...Research Ethics The slides states three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Guidelines of Ethical Research: Do no harm to subjects, voluntary participation and informed consent, researchers must disclose their identity to participants, confidentiality , and the benefits should outweigh risks. Including the Certificate of Confidentiality (High risk populations, Child abuse and neglect must be reported, Other types of abuse must be reported as well). The importance of encouragement of appropriate applications. Relevant questions must be asked. How will research results be used? What are the personal values of researcher? What are sources of research funding? Who controls the final report? There must be attempts to resolve any dilemmas in a contract., Also an acknowledge of funding sources in the report. Validity is very important to research. Relevant to Validity: Impartial knowledge (the goal), Justifies use of human subjects, Disclose methods, Honestly present findings , Publication in refereed journals, Generalization and Replication.(Check/Schutt), Research Methods in Education. 2012 SAGE Publications. The history of research was the initial topic of the slides. Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment of 1960 (Yale University) Concerned with the study of obedience to authority. Milgram's study illustrated many common ethical issues. Nuremberg War Crime Trials and the...
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...Research with human subjects has a long and often troubled history in the U.S. and throughout the world. Chances are you have already heard of some of the most egregious—and famous—examples of unethical research in the biomedical sciences, such as the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors and scientists on concentration camp prisoners during World War II and the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male, conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service. These abuses led to the creation of codes of research ethics in Europe and the U.S. In the wake of the Second World War, the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials on war crimes produced the Nuremberg Code, which outlined ten points for conducting ethical research with human subjects. Nearly two decades later, the World Medical Association developed a code of research ethics, known as the Declaration of Helsinki, published in 1964 and subsequently revised. This document built on both the Nuremberg Code and physicians' code of ethics known as the Declaration of Geneva by adapting the existing guidelines to address the growing field of clinical research. In the U.S., news that researchers deceived and withheld treatment from subjects in the Tuskegee Study, led to the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The National Commission was charged with the establishing a code of research ethics for U.S. research with human subjects. In 1979, the Commission issued the...
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...Research with human subjects has a long and often troubled history in the United States (U.S.) and throughout the world. Chances are you already have heard of some of the most egregious and well-known examples of unethical research in the biomedical sciences, such as the experiments conducted by Nazi doctors and scientists on concentration camp prisoners during World War II, and the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) study titled "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male" (Tuskegee Study). These abuses led to the creation of codes of research ethics in Europe and the U.S. In the wake of the Second World War, the subsequent Nuremberg Trials on war crimes produced the Nuremberg Code, which outlined ten points for conducting ethical research with human subjects. Nearly two decades later, the World Medical Association (WMA) developed a code of research ethics known as the Declaration of Helsinki, published in 1964 and subsequently revised. This document is built on both the Nuremberg Code and the physician's code of ethics known as the Declaration of Geneva. In the U.S., news that researchers deceived and withheld treatment from subjects who suffered from syphilis in the Tuskegee Study led to the creation of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (National Commission or "the Commission"). The Commission was charged with establishing a code of research ethics for U.S. research involving human subjects. In 1979...
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...chose one of his graduate students, Mary Tudor, to conduct the experiment and he supervised her research. After placing the children in control and experimental groups, Tudor gave positive speech therapy to half of the children, praising the fluency of their speech, and negative speech therapy to the other half, belittling the children for every speech imperfection and telling them they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy in the experiment suffered negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of their life. Dubbed “The Monster Study” by some of Johnson’s peers who were horrified that he would experiment on orphan children to prove a theory, the experiment was kept hidden for fear Johnson’s reputation would be tarnished in the wake of human experiments conducted by the Nazis during World War II. The University of Iowa publicly apologized for the Monster Study in 2001. In this case, special obligations in human subject research and openness is being violated since humans are being used in the experiment and its even kept a secret to the public which is inhuman since some experienced psychological problems. 2. While animal experimentation can be incredibly helpful in understanding man, and developing lifesaving drugs, there have been experiments which go well beyond the realms of ethics. The monkey drug trials of 1969 were one such case. In this experiment, a large group of monkeys...
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...Business Research and Ethical Issues in Independent Auditing Te’ Portia Sibley RES 351 John Gilpin Jan, 22, 2014 The role of an auditor is to audit with integrity and objectivity. In an essay by Roger D. Martin, the role of an auditor should expand to assess the integrity and ethical values of their client as well. The purpose of this research was to bring to light how the auditor-client relationships could devolve into questionable behaviors. This article is in response to the regulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002, that an independent auditing firm be contracted to audit a company in compliance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Practices. Prior to the act, company management hired the auditing firm, negotiated the fee and could request the firm perform other services. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that an audit committee of the company’s Board of Directors hire the auditing firm with restricted duties. The researcher concludes that an auditor could and should be trained to understand ethics and how it influences behavior. This is a tool auditors could use to assess the integrity and ethical values of clients and better understand the ethical infrastructure (organizational elements that contribute to an organizations ethical effectiveness) of an organization. What unethical research behavior was involved? The article discusses how auditors maintain integrity and fulfill their responsibilities independently. Auditors should be aware of risks when dealing...
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...preferences Document Viewer TurnitinOriginality Report Processed on: 22-Oct-2012 10:34 PM CDT ID: 278093834 Word Count: 390 Submitted: 1 business research ethicsBy Jere Gossom Similarity Index 0% What's this? Similarity by Source Internet Sources:0% Publications:0% Student Papers:N/A include quotedinclude bibliographyexclude small matchesdownloadrefreshprint mode:show highest matches together show matches one at a time quickview (classic) report Business Research Ethics Jere Gossom RES/351 10/22/2012 Mr. Warlick Business Research Ethics This paper will look to provide documentation of unethical research perpetrated against certain populations of the United States. During the research, promises of free treatment in regards to the study were promised, but were never given. In fact, when the cure was needed it was withheld. In 1932, The United States Public Health Service initiated a 40 year study, in which a series of experiments were conducted on 400 poor African Americans. These men were subjected to the syphilis without knowledge. The participants in the study were never informed of the risks, nor were they informed of the researches design. They were simply told they had “bad blood”. The unethical research behavior involved consisted of; one, not mentioning the risks involved; two, promising free treatment with no plan to do so; and three, lying and telling the gentlemen that they simply had “bad blood”. The injured...
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...The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) certificate was essential to obtain for my role as a professional nurse. It is essential for our genetic codes to be researched so that the information that is gathered and learned can be utilized to help those with illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’ Disease or cancer’s in the future. Individuals suffering with these illnesses will benefit from this type of research that is being done, if not in the present definitely in the future. Also ethical issues such as stem cell research or genetic cloning are other issues to be researched and discussed in the health care profession. These ethical issues will continue to be talked about and debated, by individuals for or against this type...
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...Business Research Ethics Business Research Ethics Ethical decision making is important for researchers. Codes, policies, and principals are very important and useful, like any set of rules; however, they do not cover every situation. They often conflict, and they require considerable interpretation. It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to interpret, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions and to act in various situations. There are many situations where research is not ethical. These actions would be regarded as unethical and some might even be illegal. These actions may also violate professional ethics codes or institutional policies. According to the article, “Accounts Offered for Unethical Research Practices: Effects on the Evaluations of Acts and Actors,” describes two scenarios of two psychologists fabricating data and using plagiarism in their research. One Psychologist, who was a professor at a large university, was accused of fabricating some of the data in a large, longitudinal research project. Evidence resulted in an investigation. It was determined that subjects reported to have begun their participation with this psychologist in 1975, really did not begin their participation until 1977. However, the participants did report that they were contacted to participate in 1975. Due to the fabrication of data, job security and salaries of the Psychology Department were in jeopardy. The Psychologist admitted to making up...
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...Business Research Ethics Kathleen Gatchell Res/351 September 28, 2015 Kristy Peterson Business Research Ethics “In recent years, Western organizations and companies have been increasingly using countries of the developing world as places of clinical trials. The involvement of human subjects in healthcare research evokes ethical concerns, especially when their culture is different and their socio-economic status is lower than the Western standards.” (Igoumenidis & Zyga, 2011) Ethical vs. Unethical Practices Bioethics is about ethical issues in the field of health care; it is the discipline which aims at ensuring that health care professionals, researchers, policy-makers, and even lawyers who deal with healthcare law, exercise their duties in the most just and ethically acceptable way. (Igoumenidis & Zyga, 2011) History is full of examples of humans being used as guinea pigs in experiments by people of power; the most famous being the Nazi human experimentation during WWII. “After the war, these crimes were tried at what became known as the Doctor’s Trial and this led to the development of the Nuremberg Code of Medical Ethics in 1949. “ (Igoumenidis & Zyga, 2011) This code led to the development of the Declaration of Helsinki in 1964, and its subsequent revisions – with the 6th Revision being the most recent one, in 2008. (Igoumenidis & Zyga, 2011) The basic principles of the code include: (Article 9): Respect for the individual (Article 8); that...
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...Business ethics is the principles and standards that determine acceptable conduct in business organizations. If there was any doubt that ethical standards can have a significant impact on work life, research has confirmed that such doubt is unwarranted. A multitude of research has demonstrated that ethics is related to a variety of important job related outcomes. For example, studies have shown that a higher ethical work climate (Mulki, Jaramillo, and Locander, 2008) and top leadership support for ethics and both positively relate to job satisfaction. Ethics codes (Valentine and Fisherman, 2008), ethics training, and perceived corporate social responsibility are also linked to job satisfaction. Unethical business research at work ranges from minor acts of deviance to immoral decisions that result in catastrophes such as the Enron and Merrill Lynch & Co Inc. These fields of research provide especially clear data on connection between unethical workplace acts and wellbeing: discrimination, bullying and injustice. Even though ethics is sometimes under looked in business it is an important conduct in the organization for a variety of reasons. Organizations have to ensure that they practice high standards of ethics in the organization to rip maximum benefits and avoid scandals such as the Enron And Merrill Lynch & Co Inc. Enron Corporation and Merrill Lynch & Co Inc, both practiced unethical business behavior, this is because two of their top officials were involved in fraudulent...
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...Business Research Ethics Derrick Phillips RES/351 August 23, 2012 Business Research Ethics Ethics can go unnoticed at times, but, in actuality, ethics are of supreme significance for a list of grounds within any organization. Businesses have to make sure they adhere or abide by all level of ethics in all actions of the business. Ethics are one of the main focuses when it comes to business research. In this paper, the discussion will be prepared in relation between situations in which unethical business research behaviors were carried out by the business. The intention of this paper is to discuss a set of circumstances and various key points in relation to this specific case. Presently, this specific case had some ethical issues that were not taken into consideration. In the terminology of unethical research behavior, this particular corporation was without a doubt caught up in immoral research behavior. The corporation that’s being focused on is a pharmaceutical company that teamed up with the individual who in the past had supplied the required research associated to the medicine of influenza (Dominick & Wimmer, 2010). Throughout the course of the contract, the professor was demanded to keep the research information private and of the record and also not to disclose to anyone of his colleagues or anyone else involved. The corporation had been working on the research which was looking to refuse to give the research work out if anyone asked. For that reason, it was thought...
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...Kacy Noble Medical Research and Ethics HCS/ 435 March 7, 2011 Patricia Tobin Ph.D., LCSW Medical Research and Ethics In the medical field ethics plays a large role in dictating what is deemed acceptable. The role of ethics has changed drastically over the past hundred years. There are many well-known unethical medical studies that have taken place in the past. Current research is being questioned by ethics professionals as well. The difference between now and then is our resources. Now, thee are ethics committees who help make these fragile decisions. Research much now be approved and follow rigorous standards. Ethics has changed drastically and will continue to evolve, hopefully for the better, in the future. Many of the well-known ethics cases involving research are highly publicized. The ethical research case I chose is not as well known. Possible reasons of the lack of publicity might be because the participants were not physically hurt nor were their health statuses altered. William Laud Humphreys managed to produce research that is ethically wrong in which none of the participants were named or harmed. Could this be why his research is still discussed in many universities today? William Laud Humphreys was born October 16, 1930. Laud had two brothers whom he was never close to and did not have a favorable opinion of his father (TWU, 2010). Humphreys graduated from Seabury-Western theological seminary in 1955. He was then baptized and changed his name from William...
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...benefits and risk, and defining ethics of the use of animals in research. Animal research is a topic which is ethically sound and a concerning manner to researchers of the psychological field. There are issues of tests run on the animals which are controversial in manner and a part of the (APA) American Psychological Association ethical issue. The APA is a organization for psychologists in the United States, and designs rules and guides the profession of psychologists as well as other medical personnel. The impact of the testing of animals in the research of psychology will be included in the discussion. Ethics in Psychological Research Paper Animals in Research Ethics help guide researchers around ethical dilemmas that may arise when conducting research. Example questions would be is it acceptable to avoid telling the participant of a study as to what the researcher is looking for and testing about? In what instances is it acceptable and when is it not? The development of research ethics helps guide researchers to find the necessary answer to the different question types (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). Conducting a scientific research is when researchers look for facts, try to prove theories, and declare the findings the truth, and those conducting research must use the ethics guidelines (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). The research study or projects could be a loss if the start of the research begins with a lie because the information...
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...Ethics of Business Research RES/351 January 18, 2016 Harold Graff Ethics of Business Research The most ideal approach to characterize ethics is standards for behavior; what is acceptable and unacceptable behavior (Resnik, Ph.D.). From the International Educational E-Journal, “ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms” (Resnik,Ph,D). Business research ethics should include honesty, intregrity, no discrimination, legality, and animal safety (as needed) to name a few. Business Research Project Currently I work for an afterschool program with the local school district called ACE 21st Century. We collaborate and contract with many different vendors to provide a wide scope of enrichment and academic activities to over two dozen schools; elementary through high school. At the moment we are working on bringing a great summer program to our students. Unfortunately it has not been the smoothest process. As we strive to continue school day learning, we rely heavily on results from standardized test given to our students throughout the school year. Not only that, we also administer our own test based on the curriculum we’ve created. Once all grades have been finalized and entered, our technicians are able to pull that information for the children...
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...Business Ethics Education RES/351 Business Ethics Education The research that will be described in the paper that follows is about Business ethics education, exploring the question whether a course on the ethical decision-making in business could positively influence students, moral efficacy, moral meaningfulness, and moral courage. To investigate whether a graduate-level course in business ethics could influence students in the areas previous mentioned, a rigorous quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design with a treatment and control group was used. Findings revealed that students who took part in the business ethics treatment course, compared to the control group, experienced significant positive increase in all three areas. Ethics are norms or standards of behavior that guides moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others. The goal of ethics in any place of business or in research is to see that no one is harmed, or suffers any consequences from job-related activities or research (Cooper, 2014,). There are two different approaches to ethics: a negative approach, or a positive approach. The negative approach will have a more narrow focus on enforceable rules, prohibited behaviors, and sanctions for misconduct, while a positive approach to ethics includes the promotion of positive morally praiseworthy ideals and behavior. MORAL EFFICACY The research here is to try and gain and understanding of the potential effect on business ethics education...
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