...brink of an invention that would revolutionize the way we smoke cigarettes almost fifty years later. The invention of the Electronic Cigarette [also known as the e-cig] was patented in 1963 by Herbert A. Gilbert, “The present invention relates to a smokeless non-tobacco cigarette and has for an object to provide a safe and harmless means for and method of smoking by replacing burning tobacco and paper with heated, moist, flavored air; or by inhaling warm medication into the lungs in case of a respiratory ailment under direction of a physician.” (Electronic Cigarettes, 2009) Unfortunately for Herbert, in the early 1960s cigarette smoking was not yet the threat it has become today. People just didn’t see a need to stop smoking. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Tobacco Company had always marketed towards women; smoking was a sexy thing. As one can see from the photograph, the young lady is beautiful, slender and happy. Throughout the middle of the 1960s big Tobacco Company’s began targeting the men and using advertisements such as cowboys and men with tattoos. This was to ensure your confidence while smoking that cigarette; sadly, this was just how smoking had become perceived. Subsequently, Herbert’s design was not tolerated nor put into distribution, and years would go by without much buzz regarding the Herbert e-cig. Naturally, time continued on and along with it...
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...Vaporizers: could they be the best breakthrough in modern technology? GS1145 January 3, 2014 Paper 1 (new technology) In this paper I hope to shed new light on what could possibly be a revolutionary breakthrough in science, as well as the smoking world. Vaporizers hit the market fairly recently and some view them as just another smoking device, harmful as ever, but others see them as a healthful alternative to smoking with minimal side effects. In this paper I will break down the common misconceptions about vaporizers and explain the benefits of this new technology. After careful research and analysis I will give an informative and educated argument on this technology. More extensive research is in process and I am providing what I know from completed and published works. Say you have a habit, the side effects are less than optimal, and someone offered a way to continue this habit and rid of the harmful side effects. I’ve noticed that when I go out more and more people are smoking. But at a second glance, these people aren’t smoking in the traditional sense; they’re using a liquid tank attached to a battery-powered heating system. This is called vaporizing, or more commonly called “vaping”, and it is said that this is the future of healthy smoking. Sounds like an absurdity right? Research, however, proves otherwise. With no burning and no tar, there is no second hand danger, there are no cancer causing carcinogens and it still gives the user that familiarly satisfying...
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...Vaporing H. James Turley Wayland Baptist University Research Writing 3345 Abstract The Electronic Cigarette has turned into a growing trend in recent years as a different option for the tobacco smoker. The more up to date vapor style electronic cigarettes permit the typical tobacco smoker to have a more beneficial distinct option for smoking cigarettes when attempting to secure their nicotine. Being the more up to date item out available in the refined forms of vapor fluid you can discover today, there are numerous wellbeing inquiries that wait in individuals' psyche, some of which incorporate however are not restricted to, what do the specialists say? Is this FDA affirmed? How cans this contrast with the tobacco that is in an ordinary cigarette? Is this direction for living a change that I need to do? In this paper, you can read a few responses to these inquiries to see more about how the electronic cigarette can influence you in both positive and negative ways. Vaporing There is another revelation that is clearing the country in the recent years; the solid substitute for cigarettes, the electronic cigarette. The electronic cigarette or the "e-cigarette" is turning out to be more referred to all through the smoker group as a more advantageous substitute for one who is dependent on nicotine. The electronic cigarette takes out the destructive tar and other unsafe parts of tobacco and conveys the nicotine, however, a vapor to the smoker. Despite the fact that smoking...
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...people’s mind, some of which include but are not limited to, what do the doctors say? Is this FDA approved? How does this compare to the tobacco that is in an everyday cigarette? Is this lifestyle choice a change that I want to do? In this paper you can read several answers to these questions and having that knowledge you can go forward to understand more about how the electronic cigarette can affect you in positive and negative ways. There is a new discovery that is sweeping the nation in the recent years; the healthy substitute for cigarettes, the electronic cigarette. The electronic cigarette or the “e-cigarette” is becoming more and more known throughout the smoker community as a healthier substitute for one who is addicted to nicotine. The electronic cigarette takes out the harmful tar and other harmful aspects of tobacco and delivers the nicotine though a vapor to the smoker. Though smoking in general is bad for your health and you are still susceptible to the possible cancer and respiratory problems that is caused by nicotine, the e-cigarette is a much better alternative to the everyday tobacco smoker. Many questions rise in concern of this new invention for the smoking community about the health and safety issues that can occur if an e-cigarette is used in replacement of the regular tobacco. There are...
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...Moserbaer’s Photo Voltaic wing. It is really difficult to gratify each and every person who has been instrumental in the completion of the project but I am taking great care that no one is left out. So in the same sequence at very first, I would like to acknowledge my parents because of whom I got the existence in the world for the inception and the conception of this project. Later on I would like to confer my acknowledgement to Mr. J.Mohanty my faculty guide and other faculty members who taught me how to do project through appropriate tools and techniques. Because Moserbaer India Ltd. has trusted me and given me a chance to do my integrated research study, I would like to give thanks to the organization and especially to Mr. Raj Kumar Verma (Asst. Manager, Projects and Services) my corporate mentor and Mr. Sanjeev Kumar (Research Scientist) from the depth of my heart. I would also like to thank Mr. Rakesh Singh (GM- projects) of Moserbaer Photovoltaic without his sincere efforts I would not have been able to get into this esteemed organization. Rest all those people who helped me are not only matter of acknowledgment but also authorized for sharing my success. [pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS: Executive Summary ▪ Scope of project...
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...Smoking in Society The purpose of this review is to explore smoking's’ place in society. More specifically focusing on the question how people's views on marijuana and tobacco can affect not only society but overall understanding. This study will analyze the social factors for smoking as a whole. When this study is conducted it will be done using, surveys, with open ended questions would be the methods used. Marijuana, or also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive drug that can be inhaled or eaten. The major psychedelic component in marijuana is known as tetrahydrocannabinol or also known as (THC). There are some states as well as numerous countries that have legalized marijuana for medicinal purposes. These purposes include treating chronic pain conditions, dietary aids, anxiety suppressors, and antiemesis for those who are terminally ill. Another unfavorable consequence that is caused by maternal cannabis use would be the future prolonged effects on the central nervous system. The user may suffer with cognitive impairment, addictive behaviors, social deficiency, and lack of control of impulsivity. According to Drugs.com, heavy marijuana use can lead to serious social issues. Marijuana affects perception and judgment and is associated with low achievement (Drugs.com). Because of the still lingering viewpoint that marijuana and people who smoke it are viewed as less capable than others and “worse off”. Marijuana can also affect a person’s ability to perform...
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...3103-015 Critical Analysis Paper: 1 E-CIGARETTE Big tobacco companies are betting on e-cigarettes. Why are tobacco companies investing in a product that will directly compete with their most profitable product, cigarettes? With the use of these analytical frameworks it will help us to better understand this situation. PEST PEST Analysis of Global Trends – 2011-2016 Political * Increased emphasis in healthcare | Economic * Recovering/Growing | Social * Health conscientiousness | Technological * Battery life advances * Material utilization * Portability | Beginning with the PEST Analysis we can get a macro perspective on the trends. There has been a global emphasis on healthier lifestyles and pharmaceutical companies have already taken advantage. As a social trend it is increasingly popular to look good and be healthier. Food industries are staying away from synthetic ingredients and gyms are packed. The economy has slowly recovered and is now growing. With recent advances in cellphones batteries longevity and size has drastically gotten better and more efficient. Technology has made it easier to extract, mold and use material to our benefit. And with all these advances technology has gotten increasing more portable. Next we will analyze the e-Cigarette industry and try to understand why big tobacco companies want to join. Porter’s Six Forces Analysis Porter’s Six Forces Analysis of the E-cigarette Industry ...
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...Health Economics- HSA510 Project Paper Foundations of Health Care Economics Supply and demand or demand and supply, which comes first in the study of consumer behavior regarding health care choices. Such questions can boggle the mind; however, healthcare economists and researchers have made it easier for professionals, health care managers and others to decipher how rational individuals make consumption choices when faced with limited choices, especially in the health care environment. In economics, the simplest way to determine the demand for a particular health care service can be illustrated through supply and demand curves. The theory of demand proposes that when prices increase for a health product or good then there will be less demand for that product or good. A further assumption of this theory is that all other things are equal or held constant. Therefore, if consumers buy less at higher prices then the demand curve will slope downward. Consideration should also be given to other variables that may affect the demand for a health product or good. Those variables or demand shifters would include income, other prices, insurance, and tastes. Supply can also be determined in the same fashion as demand. If a health supplier or producer is willing to offer a health product or good for at a certain price, generally if the price raises, so does the supply and in this case, there would be an upward sloping demand curve. The supply shifters in this case would...
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...Harvard Business School 9-598-021 Rev. February 9, 1998. WESCO Distribution, Inc. Late in June 1997, Jim Piraino, VP marketing for WESCO Distribution, Inc. (see Exhibit 1), was preparing for a yearly review meeting with his CEO Roy Haley. At the top of the agenda was the performance of the National Accounts (NA) program during the first half of 1997 (see Exhibit 2). Haley had ambitious plans for WESCO over the next five years. He had charted out a course that called for an annual growth rate of 6% to 8% in sales, and more important, an annual increase of 12% to 16% in profitability. "In 1996, we were a $2.2 billion company with an EBIT of around 3%. I want us to be a $3 billion company with an EBIT of over 5% by the year 2000. This target is very much achievable. In the last few years, our customers have made significant changes to their business processes. These changes provide us a unique opportunity to provide greater value to our customers while improving our market position and profitability. I want WESCO to be recognized as a leader in learning, adapting, and responding to changes in customer needs," said Haley. Although acquisitions of other companies were expected to contribute over half the revenue growth, most of this business was not expected to exceed current profitability levels. WESCO’s current NA program, which had been initiated in 1994 as a response to the changing market dynamics, was expected to deliver the additional revenue growth and obtain the desired...
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...HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH Theory & Practice Vol.21 (Supplement 1) 2006 Pages i19–i32 Advance Access publication 31 July 2006 Improving measurement in health education and health behavior research using item response modeling: comparison with the classical test theory approach Mark Wilson*, Diane D. Allen and Jun Corser Li Abstract This paper compares the approach and resultant outcomes of item response models (IRMs) and classical test theory (CTT). First, it reviews basic ideas of CTT, and compares them to the ideas about using IRMs introduced in an earlier paper. It then applies a comparison scheme based on the AERA/APA/NCME ‘Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests’ to compare the two approaches under three general headings: (i) choosing a model; (ii) evidence for reliability—incorporating reliability coefficients and measurement error—and (iii) evidence for validity—including evidence based on instrument content, response processes, internal structure, other variables and consequences. An example analysis of a self-efficacy (SE) scale for exercise is used to illustrate these comparisons. The investigation found that there were (i) aspects of the techniques and outcomes that were similar between the two approaches, (ii) aspects where the item response modeling approach contributes to instrument construction and evaluation beyond the classical approach and (iii) aspects of the analysis where the measurement models had little to do with the analysis or outcomes. There...
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...Efficiency of Solar Photovoltaic Research and developemnt in Solar PV industry Anushka Pal Riga Technical University Table of Contents Introduction: 4 Efficiency of solar cell 5 Factors affecting PV cell efficiency 14 Temperature 14 Dust 16 Solar irradiance 17 Losses in a solar cell 19 Optical losses 20 Collection losses 21 Resistance losses 21 Metal/semiconductor contacts 21 PV market 21 Cost analysis for PV 23 Parameters that can improve the efficiency of solar cell 30 Conclusions 31 Table of Figures: Figure 1 Best research cell efficiency 5 Figure 2 Measured efficiencies for LFC and PERC cells on p-type silicon 7 Figure 3 Progress in the conversion efficiency of HIT solar cells 8 Figure 4 Output power trends of single-sided HIT and bifacial HIT double modules throughout the year 9 Figure 5 Efficiency ratio of solar cells from a pilot solar series (300 cells). 11 Figure 6 Effect of temperature on PV cell characteristic. 14 Figure 7 Temperature effect on PV efficiency. 15 Figure 8 Effect of dust on PV cell power output. 16 Figure 9 Effect of irradiance on PV characteristic 17 Figure 10 PV module efficiency by different irradiation level 18 Figure 11 Energy output of PV for low radiation under 400 W/m2 18 Figure 12 PV power generation related to irradiance in a day 19 Figure 13 Photons with energy lower than the band gap energy...
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...E-‐cigarettes: miracle or menace? Networks, Organizations and Society Introduction The electronic cigarette or ‘e-‐cigarette’ is a rechargeable battery-‐powered device designed to resemble a conventional tobacco cigarette. The e-‐cigarette does not contain tar and the nicotine cartridges seem to be a much safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, which contain a much higher number of notoriously harmful chemicals. Nonetheless, nicotine is addictive and is classified as a poison (Cancer Research UK, 2013). The issue has attracted heated debate, but the question remains: “Should e-‐ cigarettes be classed as general consumer products, tobacco products, medicines or drug-‐delivery devices?” 2 In attempting to answer the above question, this paper discusses the evolution of e-‐ cigarettes through the lenses of technological...
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...Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Energy Contact information Address: Via Enrico Fermi 2749 TP 450 21027 Ispra (VA) Italy E-mail: arnulf.jaeger-waldau@ec.europa.eu Tel.: +39 0332 789119 Fax: +39 0332 789268 http://ie.jrc.ec.europa.eu www.jrc.ec.europa.eu PV Status Report 2011 Research, Solar Cell Production and Market Implementation of Photovoltaics July 2011 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy, Renewable Energy Unit Via Enrico Fermi 2749; TP 450 I – 21027 Ispra (VA), Italia EUR 24807 EN Legal notice Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. The report does not represent any official position of the European Commission, nor do its contents prejudge any future Commission proposals in any areas of Community policy. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa.eu/ JRC 64900 EUR 24807 EN ISBN 978-92-79-20171-4 ISSN 1831-4155 doi 10.2788/87966 The report is online available at: http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/refsys/ Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Design: sailer design communication, Meersburg, Germany Printed in Belgium Printed on recycled paper. 4 | PV Status...
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...Solar Cell Technology and Applications More free ebooks : http://fast-file.blogspot.com OTHER AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization, Volume 2 Marios Angelides ISBN: 978-1-4200-7664-6 Architecting Secure Software Systems Manish Chaitanya and Asoke Talukder ISBN: 978-1-4200-8784-0 Architecting Software Intensive Systems: A Practitioners Guide Anthony Lattanze ISBN: 978-1-4200-4569-7 Business Resumption Planning, Second Edition Leo Wrobel ISBN: 978-0-8493-1459-9 Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS: Converging NGN and 3G Mobile Rebecca Copeland ISBN: 978-0-8493-9250-4 Delivering Successful Projects with TSPSM and Six Sigma: A Practical Guide to Implementing Team Software ProcessSM Mukesh Jain ISBN: 978-1-4200-6143-7 Designing Complex Systems: Foundations of Design in the Functional Domain Erik Aslaksen ISBN: 978-1-4200-8753-6 The Effective CIO: How to Achieve Outstanding Success through Strategic Alignment, Financial Management, and IT Governance Eric Brown and William Yarberry, Jr. ISBN: 978-1-4200-6460-5 Enterprise Systems Backup and Recovery: A Corporate Insurance Policy Preston Guise ISBN: 978-1-4200-7639-4 Essential Software Testing: A Use-Case Approach Greg Fournier ISBN: 978-1-4200-8981-3 The Green and Virtual Data Center Greg Schulz ISBN: 978-1-4200-8666-9 How to Complete a Risk Assessment in 5 Days or Less Thomas Peltier ISBN: 978-1-4200-6275-5 HOWTO Secure and Audit Oracle 10g and 11g Ron Ben-Natan ISBN:...
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...Multi-Layered and multi-levelled? Public law architectures for the 21st century Since the 19th century the world has changed. Some aspects of life have changed more, others less. The means of communication, technology and transportation of the 21st century, for example, are light-years away from those of the 19th century. Public law concepts have not kept pace. In the words of an author of the book reviewed here, reflecting on the concept of ‘the state’ and the problem of sovereignty: in political as in constitutional legal theory, we still need to cut off the King’s head,1 as we are still entrenched in the philosophical and constitutional language of the 19th century.2 But recently, with European integration and globalisation, change has also occurred in the traditional concepts of public law such as “state” or “constitution”. The book edited by Bamforth and Leyland is about this change over the last thirty years or so.3 “Public Law in a Multi-Layered Constitution” is a significant contribution to a better understanding of how public law is transformed, in Great Britain and elsewhere. The title of the book as well as its introduction (pp. 1-26) state that its central theme is the transformation of the British constitution into a “multi-layered constitution.” This is meant to refer to a constitution that “contains multiple, but inter-connected and sometimes overlapping European and national layers”,4 where “power (both legislative and political) has been spread away from the Westminister...
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