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Research

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TOPIC

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB PERFORMANCE AND ABILITY JOB FIT TABLE OF CONTENTS

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Problem statement

• Literature review

• Theoretical framework

• Hypothesis

• Research design

• Research techniques

• Data collections methods

• Questionnaire

• Data Analysis

• Conclusions

• Recommendation ABSTRACT

Purpose of this report was to investigate the relationship between job performance and the ability job fit of the employees of a business organization. Definitively this is an investigation of all correlations between job efficiency with due linkage to the required job ability in any working sphere of the professional status quo. The dependent variable in the study is job performance and the independent variable is the Ability Job Fit i.e. the match between an employee’s ability and the requirement of his job. Our data collection method is unstructured interview and questionnaire. A sample of 10 people was chosen for the study by non-probability convenient sampling method.

The sample includes 5 employees of both multinational as well as local companies. The result shows that a high ability job fit is the most important factor behind an employee’s job performance and thus contributes to the field of organization behavior.

Thus I found out in my study in a non-contrived setting that a cause and effect relationship exists between job performance and ability job fit (keeping other things constant).

INTRODUCTION

But in the past few years more and more important is being given to the aspects of organizational behavior. To contribute to the field of organizational behavior this report is an effort to find out the relationship between job performance and ability job fit.

Aspects of this research:

This research is being done to improve our understanding of certain problems that commonly occur in organizational settings. The findings of this research will add knowledge in various management areas that deal with recruiting new employees and how to improve organizational performance by improving employee performance; by selecting the most eligible employee for a job.

It is commonly happen in organizational settings as well as field jobs that an employee’s ability (either physical or mental) does not match with his or her job ad that consequently leads to some negative effect to that employee’s job performance. An employee’s ability may either be “more” or “less” that the demand of the job and that might be due to various factors such as unemployment, influences, donations, inappropriate recruitments etc.

So, this report addresses to that fact that there must be a match for increased performance.

For the true understanding of this research report we must understand the significance and aspects of organizational behavior.

What is Organizational Behavior?

Organizational behaviour is the study that investigates the impact that individuals, group, and structures have on behaviour within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving and organization’s effectiveness. It is observed that the study and prediction of human behaviour within organizations really helps in improving an organizations efficiency and thus productivity.

But on a structural stimulus it is also an introspective study of effective corporal functioning. How teams build and function in a professional setting is an important factor in almost every sphere of profession. Furthermore this factor serves to provide an important link in this research because where job requirement and individual skill comes short, teamwork between different employees serves to achieve the result.

Whether this is in the interest of the said organization or the employee is much debated and skewed argument as any conclusion is dependant on the sheer number of variables available in this practice.

An example of such a case can be the software house where there are a host of programmers. Now on a certain given interface, one programmer may run late or be unable to do the required task correctly; in such a setting it would be perfectly natural for another coder in the organization to assist him in the task. Such an assist would probably be in interest of the company since it does at the very onset ensure their product quality. From the employees’ perspective this serves as a tie between them and builds a certain sense of professional co-operation amongst them, assisting each other where need be.

This however has its negative implications side by side, this can breed a false sense of security for employees, create laziness in them from knowing that their colleagues or team mates will cover for them.

On an abstract measure this part of the report deals with the terminologies of Organizational Behaviour and how it relates to Job Fit at all. The above given example is the relative premise between employees. But organization has to be dealt with on an entire hierarchical calculus so the question of relation between employee and employer arises. And that’s the simplest relation to define; it depends on whether the employee can accomplish the task effectively and this can only ideally happen if the employee’s skill set matches with the profession’s requirement. Other variables that follow are all linked such as monetary benefit, adulation etc.

The current study tested a model that links perceptions of organizational politics to job performance and “turnover intentions” (intentions to quit). Meta-analytic evidence supported significant, bivariate relationships between perceived politics and strain (.48), turnover intentions (.43), job satisfaction (−.57), affective commitment (−.54), task performance (−.20), and organizational citizenship behaviors toward individuals (−.16) and organizations (−.20). Additionally, results demonstrated that work attitudes mediated the effects of perceived politics on employee turnover intentions and that both attitudes and strain mediated the effects of perceived politics on performance. Finally, exploratory analyses provided evidence that perceived politics represent a unique “hindrance stressor.” – Chang,Rosen, Levy 2009

Productivity:

A performance measure that indicates effectiveness and efficiency.

Absenteeism:

Failure to report to work.

Turn over:

Voluntary or involuntary permanent withdrawal from the organization.

Job satisfaction:

A general attitude toward one’s job; the difference between the amount of 0 rewards employees receive and the amount they believe they should receive.

Now for the further understanding of this critical issue let us find out what an ability job is.

What is Ability Job Fit?

Basically in the field of OB, ability job fit is the match between an employee’s abilities and the demands of his job. We know that jobs make differing demands on people and that people differ in the abilities they possess. The specific abilities required for adequate job performance depends on the ability requirement of the job. For example, airline pilots need strong spatial-visualization ability; senior executives need verbal abilities; high-rise construction workers need balance etc.

Physical Abilities:

Required to do task determining stamina, strength, dexterity and other similar characteristics; for example: labors, construction workers.

Intellectual Abilities:

. Mental activities as the term suggests needs more divisive defining for the sake of the purpose of this report. Because as the term stands each job has its own required intellectual challenge at hand with the physical one and more often this proves to be a stimulus on multiple levels in terms of job fit. Simply because challenges over normal routine of the job may arise that may require the employee to handle things in a very different manner, such exceptional scenarios cannot be effectively narrowed down in job description but instead have to be left to employees skill.

The breadth of such scenarios usually tends to have far reaching consequences on the company hence why job fit explicitly cannot narrow down all the skills of an employee. PROBLEM STATEMENT

In this research, I am evaluating that the impact of ability job fit on employee’s performance. How an employee’s abilities matches with demand of the job and how it affect the employees performance at work. Is an employee’s performance at work related to how much his or her ability matches with the demand of the job?

The problem itself widens itself into various questions once looked into introspection.

If the employee’s abilities are matched by job and that has a positive impact on performance then how often is the occurrence in a sample?

Do other variables like team building, pay rises, company enrichment etc also play a part?

Does the converse of this relationship also hold true?

Relatively we have to take note of varying professions in our sample space and construct any inference on our hypothesis with due note to the different jobs and professions we will construct our space out of.

There also has to be due assessment of psychological factors on the worker which produces the said effects on the worker. This all expands duly from our problem statement as we begin to answer our question. The most dominant factor in this case is pressure, both from the management and the peers and how does skill fit relate to your job’s performance in these scenarios. We also consider the mental readiness and reaction to increment or decrement of payment based on your professional performance and how that ultimately links back to your skill fit.

Ultimately we also study the effect on the company itself in such a relationship and we see whether the company benefits from a high lined policy of skill or does it tone down its merit argument to make room for innovation and creativity. Both arguments need not be considered exclusively since there are multiple grey areas in between. Ultimately these factors tend to lay down our hypothesis on a fundamental basis. LITERATURE REVIEW

A brief literature survey on the topic indicated that ability directly influence an employee’s level of performance and satisfaction through the ability job fit. An employee’s performance is enhanced when there is high ability requirements of the job ignores the fact that employee performance depends on the interaction of the tow.

What predictions can we make when the fit is poor? As alluded to previously, if employees lack the required abilities, they are likely to fail. If you are hired as a word processor and you cannot meet the jobs basic keyboard typing requirements, your performance is going to be poor irrespective of your positive attitude or your high level of motivation. On the contrary, if the employee has abilities that far exceed the requirements of the job, job performance is likely to be adequate but there will be organizational inefficiencies and possible declines in employee satisfaction. Abilities significantly above those required can also reduce the employee’s job satisfaction when the employees desire to use their abilities and are frustrated by the limitations of their job.

There is a two fold thought process to that argument though, the latter factor does depend on the ambition of the employee being considered.

If the employee is ultimately ambitious but due to crowding or other reason is put in a job which is below their skill level, then there will be a general feeling of discontentment which may adversely affect the output.

Thus ability is highly influential and should be considered for effective selections and requirements, promotions and transfers etc.

To quote Onne Jannsen :

“Activation theory suggests that intermediate rather than low or high levels of quantitative job demands benefit job performance and job satisfaction among managers. Using an equity theory framework, I hypothesize that perceptions of effort-reward fairness moderate these inverted U-shaped demand-response relationships.”

Further analysis of this text conclusively states that jobs with median skill requirement are generally the ones which produce the best outputs in terms of job performance.

There are various psychological factors involved with such motivation but the most dominant of those is the lessening of the mental pressure of expectation from the employees whereby relaxing them and helping them be more calm in their efforts towards the job at hand.

“Researchers have traditionally thought of job performance in terms of what Borman and Motowidlo (1997) considered “task performance”—that is, employee effectiveness with regard to those activities that contribute to their organization's “technical core.” Only more recently has the role of employee work behaviors that fall outside the rubric of task performance been acknowledged in the research literature. Borman and Motowidlo reasoned that such behaviors are important because they “shape the organizational, social, and psychological context that serves as the catalyst for task activities and processes” (1997: 100). Of late, several researchers (e.g., Rotundo & Sackett, 2002; Viswesvaran & Ones, 2000) have speculated that overall job performance is a function not only of task performance but also of “contextual” behavior such as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB).” – Dalal,Weiss, Lam,Welch,Hulin (2009)

The same writers go on further to quote:

“Compared to the traditional between-person approach, the within-person approach represents a shift in terms of philosophy (an acknowledgment that behavior varies in predictable ways even over very short time intervals), research methods (the use of intensive within-person methods like experience sampling), and statistical methods (the use of methods like hierarchical linear models that account for the nesting of time-points within persons).”

There is much hypothesis as to whether the research between job fit and job performance can ever fundamentally prove an implicit pattern given the diversity of cases on show according to the data of these authors. The sampling for this purpose would be a high number for theoretical purpose but on a minute spectrum even a sample of under a hundred could give us a mild indication as to how does do the two factors link with each other.

Creativity in workforce is also a strong link to be considered here and how that mixes up with job fit and employee skill. More often than naught we see employees not being technically sound but managing to pull off a job well because of their presentation or implementation uniqueness.

There is much debate as to whether this creativity is good or adverse for a company in the long and short run.

“This study focused on the conditions under which job dissatisfaction will lead to creativity as an expression of voice. The authors theorized that useful feedback from coworkers, coworker helping and support, and perceived organizational support for creativity would each interact with job dissatisfaction and continuance commitment (commitment motivated by necessity) to result in creativity. In a sample of 149 employees, as hypothesized, employees with high job dissatisfaction exhibited the highest creativity when continuance commitment was high and when (1) useful feedback from coworkers, or (2) coworker helping and support, or (3) perceived organizational support for creativity was high.” Zhou,George, 2001.

The above abstract discusses creativity not just a link of dissatisfaction but also an impeding consequence to it. How the employee chooses to display the latter can in turn be quite risky with company proceedings depending on how high the job dissatisfaction has gone for the employee in question.

This dissatisfaction can ultimately lead to a) turnover or b) lax working attitude, which again the employee may exhibit through an interesting creative medium. Authors argue that this dissatisfaction in turn can be used by management in favour of company output rather in destroying it.

So consequently we arrive at employee motivation and how these fits in this whole hypothesis of job fit.

Authors argue that whether the skill requirements are high or not, the employee’s output is maximum only when they feel truly motivated by the job being asked of them. Obviously a large part of that depends on their skill set as well but there is an onus on the company to make the environment engaging and yet competitive for them to work in to maximize output.

“Although improving performance is a prominent issue in public management and the term, performance management, is in heavy use in the public sector, systematic investigations on the subject are relatively rare. Defining performance management as a human resource management tool, this research empirically tests the associations between performance management and two outcomes: perceived work-unit performance and perceived agency performance. In addition, it examines the role of trust as a facilitator of the successful implementation of performance management. Using the Merit Principles Survey 2005, we test the ideas. Ordered logit regression analyses confirm that performance management promotes perceived performance of both work-unit and agency, and the leverages are further increased under a high level of trust in supervisors.”- Cho,Lee, 2011

This analysis ultimately brings us to subject of performance judgement as to how does the management goes on this important task. Performance judgement as in the converse case can be two fold.

Supervisors can judge employees purely based on technical skill or they can monitor the overall implementation method of the employee which may in turn not include pure technical work. In a workplace environment it’s normative for supervisors to commend employees on impromptu jobs not remotely linked to the work description of the employees.

Again this kind of managing can have positive and negative consequences based on the frequency of their occurrence. Authors argue that relaxed working standards lead to a lax working output whereas sympathetic researchers outline that a light balance between firmness and intermediate rigidity leads to a healthy working environment on a psychological level.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The variable of primary interest of the research was the dependent variable of job performance.

The independent variable in the study is the job fit.

The greater the ability job fit the greater the chances are of an increased job performance of the employees.

When employees know and realize that they have the required abilities for the job and that they are appropriate for the job, they level of job performance increases.

Thus their productivity increases, turnover decreases absenteeism also decreases and the level of job satisfaction increases.

If however there is low ability job fit, employee might feet pressurized and ant times frustrated that directly affects their job performance. The theoretical framework is depicted in fig.

[pic]

HYPOTHESIS

Ho: There is no relation between job performance and ability job fit.

Ha: There is a positive relation between job performance and ability job fit.

Productivity Increases: A positive link between job requirement and employee skill is going to increase productivity.

Absenteeism Decreases: Owing to the multiple reasons behind absenteeism it is difficult to contextualize it within this theory; however in tough assignments employees do generally take days off work to give themselves extra time for the said assignment.

Turnover Decrease: Similar to absenteeism if productivity increases the turnover of the employees’ decreases.

An abstract from Mitchell,Holtom ,Lee,Sablynski,Erez

“A new construct, entitled 'job embeddings,' is introduced. It includes individuals' (1) links to other people, teams, and groups, (2) perceptions of their fit with job, organization, and community, and (3) what they say they would have to sacrifice if they left their jobs. We developed a measure of job embeddings with two samples. The results show that job embeddings predicts the key outcomes of both intent to leave and 'voluntary turnover' and explains significant incremental variance over and above job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job alternatives, and job search.”

Voluntary turnover as expected on analysis turned out to be from feelings of discontentment arising because of job fit.

Interestingly enough the job fit went both ways, too high as well as the underskilled job fit.

Job Satisfaction Increase: A clear linkage between productivity and satisfaction, if the employee’s work contributes to the productivity of the company, the employee subsequently feels encouraged to continue on with his work.

Motivation scholars have argued that intrinsic motivation is an important driver of employee attitudes. This research tests the influence of intrinsic motivation on employee attitudes and explores three factors conditioning the effects of intrinsic motivation: managerial trustworthiness, goal directedness, and extrinsic reward expectancy. The analysis demonstrates that intrinsic motivation is substantively associated with both employee satisfaction and turnover intention. It also reveals that the three conditional factors interact with intrinsic motivation. Managerial trustworthiness and goal directedness increase the leverage of intrinsic motivation on employee satisfaction, whereas extrinsic rewards expectancy decreases the leverage. With respect to turnover intention, the factors directly influence it rather than affect it indirectly through intrinsic motivation. The implications of the results for theory and managerial strategies for employee motivation are discussed. – Cho, 2011

THE RESEARCH DESIGN DETAILS

Purpose of study:

The purpose of study is Hypothesis Testing since the researcher trying to prove one hypothesis and reject the other hypothesis.

Type of Investigation:

The type of investigation is Causal because the researcher is trying to find a cause and affect relationship between job performance and ability job fit.

Study Setting:

The study setting is Non Contrived because it is a field study.

Researcher’ s i nfl uence:

The researcher has no influence hence no manipulation because influence is Minimal.

Time Horizon:

Data is collected only once hence tome horizon is Cross Sectional.

Units of Analysis:

The units of analysis are Individuals working in the organizations.

RESEARCH TECHNIQUE

Population and Sample:

The population for the study comprised all the people who are employed and are working in any organization. A non probability convenient sample is chosen. The sample size is 10, 15 white collar workers of multinational organizations and 5 blue collar workers of local companies.

Sample Characteristics:

Sample was of 90 percent men while 10 percent women. The mean age was 35. Seventy percent of respondents are married. Thirty percent of them had bachelor degrees, forty percent had master’s degree, 10 percent were Ph.D, 20 percent were others. Their income was between 5,000 and 50,000 per month.

Sample Error:

There might be sample error since the sample is very small as compared to the population and might not completely be the true representative of the population.

VARIABLES AND MEASURE:

Our variables are job performance and ability job fit; job performance being the dependent and ability of being the independent variable. The sample though small is the true representative of the population and the measure are reliable and valid pr the study.

DATA COLLECTION METHODS

The methods use for data collection is questionnaire. Questionnaires were given to employees of different organizations. It was assured to the respondents that their responses would be anonymous and confidential and the respondents completed the questionnaire in 5 to 10 minutes. The immediate bosses of some of those employees were also interviewed.

Questionnaires:

Ten questionnaires were distributed to the sample and each of the questionnaires was comprises of 10 questions. The basic purpose was to give a chance to the employees of their self analysis on their job performance and productivity and ask them how much they feel that they are most appropriate for that particular job.

Unstructured interviews:

The immediate bosses of 3 of the people who were given the questionnaire were asked questions about what they think about the ability job fit of their employees and how does that affect their performance at job and their productivity, turnover, job satisfaction and absenteeism.

The exact content with the interview was an open ended discussion on specific job requirements and whether all of them followed the same relationship between their requirement and their performance. There was also inclusion of specified cases and preference on which kind of work policy do most CEOs like to adopt towards their employees as Job fit.

The interview required us to take more data so to justify their preferences so that we could present the data taken with the one from the employees to come up with a rudimentary calculus that can determine our founded hypothesis.

Justification:

“Second, because Study 2 (unlike Study 1) assessed task performance as well as several facets each of OCB and CWB, it was possible in Study 2 to examine another aspect of the within-person structure of the criterion. Specifically, in addition to their task performance, employees should consider their OCB and CWB directed toward the organization and the supervisor—but not toward coworkers—relevant to their overall/global job performance (see Hypotheses 5–7). This may have indirect implications for the OCB-CWB relationship: as suggested previously, the relationship between OCB and CWB may be weaker for a facet of behavior considered irrelevant to global job performance (e.g., coworker-directed behavior) than for a facet considered relevant (e.g., organization- or supervisor-directed behavior).” Dalal,Weiss, Lam,Welch,Hulin (2009)

The research will raise questions on credibility due to being empirically focal. Opposing viewpoints are easily occur able in this setting.

“Drawing on the compatibility principle in attitude theory, we propose that overall job attitude (job satisfaction and organizational commitment) provides increasingly powerful prediction of more integrative behavioral criteria (focal performance, contextual performance, lateness, absence, and turnover combined). The principle was sustained by a combination of meta-analysis and structural equations showing better fit of unified versus diversified models of meta-analytic correlations between those criteria. Overall job attitude strongly predicted a higher-order behavioural construct, defined as desirable contributions made to one's work role (r = .59). Time-lagged data also supported this unified, attitude-engagement model.” Newman,Roth, Harrison 2008

These focal opposites is exactly why we choose to include less open ended questions in the questionnaire so as to avoid too much focal conflict in the study.

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What is your gender?

a) Male b) Female

2. What is your age group?

a) Under 20 b) 21-30 c) 31-40 d) 41-50

3. Your occupation?

a) Engineer b) Manager c) Business d) Other

4. What is your monthly average income?

a) 5,000 to 10,000

|b) |10,000 |to 20,000 |
|c) |20,000 |to 30,000 |
|d) |30,000 |to 50,000 |

5. How much do you think you are suitable for the job you are doing and does your job match with your abilities?

a) Very much b) Not at all c) A little

If you chose (a) go to question 6 If you chose (b) go to question 7 6. Why do you think you are suitable for the job you are doing?

a) It matches with my qualification and ability. b) Other reasons.

7. Why do you think you are not suitable for the job you are doing?

a) It does not match with my ability completely. b) I deserve a better more sophisticated job because of my high abilities. c) Others reasons.

8. How much are you satisfied with your job performance?

a) Very much b) A little c) Not at all

9. How much do you think your boss is satisfied with your job performance?

a) Very much b) A little c) Not at all

10.Is there a positive relation between job performance and ability job fit?

a) Yes, very much b) To a considerable extent c) Not at all

11. Do you believe that high work standards create unnecessary pressure on the employee?

a) Yes
b) No
c) Somewhat

12. How do you think the management of any company should go about designing the work skill policy of their company? (Please describe in less than 50 words)

DATA ANALYSIS

The results of the questionnaire and data analysis

The following is the results of the questionnaire that were filled by various respondents.

1. What is your gender? a- Male b- Female [pic]

2. What is your age group? a- Under 20 b- 21-30 c- 31-40 d- 41-50

[pic] 3. Your occupation? a- Engineer b- Manager c- Business d- Other

|Engineer |1 |
|Manager |3 |
|Business |2 |
|Other |4 |

4. What is your monthly average income? a- 5,000 to 10,000
|b- |10,000 |to 20,000 |
|c- |20,000 |to 30,000 |
|d- |30,000 |to 50,000 |

|Response |Frequency |Percentage% |
|5,000 to 10,000 |2 |20% |
|10,000 to 20,000 |4 |40% |
|20,000 to 30,000 |1 |10% |
|30,000 to 50,000 |3 |30% |
|Total |10 |100% |

Total 60% of the people are in the income bracket of 5,000 to 20,000. The remaining 40% are in the income bracket of 20,000 to 50,000.

[pic] 5. How much do you think you are suitable for the job you are doing and does your job match with your abilities? a- Very much b- Not at all c- A little If you chose (a) go to question 6 If you chose (b) go to question 7

|Responses |Frequency |Percentage |C.F |
|Very Much |7 |70% |7 |
|Not at all |2 |20% |9 |
|A little |1 |10% |10 |
|Total |10 |100% | |

70% of the respondents consider themselves as highly suitable for the job. 20% of the respondents consider themselves as unsuitable for their job. 10% of the respondents consider themselves a little suitable for the job.

6. Why do you think you are suitable for the job you are doing? a- It matches with my qualification and ability. b- Other reasons.

|Responses |Frequen |Percentage |C.F |
| |cy | | |
|Matches with ability |7 |87.5% |7 |
|Other reasons |1 |12.5% |8 |
|Total |8 |100% | |

87.5% of the respondents said that they think they are suitable for the job because it matches with their qualifications and ability whereas only 12.5% of the respondents think it is because of other reasons. [pic] 7. Why do you think you are not suitable for the job you are doing? a- It does not match with my ability completely. b- I deserve a better more sophisticated job because of my high abilities. c- Others reasons.

|Responses |Frequency |Percentage |C.F |
|Does not match |1 |50% |1 |
|I deserve better |1 |50% |2 |
|Other reasons |0 |0% |2 |
|Total |2 |100% | |

50% of the people who think they are not suitable for their job think so because their job does not match with their ability completely. Another 50% think that deserve better. [pic]

8. How much are you satisfied with your job performance? a- Very much b- A little c- Not at all

70% of the sample is very much satisfied with their job performance. 20% are a little satisfied and a little dissatisfied whereas only 10% are not satisfied. 9. How much do you think your boss is satisfied with your job performance? a- Very much b- A little c- Not at all [pic] 90% of the respondent think that their bosses are satisfied with their them very much, whereas 10% think that their bosses are a little satisfied and a little dissatisfied.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

HO: There is no relation between job performance and ability job fit

HA: There is a positive relation between job performance and ability job fit.

10. Is there a positive relation between job performance and ability job fit? a- Yes, very much b- To a considerable extent c- Not at all 80% of the respondent strongly agree where as 20% also agree too

|Responses |Frequency |Percentage |C.F |
|Very much |8 |80% |8 |
|To a considerable |2 |20% |10 |
|Extent not at all |0 |0% |10 |
|Total |10 |100% | |

[pic]

Results from the Questionnaire:

The responses of the respondents clearly showed that they really believe in the significance of the ability job fit and that they feel that a person’s performance at work is increased when his abilities completely match with the work requirement of his job.

Results from the interviews:

Interviews clearly told in the light of their experiences that the employees whose abilities match with the job demand are highly productive and are less absent, more productive, more satisfied with their jobs.

There were contentions noted as well in each interview, we noted similarities in how many employees fully agree that in having a hard and fast work policy is only destructive to the company’s own efforts. They also were of the opinion that skill level should be measured but on such a strict gauge.

This meant that our hypothesis rested on a loose link so obviously the question on what is the standard policy was the deal breaking question.

As expected there was a breadth of answers to this question, a definitive answer based on sample is not easy to give but theoretically we can imply that work policy where skill fits are flexible are the best ones, where employees can fit into their job with more than one type of methodology or knowledge. Obviously such a policy also requires the breadth of tools and diversity of the technology being on hand so the cost/benefit analysis comes into play here company by company.

There was unanimous agreement on the fact however that even on a generalized basis both the company and the employee have better performance outputs if the skill fit of job matches skills of the employee. Employees do cut back on absenteeism and turnover does decrease overall from an employee who falls into the above stated criteria.

I accept the alternative hypothesis the “THERE IS A POSITIVE RELATION BETWEEN JOB PERFORMANCE AND ABILITY JOB FIT”. CONCLUSION

On the basis of study conducted, I come to the conclusion that an employee’s job performance is directly related to the ability job fit. The higher the ability job fit the better the performance and the lower is the ability job fit the lower is job performance.

The study was undertaken to contribute to the field of Organizational Behavior. The results of the study clearly indicate that an employee is more satisfied with his job when he feels that there is a true match between his abilities and the technical and intellectual requirement of his job. The consequently these people are likely to be more productive workers, rating low on absenteeism and turnover and high in job satisfaction ( with other factors held constant).

Limitations

There might possibly be some inadequacies in the sampling design, measures, data collection methods, respondent bias, questionnaire design etc and thus generalization might occur; and that might be due to certain time and cost limitations and the business if the respondents.

The biggest limitation of this study is the sheer breadth of opinions that are plausible in such a case study.

The sample included less open ended questions owing to that reason and we readily accept the generalization being made here.

However the hypothesis goes on the most crude and on its most basic in defining the relationship. We fully consider the other scenarios and plausible variables that can affect the given link.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Keeping the above study in kind various alternatives may be generated like:

An organization’s recruitment policies should be very job specific keeping ability job fit at their top most priority level.

Promotions and transfer decisions affecting individuals should also reflect the abilities of the candidates.

The fit can be improved by fine tuning the job to better match an employee’s abilities. For that certain modifications can be done in one’s job.

Training for employees can also be provided to increase the fit.
-----------------------
|Under 20 |0 |
|21-30 |4 |
|31-40 |4 |
|41-50 |2 |

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

|Responses |Frequency |Percentage |C.F |
|Very Much |7 |20% |7 |
|A little |2 |20% |9 |
|Not at all |1 |10% |10 |
|Total |10 |100% | |

|Responses |Frequency |Percentage |C.F |
|Very Much |9 |90% |9 |
|A little |1 |10% |10 |
|Not at all |0 |0% |10 |
|Total |10 |100% | |

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8

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...requirements of talking on the phone.  These predictions were derived from basic theories on limited attention capacities. 2. Microsoft Company has basic research sites in Redmond, Washington, Tokoyo, Japan etc.at these research sites work on fundamental problems that underlie the design of future products. For example a group at Redmond is working natural language recognition soft wares, while another works on artificial intelligence. These research centres don’t produce new products rather they produce the technology that is used to enhance existing products or help new products. The product are produced by dedicates product groups. Customization of the products to match the needs of local markets is sometimes carried out at local subsidiaries. Thus, the Chinese subsidiary in Singapore will do basic customizations of programs such as MS office adding Chinese characters and customizing the interface. APPLIED RESEARCH * INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICE COMPANY Offering customers products and services for ‘connected life and work’  Project: 1. Research focused on the organisation’s tendency to appoint ‘safe’ senior executives, rather than those who were able to drive change through the business, and enable a culture of calculated business risk and growth.  This research led to a programme that created different and improved relationships with executive search agencies, established a positive shift in the interaction between the...

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...Myresearch About 30 million other animals. Animal experimentation by scientists can be cruel and unjust, but at the same time it can provide long term benefits for humanity. Animals used in research and experiments have been going on for 2,000 years and keep is going strong. It is a widely debated about topic all over the world. Some say it is inhuman while others say it's for the good of human kind. There are many different reasons why people perform experiments and why others total disagree with it. Each year 20 million animals are produce and breed for the only purpose but to be tested on. Fifty-three thousands of animals are used each year in medical and veterinary schools. The rest is used in basic research. The demand for animals in the United States is 50 million mice, 20 million rats, and aThis includes 200,000 cats and 450,000 dogs. The world uses about 200-250 million animals per year. The problem with working with animals is that they cannot communicate their feelings and reactions. Other people say that they can communicate and react to humans just a well as one person to another. Some of the animals the research's use are not domesticated which makes them extremely hard to control and handle. The experiments that go on behind closed doors are some of the most horrific things a human could think of too torture somebody or something. Animals in labs are literally used as models and are poked at and cut open like nothing is happening. When drug are tested on animals...

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...Research Methodology & Fundamentals of MR. 100 Marks Course Content 1. Relevance & Scope of Research in Management. 2. Steps Involved in the Research Process 3. Identification of Research Problem. 4. Defining MR problems 5. Research Design 6. Data – Collection Methodology, Primary Data – Collection Methods / Measurement Techniques – Characteristics of Measurement Techniques – Reliability, Validity etc. – Secondary Data Collection Methods – Library Research, References – Bibliography, Abstracts, etc. 7. Primary and Secondary data sources and data collection instruments including in-depth interviews, projective techniques and focus groups 8. Data management plan – Sampling & measurement 9. Data analysis – Tabulation, SPSS applications data base, testing for association 10. Analysis Techniques – Qualitative & Quantitative Analysis Techniques – Techniques of Testing Hypothesis – Chi-square, T-test, Correlation & Regression Analysis, Analysis of Variance, etc. – Making Choice of an Appropriate Analysis Technique. 11. Research Report Writing. 12. .Computer Aided Research Methodology – use of SPSS packages Reference Text 1. Business Research Methods – Cooper Schindler 2. Research Methodology Methods & Techniques – C.R.Kothari 3. D. K. Bhattacharya: Research Methodology (Excel) 4. P. C. Tripathy: A text book of Research Methodology in...

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...Research Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods (Babbie, 1998). Inductive methods analyze the observed phenomenon and identify the general principles, structures, or processes underlying the phenomenon observed; deductive methods verify the hypothesized principles through observations. The purposes are different: one is to develop explanations, and the other is to test the validity of the explanations. One thing that we have to pay attention to research is that the heart of the research is not on statistics, but the thinking behind the research. How we really want to find out, how we build arguments about ideas and concepts, and what evidence that we can support to persuade people to accept our arguments. Gall, Borg and Gall (1996) proposed four types of knowledge that research contributed to education as follows: 1. Description: Results of research can describe natural or social phenomenon, such as its form, structure, activity, change over time, relationship to other phenomena. The descriptive function of research relies on instrumentation for measurement and observations. The descriptive research results in our understanding of what happened. It sometimes produces statistical information about aspects of education. 2. Prediction: Prediction research is intended to predict a phenomenon that will occur at time Y from information at an earlier time X. In educational...

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...Contents TITLE 2 INTRODUCTION 3 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 3 AIM 4 OBJECTIVES 4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 METHODOLOGY AND DATACOLLECTION 5 POPULATION AND SAMPLING 6 DATA ANALYSIS METHODS 6 PARTICIPANTS IN THE STUDY 7 STUDY PERIOD (GANTT CHART) 8 STUDY RESOURCES 9 REFERENCES 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 APPENDICES: 10 * The Impact of Motivation through Incentives for a better Performance - Adaaran Select Meedhupparu Ahmed Anwar Athifa Ibrahim (Academic Supervisor) Applied Research Project to the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Studies The Maldives National University * * Introduction As it is clear, staff motivation is important in all the sectors especially in the tourism sector where we require highly skilled employees to get the best of their output to reach the organizational goals. Therefore, organizations spend a lot on their staff motivation in terms of different incentive approaches, such as financial benefits, training and development, appreciations, rewards and promotions. As mentioned in the title, the outline of the findings will be focused on the motivation of the staffs on improving their performances by the different incentive packages that they get at the resort. This study will be executed at Adaaran Meedhupparu by giving questionnaire to the staff working in different departments to fill up and return to the scholar to examine the current situation of staff satisfaction on motivation to do...

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...STEP 1etasblish the need for research We have to consider if it is a real need for doing a research? Research takes time and costs money. If the information is already available, decisions must be made now, we cant afford research and costs outweigh the value of the research, then the research is not needed. Step 2 define the problem or topic State your topic as a question. This is the most important step. Identify the main concepts or keywords in your question. Problem maybe either specific or general. Step 3 establish research objective Research objectives, when achieved, provide the Information necessary to solve the problem identified in Step 2. Research objectives state what the researchers must do. Crystallize the research problems and translate them into research objective. At this point, we will pin down the research question. Step 4 determine research design The research design is a plan or framework for conducting the study and collecting data. It is defined as the specific methods and procedures you use to acquire the information you need. based on the research objectives, we will determine the most appropriate research design: qualitative and/ or quantitative. • Exploratory Research: collecting information in an unstructured and informal manner. • Descriptive Research refers to a set of methods and procedures describing marketing variables. • Causal Research (experiments): allows isolation of causes and...

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...Research Article Research is important to every business because of the information it provides. There is a basic process to researching information and that process begins by deciding what information needs to be researched. The next step is to develop a hypothesis, which describes what the research paper is about and what the researcher’s opinion is regarding the topic. The research article chosen for this paper is titled, “The Anchor Contraction Effect in International Marketing Research.” The hypothesis for this paper is, “This raises the issue of whether providing responses on rating scales in a person’s native versus second language exerts a systematic influence on the responses obtained.” Simply explained, the hypothesis of this paper is to determine whether research questions should be in a person’s native language rather than expecting them to respond to questions in a language in which they might not be fluent. The hypothesis of this paper was accepted based on the research data gathered by the research team. This hypothesis was supported by nine studies using a variety of research methods. The research methods provided data that demonstrated the level of inaccuracy based on questions being asked in a language that was not the respondent’s native language. The research data provided insight into the probability of more accurate results when the respondent was asked questions in a manner that related well with their culture. There are several implications...

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...ACE8001: What do we mean by Research? & Can we hope to do genuine Social Science Research (David Harvey)  What do we mean by research? What might characterise good research practice? There is no point in us trying to re-invent the wheel - other and probably more capable people than us have wrestled with this problem before us, and it makes good sense and is good practice to learn what they have discovered.  In other words - we need to explore more reliable and effective methods and systems for the pursuit of research than we have been doing so far. What is research? Dictionary Definitions of Research: * "The act of searching closely or carefully for or after a specified thing or person" * "An investigation directed to discovery of some fact by careful study of a subject" * "A course of scientific enquiry" (where scientific = "producing demonstrative knowledge") Howard and Sharp (HS) define research as:  "seeking through methodical processes to add to bodies of knowledge by the discovery or elucidation of non-trivial facts, insights and improved understanding of situations, processes and mechanisms".  [Howard, K. and Sharp, J.A. The Management of a student research project, Gower, 1983 - a useful and practical “how to do it” guide] Two other, more recent guides are: Denscombe, Martyn, 2002, Ground rules for good research: a 10 point guide for social research,  Open University Press. Robinson Library Shelf Mark: 300.72 DEN, Level 3 (several copies)...

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...solve analytic models or whatever, but they often fail to demonstrate that they have thoroughly thought about their papers—in other words, when you push them about the implicit and explicit assumptions and implications of their research models, it appears that they haven’t really given these matters much thought at all.[1] Too often they fall back on saying that they are doing what they are doing because that is the way it is done in the prior literature, which is more of an excuse than a answer. (Of course, once a researcher reaches a certain age, they all feel that youngsters aren’t as good as they were in the good old days!) Therefore, in this class we shall go beyond simply studying research in managerial accounting. For many of you, this is your first introduction to accounting research and to PhD level class. Hence, in these classes we shall also learn how to solve business problems systematically and to understand what it means to have thoroughly “thought through” a paper. We begin not with academic research, but with some real world cases, because we should never forget that ours is an applied research field: accounting research is a means towards the end of understanding business and is not an end in itself, in the way pure science research is. Developing a systematic procedure for solving a real world business problem is the starting point for developing a...

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...manger know about research when the job entails managing people, products, events, environments, and the like? Answer: Research simply means a search for facts – answers to questions and solutions to problems. It is a purposive investigation. It is an organized inquiry. It seeks to find explanations to unexplained phenomenon to clarify the doubtful facts and to correct the misconceived facts. Research is the organized and systematic inquiry or investigation which provides information for solving a problem or finding answers to a complex issue. Research in business: Often, organization members want to know everything about their products, services, programs, etc. Your research plans depend on what information you need to collect in order to make major decisions about a product, service, program, etc. Research provides the needed information that guides managers to make informed decisions to successfully deal with problems. The more focused you are about your resources, products, events and environments what you want to gain by your research, the more effective and efficient you can be in your research, the shorter the time it will take you and ultimately the less it will cost you. Manager’s role in research programs of a company: Managing people is only a fraction of a manager's responsibility - they have to manage the operations of the department, and often have responsibilities towards the profitability of the organization. Knowledge of research can be very helpful...

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...Volume 3, number 2 What is critical appraisal? Sponsored by an educational grant from AVENTIS Pharma Alison Hill BSC FFPHM FRCP Director, and Claire Spittlehouse BSc Business Manager, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Institute of Health Sciences, Oxford q Critical appraisal is the process of systematically examining research evidence to assess its validity, results and relevance before using it to inform a decision. q Critical appraisal is an essential part of evidence-based clinical practice that includes the process of systematically finding, appraising and acting on evidence of effectiveness. q Critical appraisal allows us to make sense of research evidence and thus begins to close the gap between research and practice. q Randomised controlled trials can minimise bias and use the most appropriate design for studying the effectiveness of a specific intervention or treatment. q Systematic reviews are particularly useful because they usually contain an explicit statement of the objectives, materials and methods, and should be conducted according to explicit and reproducible methodology. q Randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews are not automatically of good quality and should be appraised critically. www.evidence-based-medicine.co.uk Prescribing information is on page 8 1 What is critical appraisal What is critical appraisal? Critical appraisal is one step in the process of evidence-based clinical practice. Evidencebased clinical practice...

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...ISS334: Information Systems Security (Project Description) * Each student work alone in this project (individual project). * Each student is required to complete a mid-size project, which includes proposal, implementation, and final demo or paper. * Students will be grouped into teams for the sake of presentations at the end of the semester. Marks allocated for each individual piece of the project are as follows: a) Proposal – 10% b) Project write-up – 22% c) Presentation – 8% Projects include but are not limited to: * Research Paper * You can work on original research problems. The outcome should be a paper with original technical contribution. Your grade on this will be judged on originality, soundness of the approach, and quality of presentation.  * Example Topics: * Vulnerability Analysis * Wireless Security * Intrusion Detection  * Authentication * Access Control * Authorization * DNS Security * Digital Watermarking * New Attacks * Survey Paper * You can write a paper that surveys a particular field on information security. The outcome should be a paper that summarizes the trend in the field you have chosen. Your grade will be judged on the completeness of the survey, the quality of the trend analysis, and the quality of presentation. * Example topics: * Vulnerability Analysis * Wireless...

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...Marketing Department, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RQ, United Kingdom e-mail: 1sh@ukm.my 1,3 ABSTRACT This study examined the adequacy of using undergraduate student samples in research on online consumer attitudes by comparing the attitudes of students (n = 161) towards online retailing services with the attitudes of non-students (n = 252) towards such services. A structured questionnaire administered online was used to gather data on perceptions, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions with regard to online retailing services. The t-test results showed that, in general, students' attitude towards online retailing services is similar to that of non-students. Therefore, undergraduate students may be reasonable surrogates for consumers in research on online retailing. Keywords: internet users, electronic commerce, online consumer attitudes, online retailing services, student surrogates INTRODUCTION The usage of the internet as a communication and transaction medium in consumer markets is growing rapidly (Castells, 2000; Hart, Doherty, & EllisChadwick, 2000). In line with this expansion, consumer-based electronic commerce has become an emerging research area (e.g. Demangeot & Broderick, 2006, 2007; Teo, 2006; Tih & Ennis, 2006a, 2006b). In particular, a stream of research addressing issues related to online consumer attitudes (e.g. George, 2004; Wang, Chen, Chang, & Yang, 2007) and behaviors (see Cheung, Chan, & Limayem, 2005 for a review) has emerged. Although...

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...Importance Of Research Research is tool, which is utilized by my organizations and co-operations to have a fundamental knowledge of goods, products, and also to finding out consumer behavior. It is also a systematic investigation into the study of materials and sources inn order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research informed the marketers of Glidden paint because it helped them start from were the audience was which was Walmart in this case scenario. A marketer finds out what you want, and creates or finds product that fits you. Research aided the marketers of Glidden paint to come to a conclusion that not only should you hypothesize, you should also carry out experiments as well. In this case we see that the help of experiments helped them realize that Walmart’s brand name of saving money was not deterring the perceived quality of the paints. Meaning that Walmart’s cheap pricing of goods played no part in the durability of the paint. Research helped the marketers of Glidden paint realize that they could revamp the Walmart paint section, which has been ignored for years. They are confident that Glidden paint will do great numbers because they have raised awareness and created a media platform that consumers can interact with the most. Not only has research helped in satisfying consumer wants, it also gives the marketer an in-depth knowledge on the frequent changes of consumer taste. Research helped Glidden paint marketers realize...

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