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Reproductive System Notes

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Submitted By corogers
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Reproduction * Prostaglandines: DON’T come from the prostate gland. Come from the seminal vesicles. * Cause muscle contractions * Found in ejaculate * Prostate gland * Produce enzymes * Produces buffers that buffer urine in urethra and the acidic environment in the vagina * Contains anticoagulant enzymes that keep the enzymes from coagulating * Erectile tissue (aka spongy tissue) has sinuses in it that fill with blood, causing the penis to erect * Some animals have a bone in their penis called a baculum (not humans) * Retrograde ejaculation: when the bladder does not close off during ejaculation, causing sperm to go up into the bladder * Retractory period * Figure 46.14 * Hormone roles in men * Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH) which tells the anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH * Control of hormones in the male is through negative feedback * Testosterone is important for the masculizing of males early in fetal development * Testosterone is related to aggression in animals

Female Reproduction * Ovary * 2 ovaries, one on either side of the uterus * Follicle= egg + granulosa cell (follicle cell) * Granulosa cells make hormones estrogen and progesterone * Figure 46.12 * When a female is born all of her eggs are arrested in prophase of meiosis 1 * Every month about 13 eggs begin to continue meiosis . * When the egg is ovulated it goes all the way to metaphase 2 then stops * Break down of cyclin allows meiosis to complete * Uterus * Lining is called endometrium * Functional layer: layer that comes of during menstruation

* Vagina * Opening to female reproductive tract * Clitoris * Has spongy tissue that fills with blod during arousal * Menstrual cycle * Only occurs in humans, apes, and old world monkeys * Other animals have an estrus cycle * These animals are only receptive to males when they are at the right point of their estrus cycle * Not always monthly * 2 parts: ovarian cycle and uterine cycle * Hormone involvement * Hypothalamus releases GRH to anterior pituitary causing it to release FSH and LH * Average cycle is 28 days * Ovarian cycle * FSH causes primary oocyte to start developing (Day 0) * Follicle grows- follicular stage * Around day 14, LH, FSH and estradiol peak, causing ovulation * Granulosa cells form the corpus luteum in the ovary that produces progesterone * If pregnancy does not occur then the corpus luteum goes away on its own. * This allows FSH to start back up again * Uterine cycle * Uterus responds to estradiol and progesterone * Menstruation is the beginning of the cycle, not the end * Day 5-14 is the proliferative phase which builds up blood vessels in uterus * Day 15-28 the endometrium thickens and the build-up cells secrete mucus that takes care of the egg before it is fertilized * When the egg does not fertilize, the progesterone level decreases and the blood vessels rupture and come off the endometrium (menstruation) * Induced ovulaters * Get pregnant readily * A neuroendocrine response during intercourse sends a signal to the brain to immediately release hormones to fertilize * Roles of estrogen * Calcium * Female characteristics * There is a fat to muscle ratio that causes the onset of puberty *

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