...Resilience is the ability to recoil back in times of adversity or risks and negative experiences brought by different stressors such as relationship crisis, serious health problems or financial complications. It is a dynamic process that establishes positive adaptation and effective coping strategies to overcome these changes or misfortunes. Individuals vary in strength and limitations thus one’s resilience differ depending on their behaviour, cognitive thinking and actions. Resilience is not a stabilised personality trait, for it can change over time and may not be apparent in one stage of a person’s life but it can be learned and developed in several stages such as in early childhood, adolescent or adulthood depending on the availability of protective factors outweighing the risks.(Coleman & Hagell, 2007) Resilience is accomplished through interventions aiming for a strength-based approach which can be...
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...Abstract Resilience is the process of adjusting enough in the process of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or major sources of stress. Resilience is a two-dimensional construct regarding adversity exposure and the positive adaptation to that adversity. Some researchers concluded that psychological development of humans is greatly buffered and that long lasting consequences of adversity are frequently associated into either organic damage or major interference in the normative protective processes ingrained in the caregiving system. Resilient individuals show social competence even in the presence of risk factors related to negative adaptation. Building and maintaining health relationships...
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...family unit, and the implications of the policies for health and social care practitioners. The assignment will attempt to discuss relevant biopsychosocial theories which when impacted on the family, influence health status outcomes, including resilience factors. It will also highlight and focus on attributes of vulnerability within the family setting, using specialist assessments skills. The family which the author will be discussing in this assignment (Appendix 1) is considered to be a vulnerable family, the family member which will be the main focus is the 14 year old teenage mother with a ten week old baby. For the purpose of this essay pseudonyms will be used, they will be called Jade and Billy, to protect the client's identity and for confidentiality purposes, this is in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code of Conduct guidelines (Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008). Every child and young person needs to be protected, feel secure and sheltered from abuse and harm in an environment which is safe and where their needs are met (Oliver and Pitt 2011). How children make sense of the world around them is formed by their early experiences as children, teenagers and our family life. Families nurture and build resilience and moral codes for children, this supports them in leading successful and fulfilling lives (Cabinet Office 2008). The family can be summarised as an institution which is exclusive for a vast range of functionality which it offers, this leads...
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...Assignment 1 Andrea Cassibba Pacific Oaks College I have always found Erikson’s background to be interesting. He was primarily taken care of by his mother and his stepfather who was a pediatrician. This led him to be around young children often. Erikson not only was around the children he was observing them at a young age and this is where are theories and applying them come into play. I believe overall this explains Erikson and his theory. For me his theory makes sense, as do all of the stages. Having had the opportunity to work with children of various ages I have been able to see children go through these stages at these ages, and it is fascinating to me. I have witnessed the beginning stages in young children and it fascinates me to see them in a sense become a young adult in Stage 2 as they begin to assert themselves as people and not relying solely on someone else to take care of them. One question that arises for me is Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair and that Erikson states that elders who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death, and I personally have not seen this or had an elder express this fear. I feel as though elders as they get older are prepared for death whether their life was satisfying or not. I have also not had much experience with elders so I may not have experienced or witnessed it for that reason. An example of a developmental crisis is evident in my life is from Stage 5: Identity...
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...The purpose of this assignment is to outline how attachment, emotion and communication along with resilience all pose advantages and disadvantages for children starting a new school who come from many different social and cultural backgrounds within the same community. Insecurely attached children and their securely attached peers are looked at alongside parental anxiety as highlighted in Bayram’s (2014) newspaper article. Following on from this will be how emotions start once a baby is born, they gain attention through cooing, smiling and using movement of their body (Ibbotson 2015). A child’s emotional capabilities can help them through some of the challenges they will face when they start school. This could prove to be a barrier if a child...
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...Child Abuse Name Institution Child Abuse Child abuse is when one jeopardizes or damages a child’s health, physical or emotional growth. Basically, it can be explained when one hurts a child with no valid reason and at times, it can be represented with an injury which emerges to be non-accidental (Help, 2010). Child Abuse can be in different forms the first one is sexual abuse. Sexual abuse is when an adult has sex with a child. It also includes child prostitution, exhibitionism or even forcing a child to watch any sexual acts (Help, 2010). The second one is physical abuse this is when one causes an intended injury to a child it also includes biting, burning, hair pulling, kicking, slapping and many others. The third one is emotional abuse it means behaving in a manner that affects the social or mental development of a child. When one screams or yells at a child, it affects their emotional growth. Calling them names or a shaming them affects their social life at a certain level (Help, 2010). The last form of abuse is when one neglects a child. This is when one stops to provide the basic or physical needs (adequate food, housing, medical attention and clothes) of a child it also includes not supervising a child. There has been a number of theories over years trying to explain the history of child abuse. Currently only six theories try to explain the source of child abuse. These theories use two main methods to explain...
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...loss of developmental potential. On the other hand, positive caregiver-child interactions are said to facilitate social-emotional development (Walker et al., 2011). This is especially true in infancy.” In this essay I wish to discuss the above emphasised statements in the context of normal social behaviour. This essay places specific emphases on three main areas; the role of attachment in child developement, how a lack of caregiver-child interactions affect the infant and the protective factors that could facilitate the child’s social-emotional development. After World War II, it was found that many children who lost their parents presented similar psychological difficulties (Cassidy & Shaver, 1999). Psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby wrote a pamphlet on the situation, entitled “Meternal Deprivation”. Out of this work spawned the attachment theory. For the first time people became aware that the close careciver-child attachment, usually mother-child, was very important in the healthy development of a child. Research has since and is still being done on understanding the role of attachment. Principles of the theory have been used to explain a number of social behaviours, such as social dominence, hierarchical social structures and even justice (Bugental, Acquisition of the Algorithms of Social Life: A Domain-Based Approach, 2000). The knowledge brought to light by...
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...literature on resilience provides a view that sees youth at promise rather than at risk. It offers counselors, teachers, and parents positive and viable resources for promoting the healthy development of the youth in their lives. Resilience is a dynamic developmental process (Luthar et al., 2000) of healthy human development growing out of nurturing relationships that support social, academic, and vocational competence and the self-righting capacity to spring back from exposure to adversity. Although resilience is a dynamic process, it is frequently misrepresented as an extraordinary trait that allows only some youth to “have what it takes” to overcome the odds. However, resilience does not come from rare or special qualities, but from the valuable power of the ordinary, from resources found in the brains and bodies of children and youth, in their families and relationships, and in their communities (Masten, 2001). “Resilience is not the cheerful disregard of one’s difficult and traumatic life experiences; neither is it the naïve discounting of life’s pains. It is rather the ability to bear up in spite of these ordeals” (Saleebey, 1997). The challenge is tapping into this power. “Resilience is an inside-out process that begins with one person’s belief and emanates outward to transform whole families, classrooms, schools and communities… It means we shift from a focus on fixing individuals to creating healthy systems” (Benard & Marshall, 1971). For counselors to foster resilience in youth...
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...The Effects of Military Service on Children and Families Abstract When a service member is deployed or sent on a tour, this has a drastic change in the life of the service member’s family especially the children. Being the family of a military service member is already a difficult and complex lifestyle; deployments don’t make it any easier. Military deployment is a unique experience affecting both service members who make sacrifices for our country, and the loved ones who await their return. The potential for deployment is a constant reality. Today’s military deployments may occur in rapid succession and be extended. Therefore, military personnel and their families must always be deployment-ready. Deployments are not easy and can create significant stress for U.S. military men and women and their families. In many cases deployments cans create problems in families. It can contribute to marital problems, family dysfunction, and emotional or behavioral disturbance in spouses and children. The primary purpose of this research paper is to describe the effects of military deployments on a families and children. This paper will discuss the effects and they type of effects the military families and children are faced with. “Deployments in the United States have increased greatly in the past 10 years. Families and children are psychiatrically affected by these deployments and recent studies are clarifying these effects.” (James 2012, p.16) Deployments in military...
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...Sensitive parenting is the most important factor in a child’s psychological development – discuss This essay will explore the concept of sensitive parenting and will look at how the dynamic interactions between parent and child inform Attachment Theory a model which measures child development. This model, pioneered by Bowlby is posited within the principles of a psychoanalytic and biological perspective (Bee, H.L., 2000). Child attachment can be classified into two main types, secure and insecure, by using a standard laboratory assessment known as the “Strange Situation” developed by Ainsworth, insecure attachment was divided further into sub groups, ambivalent and avoidant (Ding, S. & Littleton, K. 2005). Whilst discussing attachment theory which utilises the concept of an internal working model other approaches in terms of understanding how parenting affects child development will be explored. Theoretical positions such as social learning theory which lies heavily on behaviourist principles will be looked at, parenting styles where patterns of parenting will be discussed and inter-generational transmission which serves to perpetuate society’s inequalities and disadvantages with negative connotations for a child’s psychological development (Ding, S. & Littleton, K. 2005). “Disturbed” and “Disturbing Behaviour” will also be explored. The medical model and social model perspectives challenge the understanding in terms of attributing cause of problem behaviour to either...
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...In reflecting on childhood trips to the soda parlor or the beach with his mother, Richard provides a glimpse into the early roots of his and his mother’s lifelong relationship. In Chapter 6, Bjorklund (2013) discusses social relationships and defines attachment as the strong affectionate bond formed between an infant and their primary caregiver. Research suggests that the attachment bond that one has with one's caregiver in childhood significantly influences the relationships that one forms in adulthood. Russo describes the relationship that he and his mother formed throughout Richard’s childhood as one in which “we, the two of us, were all we needed [because] as long as we had each other, we’d be fine” (Russo, 19, 2012). This characterization foreshadows an adult bond of interdependence and reliance, one in which Richard and Jean would rely on each other to provide guidance, counsel, and meaning in life. As such, Richard’s transition into adulthood, marked by his move away to college at the University of Arizona, is complicated by his relationship with...
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...Parental Substance Misuse: An Exploration of the Impact of Substance Abuse on Children 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background and Problem Definition It is beyond debаte thаt the use or misuse of substаnce hаs severe impаct on the well being of children. The term substаnce refers to both the illicit аnd non illicit forms of drugs. The use of substаnce by а pаrent becomes misuse when the pаrent in question uses it to the level where the usаge becomes hаzаrdous for both the behаviour аnd heаlth of the pаrent аs well аs the life of the children involved. The hаrmful behаviour in the pаrent hinders the pаrent’s аbility to tаke good cаre of their children which is the children’s fundаmentаl right (Forrester 2011, p. 4). The pаrentаl substаnce misuse hаs physicаl, behаviourаl, sociаl аnd emotionаl or mentаl consequences for the children. Parental substance Misuse is a major issue that has captured the attention of social worker and professional as well as policy makers with regard to wellbeing and needs of a child (Murphy & Harbin, 2003, p.354). The National Treatment Agency (2012, p.3) notes that over 50% of the total adults undergoing drug treatment in 2012 were parents of which a third (66,193) were living with children under the age of 18. Out of these, those who live with their children are 40,852 while those who live with children who are not theirs are 25,341. While not all parents with substance misuse problems harm their children, past research evidence has indicated...
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...Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents A critical review Katie Waghorn West Virginia University March 14, 2014 Author’s Note This paper was prepared for COUN 505 taught by Dr. Tina Walsh Introduction Resilience is a complex construct with many definitions. Most frequently, resilience can be defined as one’s ability to “bounce back” from an adverse situation. It is “interactive and contextual” (Prince-Embury & Saklofske, 2013, pg.19). However, some believe resiliency is a personality trait. There is some aversion to the use of resiliency, however, as it gives the impression that some are better than others. Resilience is applicable to both adults and children. This paper will focus on the childhood aspect of resilience. Over the years, it has been a topic of interest among researchers as to how some children manage to overcome adversity and thrive, while others suffer psychological and physical distress. As a result, much of the early research carried out on resilience looked at “three sets of factors implicated in the development of resilience: (1) attributes of the children themselves, (2) aspects of their families, and (3) characteristics of their wider social environments” (Vanderbilt-Adriance & Shaw, 2008, pg. 31). Recently, research has shifted from identifying key characteristics of resilient children to understanding how these factors affect a child’s ability to handle adversity. Despite extensive research on the subject, there is still controversy...
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...Family and happiness Brandon Ruth English 112 Family can be defined in many different ways and mean many different things to different people. In the 19th century family was defined by two parents and kids (mother and father). Now families in the 21st century can be defined in many different ways. Some families have two mothers or two fathers. Some kids are being raised by siblings, grandparents, sometimes other relatives. The question to be answered today is are families happier now than they were back in the days. First let us define happiness or happy. Happy is an emotion that comes from within a person; that can be altered by your circumstances, genetic or intentionally. Family and happiness is two of the most powerful elements one needs to be successful in life. Family and happiness shapes and mode us into our individuality that defines us as good citizens of America. Without the two working hand and hand life struggles becomes unbearable at times. Family is not always defined as a parent and child but, can be defined as a group of people that love each other with no restraints. In other words circumstance is defined as different situations that one may go through whether it be good or bad that cannot be control by one’s ability. For example divorce is a division in a family structure that leave one or more parties involved in an unhappy situation that can ultimately leave the family unhappy. Now a days, it seems so often that divorce has become a normality thing...
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...According to Merriam-Webster, trauma is defined as a serious injury or wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent; a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional disturbances, usually for an extended period of time. There are many types of trauma that can affect a child’s development, specifically neural development. One pervasive form of trauma to children is Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a simple descriptive for a disturbing cluster of subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhage, traction type metaphyseal fractures, and retinal hemorrhage seen in children due to the act of violently shaking the child (Miehl, 2005). Shaken Baby Syndrome us an extremely vicious act of abuse that can result in numerous neurological, cognitive, and functional disabilities and deficits. In more severe cases, death is the result of Shaken Baby Syndrome. While there are many obvious and immediate symptoms of Shaken Baby Syndrome such as vomiting, lethargy, respiratory distress, seizure activity, decreased consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, and retinal hemorrhage; there are as many if not more permanent and long range ramifications (Miehl, 2005). Traumatic brain injuries that occur when the brain of the child is severely shaken inside the cranial cavity cause irreparable damage. Survivors of Shaken Baby Syndrome possess some degree of neurological and/or cognitive deficiency and exhibit seizure disorders, cerebral...
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