...Since the island of Madagascar has always been of great interest to me because of its exclusivity and biodiversity I was drawn to the vignette in Chapter 9. The fourth largest island in the world, situated in the Indian Ocean; Madagascar is home to an extraordinary variety of plants an animal species. As the text states, 85% of plant species and 90% of animal species are endemic to the island. Home to 21 million people, Madagascar’s numerous ethnic and religious groups only embellish the nation’s vivid diversity. We must take into account the islands geographic history to understand its biodiversity today. Madagascar was stuck between what we now know as Africa and South America and what we now know as India on the Gondwanaland supercontinent....
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...in the world is Madagascar. This unique country has a huge range of biodiversity. The history of Madagascar is unlike any other and this island has a very distinct culture as well. The clothes the men and women wear, the food eaten, and the holidays celebrated differ from other countries. Everything from education to household duties differ from those in America. Lastly, the globalization of Madagascar is both harming and helping the culture. Deforestation and loss of natural resources are harming this country. However, trading and mining is helping Madagascar become a better country. As all countries, Madagascar has a unique history and culture. Until around 800 or 900 A.D. Madagascar wasn’t even discovered until...
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...president, Hery Rajaonarimampianina I am writing to you with a report on the best development strategy for Madagascar. Here are some statistics what's been going on for Madagascar. You might be surprised! As Madagascar’s GDP per capita for 2017 was $ 1,600 and the unemployment rate was only 2%, but that’s most likely because many people are working in the informal sector. There are 71% of the population living below the poverty line. The life expectancy for males is 65 years and for females 68 years. The literacy definition age 15 and over who can read and write and the percentage for males is 67% and for females is 62%. The young age structure age 0-14 is 39.87%, 15-24 is 20.34%, 25-54 is 32.12%, 55-64 is 4.38% and age 65 and over is 3.3%. Some major exports are coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, and cotton cloth. Madagascar’s exports partners are France for 23.5% and the USA for 12.8%. Some imports are capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods and food....
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...Crime, Transitory Poverty, and Isolation: Evidence from Madagascar Marcel Fafchamps University of Oxford y Bart Minten Cornell Universityz June 2005 Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between poverty and crime. Following a disputed presidential election, fuel supply to the highlands of Madagascar was severely curtailed in early 2002, resulting in a massive increase in poverty and transport costs. Using original survey data collected in June 2002 at the height of the crisis, we …nd that crop theft increases with transitory poverty. Theft thus appears to be used by some of the rural poor as a risk coping strategy. Increased transport costs led to a rise in cattle and crop theft, con…rming earlier …ndings that, in Madagascar, geographical isolation is associated with certain forms of crime. We also …nd that an increase in law enforcement personnel locally reduces cattle theft which, in Madagascar, is a form of organized crime. JEL classi…cation code: K14, I39 We thank Eliane Ralison and Lalaina Randrianarison for their assistance in collecting and cleaning the data. Funding for this project was provided by USAID and Cornell University. y Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ. Email: . Fax: +44(0)1865-281447. Tel: +44(0)1865-281446. z Cornell Food and Nutrition Policy Program, Cornell University, Ithaca NY. Email: 1. Introduction There has long been a suspicion that poverty favors criminal activity, but hard evidence...
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...Madagascar Rainforest Madagascar, located approximately 400 kilometers east of Africa is the world's fourth largest island. Because of its isolation it is occupied by some of the most unusual and rare species of plants and animals on earth. Madagascar was at one time formerly an independent kingdom; became a French colony in 1896 and regained independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held ending 17 years of single-party rule(Science 1990). The main historical problem with international trade has been the correlated destruction of the environment. This is especially true when it comes to the issue of deforestation. In Madagascar, (Economic Geography, 1993) people have been cutting down the forests for decades. Throughout the past century, much of the rainforests of Madagascar have disappeared. People have begun moving out of the cities, industries have started to expand, and the use of land for farming (particularly coffee) has dramatically increased. All of these phenomenons have led to the destruction of the forest of Madagascar. Many plants and animal species have been severely endangered due to the deforestation (New Scientist 1990). With a current population near 14 million and growing at roughly 3% yearly combined with a per capita income of $230 per year, the major threats to the remaining forest are driven by subsistence needs and cutting for fuel. This has become a major issue, not only because of the value...
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...Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥]; French: République de Madagascar) and previously known as the Malagasy Republic, is an island country in the Indian Ocean, off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing native plants and animals to evolve in relative isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot; over 90 percent of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population. Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo. These were joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands. Until the late 18th century, the island of Madagascar was ruled by a fragmented assortment of shifting socio-political alliances. Beginning in the early 19th century...
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...“Islands are fragile” (O’Riodan, 2009). The delicate and sensitive entities of islands need to be managed by the stakeholders in a sustainable way in order to maintain the natural and cultural environment. Sustainable tourism is defined as “tourism that is economically viable but does not destroy the resources on which the future of tourism will depend, notably the physical environment, and the social fabric of the host community.” (Brent, R., 2003). Islands suffer from special problems such as their limited carrying capacity, their lack of product diversity, their history, their peripheral and isolated nature, as well as having large endemism in regard to species. These problems can have diverse and wide ranging effects on stakeholders’ abilities to set up sustainable tourism projects. Space or carrying capacity is a major constraint on the creation of sustainable tourism projects. There is, as Bramwell (2004) suggests, an absolute restricted resource base which should act as a restrictive band on development and prevent sprawling unsustainable development. Developers and tour operators are at loggerheads with environmental agencies over this, as they are seeking quick short term profits with disregard for the future of the islands. This is shown in Bali, Indonesia on ‘Rama Beach’ the sea is littered with dead fish, oil and litter from the Rama beach hotel (personal obvs., 2010). This detracts from the selling points of an island resort (sun, sea and sand). Butler’s (1980)...
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...This paper will discuss deforestation across the globe and how it affects the world’s ecosystems. Everyday, a piece of Earth’s ecosystem is demolished by human hands for the conquest for timber, minerals, and other resources. Forests cover 2% of the Earth’s surface, 6% of the landmass, and yet they house half the animal and plant species while rainforests cover twice that area. Deforestation is occurring across the globe on a scale that if it were continue at its present rate the forests could disappear within the next one to two hundred years. This raises concerns and questions. First, why should we be concerned? Second, what kind of damage could deforestation lead to animal and plant species, human existence, and to mother Earth and its atmosphere? Third, how and why the rainforests benefit the human race. To answer these questions, this paper will discuss where the most deforestation is occurring and the consequences of deforestation. Tropical rainforests are defined by two primary factors: location and amount of rainfall they receive. Rainforests receive from 4 to 8 meters of rain a year. Most of the rainfall is blocked by heavy vegetation, and water reaches the forest floor by rolling down branches and trunks. A distinctive characteristic is that the rainforests have no seasonality or no dry or cold season of slower growth. In addition, they are the Earth’s oldest living ecosystems. The rainforests are a priceless part of mother earth and their removal through deforestation...
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...African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 2(7), pp. 287-295, July, 2007 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR ISSN 1991- 637X © 2007 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Locally produced fish feed: potentials for aquaculture development in subsaharan Africa U.U. Gabriel1, O. A Akinrotimi2, D. O. Bekibele2, D. N Onunkwo2 and P. E. Anyanwu3 Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environment, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, P.M.B 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2 African Regional Aquaculture Centre/Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B 5122, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. 3 Aquaculture Division, Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, P.M.B. 12729, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Accepted 30 May, 2007 1 Aquaculture development and growth in Africa have been on low ebb despite the vast aquatic resources that abounds on the continent. Since the introduction of aquaculture to Africa, some decades ago, there have been a lot of innovations, technological advancement and progress in the areas of genetics, seed propagation, pond construction and farm management in general. Despite breakthroughs recorded in these areas most farmers in Africa still rely heavily on imported feed ingredients and fish feeds from European countries, which makes fish farming expensive as fish feed account for at least 60% of the total cost of production. This has contributed in no small measure to the slow pace at which...
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...from two districts of Madagascar Frédéric Aubery∗ October 2012 Abstract The numerous school feeding programs around the world rest on the assumption that better nutrition leads to better results at school but the relationship between nutrition and school achievement is complex and difficult to estimate. Unobservable school, parents and child’s characteristics could have an impact on both nutrition and educational outcomes, resulting in a severe endogeneity problem. Based on a large data set from Madagascar (with nearly 6000 pupils), this paper tries to estimate the causal relationship between nutrition and school achievement with the help of an instrumental variable method. Variation in the total amount of rainfall from a year to an other during the five first years of a child’s life is used as an exogenous instrument to predict the long term nutritional status. Once instrumented the effect of nutrition over test scores appears to be larger, meaning that OLS estimates of this relationship were underestimated. Keywords : Nutrition, education, school feeding program. JEL codes : I25 , O12. PhD Candidate - Centre d’Etude et de Recherche sur le Développement International (CERDI) fred.aubery@gmail.com ∗ 1 1 Introduction Despite their high intervention costs, school feeding programs are widespread accross the world. According to Galloway et al. [2009], the mean cost of a school feeding program (SFP) is of US$40 per child per year. In Madagascar, for the school year...
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...Why do Poverty Reduction Programmes tend not to work out as intended? Discuss in relation to either i) states or ii) civil society organisations (NGOs or social movements or both). Introduction Mass poverty is the single most important economic and social issue on our planet today (Downer, 1997). ‘Poverty’ is a multidimensional concept involving the inability of people to meet their economic, social and other standards of well-being (OECD, 2001). Over the years a number of institutional approaches have been used to ensure the eradication of poverty from the society (Sarker and Rahman, 2006). One of these efforts is through a poverty reduction strategy. According to Barder (2009) ‘Poverty reduction’ is often described as the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over the poverty line. This line is defined as ‘the income levels below which people are defined as poor’ (World Banks, 2004). However, making poverty reduction strategies work has proven a much bigger challenge regardless of the fact that many efforts have been made towards alleviating it. Downer (1997) argues that the provision of opportunity for people to meet their basic needs has become the greatest challenge to most countries. Why then do poverty reduction programmes tend not to work out as intended? Pellissery (2005) points out that in developing economies, public authorities who are responsible for designing and implementing anti-poverty interventions are not sufficiently...
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...LIBERTY UNIVERSITY UNREACHED PEOPLE GROUP: THE COMORIANS OF THE GRAND COMOROS (NGAZIDJA) A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO DR. NEAL CREECY GLST 500 GLOBAL STUDIES SURVEY BY WESLEY J. HAROLD LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA MARCH 7, 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction...............................................................................................................3 II. Background Information...........................................................................................4 A. History, Language and Culture......................................................................4 B. Economy, Religion, and Family...................................................................7 C. Maps and Regional Information.................................................................10 III. Survey of Current Mission Work............................................................................11 A. The Invisible Church....................................................................................11 B. Can Someone Help.......................................................................................12 C. Difficulties in the Region.............................................................................13 IIII. Proposed Strategy.....................................................................................................15 A. The C-Spectrum............................................................................
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...Policy and Analysis Division (DPAD) of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat (UN/DESA). It is based on information obtained from the Statistics Division and the Population Division of UN/DESA, as well as from the five United Nations regional commissions, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and national and private sources. Estimates for the most recent years were made by DPAD in consultation with the regional commissions, UNCTAD, UNWTO and participants in Project LINK, an international collaborative research group for econometric modelling coordinated jointly by DPAD and the University of Toronto. Forecasts for 2014 and 2015 are primarily based on the World Economic Forecasting Model of DPAD, with support from Project LINK. Data presented in WESP may differ from those published by other organizations for a series of reasons, including differences in timing, sample composition and aggregation methods. Historical data may differ from those in previous editions of WESP because of updating and changes in the availability of data for individual countries. Country classifications For analytical purposes, WESP classifies all countries of the world into one of three broad categories: developed economies, economies in transition and developing economies...
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...1768100 Mobile: 01744480430 Submission Date: ............................. Letter of Transmittal Shehab Jil Karnine Lecturer Department of Management Carmichael College, Rangpur Subject: Submission Of Term Paper Sir, It has been a great pleasure to submit my Term Paper of successfully on Standard living of Bangladesh. I am trying to make the best collection of data Standard living of Bangladesh. I have invested my every effort to represent the management process of Dhaka EPZ. I have aimed to use this report for the academic purposes only. I will be grateful and pleased as well having any suggestions, directions or recommendations for further improvement of the Term Paper. I hope my Term Paper will satisfy you and I would also like to thank once again for your kind assistance in this regard. Yours sincerely Md. Amin Hossain Class Roll: 4092 Roll: 9818619 Registration: 1768100 Mobile: 01744480430 Acknowledgements At first I must convey my sincere gratitude to my respected teacher “Md. Shehab Jil Karnine” who was my department advisor during the internship program. It was because of his thorough guidance that I could prepare this term paper. His valuable advice has enriched this term paper. I would also like to express my gratefulness to, senior Adviser of Dhaka EPZ. It was great experience for me to have worked under him. He also had the time for me to guide me in my work. He assigned a few Advisor to help me in collecting...
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...Review of Warehouse Receipt System and Inventory Credit Initiatives in Eastern & Southern Africa Final report commissioned by UNCTAD under the All ACP Agricultural Commodities Programme (AAACP) *The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations September 2009 CONTENTS CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .....................................................................................................................iii GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Observations on the different approaches ......................................................................... 1 Policy conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................ 3 Specific proposals .....................................................................
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