated that the average child sees 360,000 advertisements by the age of eighteen (Harris, 1989). Due to this extensive exposure to mass media depictions, the media's influence on gender role attitudes has become an area of considerable interest and concern in the past quarter century. Analyses of gender portrayals have found predominantly stereotypic portrayals of dominant males and nurturant females within the contexts of advertisements...
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...important for social cognition and that being able to comprehend the world through another’s eyes and to appreciate their emotions and points of view will make it possible to predict what their behaviour and actions may be in certain situations. It has also been researched how deficits and impairments in the development of theory of mind can relate to autistic spectrum conditions. Research into cognitive development mainly begins with Piaget (1962) who claimed that children usually begin development by being cognitively egocentric. However despite Piaget’s (1962) early understanding of the mind, which looked at young children’s play and cognitive development most theorists agree that children in fact acquire many of the abilities at an earlier age than Piaget (1962) originally supposed. Research into theory of mind has found that children aged 4-5 have a relatively...
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...Tue, Apr 9, 2013 8:40 PM PDT View full HTML message Page 2 of 2 Prev Next d tasks. Mental representations are a critical part of the sensorimotor phase and are later the foundation for all other mental representations. Children holding mental representations of ideas and objects within their heads and can serve as the basis of later complex mental representations. With such an idea, it is an important idea that children and infants develop a schema related to games, and play. For example, as children develop more sophisticated schemes, or cognitive structures, they become increasingly able to adapt to their environments(Pg. 211). This basketball-oriented toy, does allow children to develop their definition of play, before Piaget thought it was possible. Furthermore, the basketball hoop can serve as a golden ring in which giants used to wear, while enacting make believe play. In fact, the one definite positive of this toy is that it inspires play, and for children to act on their environment an see how gravity works and furthermore for parents to play alongside of children. Semantic development takes place across a lifetime, though it is active very early on in development. Children develop the meanings of words from before they are even able to pronounce them, in fact there is often a lag in ability to pronounce the words that the child understands. In fact with in the toy’s age range, a child begins to speak, and progressively becomes better at speaking and properly labeling...
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...promote growth. This deluxe toy has pieces that can either be attached to the links or detached for interactive play. There are two modes of play: Lay & Play and Tummy time. Lay & play sets off music and colorful lights from your baby’s movement. The second mode, ‘Tummy time’ plays twenty minutes of either music or rainforest sounds and is designed for when the baby is laying on its stomach. In addition to the two modes, there are many activities, including a mirror used for peek-a-boo and an elephant that rattles. Both modes and all activities contribute to the baby’s motor, perceptual, cognitive, and language development. Physical/ Motor Development There are quite a few major motor milestones that occur during the suggested age range of Fisher-Prices’ Rainforest Melodies and Lights Deluxe Gym. This toy is good for a baby’s motor development because of the safe space it creates for the...
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...importance of representation in media by examining the effects of it on the world we live in today. It will not only discuss one group of people (such as just people of color but many groups such as women and people of a certain age range. Studies will be shown to convey the possible connection between how long children are involved in some form of media and the way certain demographics are depicted in the media children watch. Considering the fact that children, and people in general, spend a lot of their time involved in some form of media there is some sort of correlation between media and perception. An answer will be given on whether traditions and customs depicted have can have an possible...
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...of dissatisfaction with the government stems from the fact that there are officials in congress who are appointed versus being elected, public opinion is not being surveyed enough, and also, voter turnout also has depreciated significantly due to these things. According to You Can’t Vote Everyone in Congress Out. So, What Can You Do, 60 percent of those polled would “replace almost every member in the house, including from their own state,” in the next election if they could. This is due to the fact that many of the officials in the government are appointed, and those that aren’t appointed, vote and select other officials or judges into high positions that have to do with citizen’s daily lives. This does not demonstrate accurate representation of the people because although the people appointed into congress are usually appointed by an official the people voted for, it is not a direct relationship which lessens the amount of approval for those members. Voter turnout is constantly fluctuating in America from year to year. According to Zen College Life, there are many factors which play a small role in why individuals do not vote such as laziness, being too busy, and not liking the candidates, but there are also many more important reasons for not being able to vote such as disability, absentee, and voter apathy. Many...
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...female is featured in media, it’s hardly in a positive light. The media contrives and distorts the perception we have on women to present them as sex symbols, basing all importance upon their beauty. One must occasionally think to themselves, “Why does this happen? Why in society do we place a woman’s worth on her appearance?” The sad truth of the matter is: We live in a world completely controlled by men. Alternatively, those doesn't mean only men are at fault, even women pick at each other; telling others what they should and shouldn't do or be. America likes to believe that we’ve come so far in the fight for gender equality. Those who believe this are not only wrong, but ignorant to the true workings of society. In an ideal “Golden Age” it was believed the household was ruled by matriarchy (ANU). However, in what we consider history today, women are always taking a supporting role; sometimes even when they are the main focus. There are many idea as to why women have been under the oppression of men for so long, most under the debate of psychology or biology. Whenever the topic is mention it either results in long debates and verbal war, or women isolating themselves from the rest of society. However some tend to have the notion that the Human race would collapse if women refuse to comply to men. No conclusion appear to be exceptional for a large majority of...
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...MEMORY AND FORGETTING Memory – the ability to store information on our mind so that it can be used at a later time. Also, it refers to the way facts are impressed in our mind, retained and later recalled. And defined also as the process by which information is encoded, stored and retrieved. Process of Memory - Encoding refers to how you transform a physical, sensory input into a kind of representation that can be placed into memory. - Storage refers to how you retain encoded information in memory. - Retrieval refers to how you gain access to information stored in memory. Encoding, storage, and retrieval often are viewed as sequential stages. You first take in information. Then you hold it for a while. Later you pull it out. Before information can be stored in memory, it first needs to be encoded for storage. Even if the information is held in our short-term memory, it is not always transferred to our long-term memory. So in order to remember events and facts over a long period of time, we need to encode and subsequently transfer them from short-term to long-term storage. It was Herman Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist who pioneered the studies involving memory. He found out that materials and situations can easily be learned and remembered longer if they are meaningful and relevant. CONTENTS OF MEMORY Memories exist in the brain tissue. According to Karl Spencer Lashley, a neurophysiologist, he found out that the brain consist of an engram which contains memory...
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...Invention of Photography Adam M. Bolenbaugh DeVry University Invention of Photography Photography, a nineteenth century scientific invention, has like many other technical innovations of the era “dramatically altered mankind’s perception and experience of the world, “an effect that continues to this day.” The invention of photographs defines the beginning of the modern era due to the effects it had on new systems of representation including graphic design and advertising. The photograph evolved and “it was this fertile and receptive soil” of the nineteenth century which saw its serious development. From the birth of lithography to the development of chromolithography, and the new systems of representation in graphic design and advertising on billboards, posters, and in magazines, its invention next to the printed word, is still the “widest form of communication” since the beginnings of the modern era. The ability and need to create and reproduce photographs ourselves has created a virtual reality that has Become an inescapable part of our modern era. The invention of photography as we know it in the modern world today is one which not one person can solely be praised for as many generations have been involved in its perfection. The concept behind photography is the “camera obscure” Latin for “dark chamber”, and was a room or box with a small opening or lens in one side which was known to the ancient world as early as Aristotle and Leonardo da Vinci...
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...The term “Middle Ages” was used by Italian historians in the 15th and 16th centuries. The culture at that time was similar to that of ancient Rome and Greece but different from the time between the fall of Rome and that time (Hanawalt, 1998). This period was later replaced by the Renaissance period and has been described as a period of rebirth where ancient techniques were revived and new ones developed leading to more success in the art industry. Artists were inspired by the recovery of Greco-Roman heritage from the East and the importation of Byzantine examples to the West (Zirpolo, 2008). This essay discusses the relationship between the Middle Ages and Renaissance historical art periods. The Middle Ages was considered a period of ignorance, barbarism and superstition (Hanawalt, 1998). This period was called the dark ages due to the negative practices involved, but Scholars saw the period differently stating that the history was a continuous process from biblical times to their time. Most of them wrote about battles, feudalism, crusades, manorialism, kings and emperors, rise of towns, Universities and churches (Hanawalt, 1998). Representations of art during this period were modestly scaled with little creativity because artists did their work collectively and mainly for religious purposes. There was no competition in the art industry and traditional techniques were used to design objects. Art was used to spread religion in Europe and throughout other parts of the...
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...their own citizens since they can’t borrow money o People (mostly farmers) lose their possessions and property since they can’t pay taxes o Damages the economy even more since farm family is out of work • No sufficient national defense o Enemy 1 the British o French and the Spanish also potential threats o Native Indian tribes also potential threat • States are left largely on their own (13 separate states, no unity) D) Shay’s Rebellion 4 Key debates 1. Representation of the states (large population vs. small population) o States might be equal but not for individuals o Creates a Bicameral Legislation (2 houses) 1. Senate 2. House of reps (representation based on population) which is known as “the great compromise” o Defensive compromise; better at not getting stuff done than getting stuff done. 2. Slavery (north vs. south) • In the constitution, Slavery is OK • Importation of slaves is allowed for at least 20 years (1808) • Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for state population – representation bonus for the south • Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for state population – for taxes • Return of escaped slaves *South wins on the issue of slavery 3. Chief Executive (single vs. multiple)...
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...spoke about Medieval Christianity, specifically focusing on holy beds and holy families. In highlighting the Beguine Cradle and Burgundian crèche, she discussed the roles of baby Jesus dolls being dressed and placed into such cribs during the medieval era. It is through the analysis of those cribs that Bynum reflected on gender roles, form and function, and sensuality in medieval art, all of which are imbued with a sense of religion. During her lecture, Bynum established that the medieval era was a time in which male social status was changing, and females’ role in religion was changing: in focusing on Mary as the mother of Jesus, women became more central in art. With that idea in mind, Bynum explained how cribs functioned in the Middle Ages to constitute the female monastic identity. Some girls were put in cloisters when they were very young- even three or four years old. Therefore, naturally, the cribs and baby...
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...EARLY CHILDHOOD: Physical, Cognitive and Psychosocial Development Bodily Growth and Change Around age 3, children lose “baby roundness” ◦ Limbs lengthen, height increases Cartilage turns to bone faster Brain Development By 6 years, brain is at 95% peak volume Corpus callosum, linking left and right hemispheres, improves functioning Most rapid growth in areas that support thinking, language, and spatial relations Motor Skills Gross ◦ Involves large muscle groups ◦ Jumping and running Fine ◦ Using eye-hand and smallmuscle coordination ◦ Buttoning a shirt, drawing pictures Handedness Usually evident by age 3 Heritability Cognitive Development: Symbolic Function The ability to use symbols that have meaning ◦ Words ◦ Numbers ◦ Images Examples ◦ Deferred imitation ◦ Pretend play and language DEFERRED IMITATION • Having a mental representation of a previously observed event PRETEND PLAY • Play involving imaginary people and situations Understanding Objects in Space Why is it hard for children under age 3 to understand scale models and maps? Because they need to keep more than one mental representation in the mind at one time Advancing spatial thinking: • Using simple maps and models becomes easier after age 3 Causality Transduction: Mentally linking phenomena, whether logical or not • “My parents got a divorce because I was bad.” Familiar settings...
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...relationship between graphemes and phonemes. If a child has a phonological impairment, they are not likely to be able to identify and manipulate the sounds through tasks such as rhyming or syllable/sound segmentation. • Decoding: This aspect of literacy is based on recognizing and analyzing printed words and connecting them to their phonological representations. Children with a phonological disorder have difficulty decoding because they are not able to make the mental representations of how to produce the accompanying sounds for the orthographic representations of the alphabet. • Vocabulary: Children who are proficient at reading will gain more vocabulary. A child with a phonological disorder may lack literacy skills, resulting in a less expansive vocabulary. 2. By what age do Bishop and Adams suggest that children need to be intelligible in order to avoid difficulties with literacy development as a result of the speech sound issues? Speculate about what it is about this age that is important. Children to need to be intelligible by the time they reach kindergarten to avoid the negative impacts of on literacy development. At this age, the children are just entering their school years. If a child has little intelligibility due to phonological disorder, he/she will likely suffer academically. Without intervention, literacy difficulties would follow them throughout their academic careers. 3. What type of intervention did the SLP do first? Discuss how the focus of therapy changed...
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