...During World War Two, Penicillin became widely available; it was considered a miracle in medicine in the way it defeated deaths by infected wounds, which during the war, was considered the biggest killer (Lewis 1). Just four years after the mass-production of penicillin, new bacteria arose that could resist the antibiotic, thus posing a renewed threat to the world’s population. Ever since the establishment of antibiotics, new “superbugs” have appeared that for years have challenged scientists to keep up with specialized medications to defeat and prevent these intrusive foes. Although most scientists have been effective in their research, newer, and stronger strains of super bacteria continue to appear. Many experts have concluded that the misuse of antibiotics is the main factor for the growth of this naturally occurring phenomenon. Due to incorrect prescriptions, poor drug quality and supply, and user non-compliance, antibiotic resistant bacteria have grown significantly in numbers, and now pose as a major threat to the global population. As humans, we tend to put our trust and our entire lives at the hands of our medical experts. Healthcare is one of the most expensive services in this country, so why should someone have to worry about contracting a superbug infection? Presently, there are many types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, but the six most common make up the acronym ESKAPE: which are Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter...
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...Antibiotic resistance — what is it and why is it a problem? The development of antibiotics was one of the most important advances of medicine. Many bacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis and infected wounds) that had previously had no effective treatment and often killed people, became treatable with antibiotics, saving millions of lives. Now, because of the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, bacterial infections that were once easily cured with antibiotics are becoming harder to treat. This is due to antibiotic resistance. The World Health Organization has called this one of the biggest threats to human health today. What is antibiotic resistance? Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria change to protect themselves from an antibiotic. They are then no longer sensitive to that antibiotic. When this happens, antibiotics that previously would have killed the bacteria, or stopped them from multiplying, no longer work. What are ‘superbugs’? ‘Superbugs’ are bacteria that are resistant to several different antibiotics. The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria commonly found in hospitals, and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), are now very hard to treat because of antibiotic resistance. Strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) — the bacteria that causes many urinary tract infections — have also developed resistance to a number of antibiotics. How does antibiotic resistance affect me? Using antibiotics when you don’t...
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...meaning they can transfer an active bacteria to another without knowing it or being sick themselves. The number of cases of Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus has excessively increased in recent years. This being especially applicable to people with inserted pacemakers and other implanted biomaterials. Obtaining successful antibiotics for this extremely aggressive organism has been further more troublesome by the international spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. The new development of vancomycin- resistance among this bacteria is not alarming considering the metabolic adaptability of the Staphylococci aureus and the chronic overuse of antimicrobial drugs. Although at this present time vancomycin is...
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...Antibiotic Resistance Xzaviette Hill BIO/101 November 3, 2014 The first antibiotic was developed by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Since then, antibiotics have revolutionized the medical field. They were so revolutionary that many proclaimed them as a “wonder drug.” Many illnesses that were considered incurable became easily cured. So, what is an antibiotic? Well, an antibiotic is a medicine that can kill, or inhibit the growth or reproduction of, microorganisms. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections alone; they have no effect on viral or fungal infections. The 1930’s marked the beginning of the antibiotic revolution. Since then, antibiotics have been used to fight off various bacterial diseases including, pneumonia, tuberculosis, leprosy, and typhus. These diseases can be fatal. Typhus alone has a mortality rate of 70% when left untreated. Yes, antibiotics have saved many lives. Nonetheless, antibiotics are by no means infallible. In recent years, a new problem has manifested; some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics. Doctors have discovered that over-prescription contributes to the evolution of antibiotic- resistant bacteria. Over- prescription is the excessive prescription of a medication. Antibiotic over- prescription occurs when physicians prescribe antibiotics for small infections that the body could have otherwise fought off itself or for viral and fungal infections that, as I stated before, can’t be treated with antibiotics. The issue of over-...
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...The term resistance to change simply means that individuals are set in his or her ways and often don’t want to modify his or her routing. However, this change resistance doesn’t just occur when individuals who like their jobs are asked to make a change. Resistance even happens when individuals are chronically upset with their working conditions. For them, the known evil is preferable to the unknown. For anyone to resist a change, there obviously has to be a change. These new conditions are the events that occur around us every day. And these events, big or small, good or bad, invariably lead to some result. However, it is important to distinguish between the symptoms of resistance to change, and the causes behind it. These behaviors fall into two categories -- active-resistance or passive-resistance. Symptoms of active resistance occur where individuals are taking specific and deliberate action to resist the change. It may be overt, with such as public statements and acts of resistance, and it may be covert, such as mobilizing others to create an underground resistance movement. Overt active resistance, although potentially damaging, is at least visible and you have the option of using formal disciplinary actions (although more positive methods should normally be used first). When it is covert, you may also need to use to covert methods to identify the source and hence take appropriate action Passive resistance occurs where people do not take specific actions. At meetings...
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...environment includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly on temperatues and precipitation. Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it is likely that there are some bacteria that carry genes which allow them to survive or resist antibiotics, because these genes allow them to survive they are likely to reproduce, more likely to reproduce with other bacteria of their species with the same gene that allows resistance to the antibiotic. This means that more of their offspring will also carry those genes and again reproduce and continue to...
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...Antibiotic Resistance Essay Many things were learned while completing this study. I learned that education is one of the keys to reducing the amount of antibiotic resistance. Educating parents who insist on getting antibiotics for every sniffle on the danger of over medicating with antibiotics might help. Educating the general public via infomercials might also help them realize the dangers as well? Doctors need to stand their ground and take back the ground they have lost over the years. Realize it is okay to tell a parent in a kind way, “I am the doctor this is what I know is best for your child or for you.” It would be a good thing to cut back on the ability to get prescription drugs without a prescription. It is too easy to get on the computer and purchase drugs from overseas pharmacies. Make the penalty for doing this like the penalty for illegal substances. If enough people are punished they will decrease maybe. Some would have you believe the government does not control this problem as it is a way of population control, and if one is stupid enough to buy drugs without a prescription then the consequences are deserved. Ignorance is not an excuse. Although the conspiracy theorists are out there what is the truth? We may never know but as long as one does what they are supposed to there is no need to worry. It seems the FDA is already aware of the use of antibacterial soaps as a problem and they seem to be already addressing it but not allowing big name...
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...includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly on temperatues and precipitation. Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it is likely that there are some bacteria that carry genes which allow them to survive or resist antibiotics, because these genes allow them to survive they are likely to reproduce, more likely to reproduce with other bacteria of their species with the same gene that allows resistance to the antibiotic. This means that more of their offspring will also carry those genes and again reproduce and...
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...Series Resistance Starters Construction and Operation In this method, resistors are temporarily placed in series with the motor windings during startup. A voltage drop is created across the series resistors during startup, resulting in a lower starting voltage applied to the motor’s terminals. Once the motor has accelerated to normal operational speeds, the resistors may be “removed” and the motor allowed to operate under normal conditions. At startup, the start contacts are closed, forcing the starting currents to flow through the series resistors. Once the motor has been allowed sufficient time to accelerate, the run contacts are closed, thus bypassing the resistors. A timer may be utilized within the control circuit to allow the motor to transition from “start” to “run” operation automatically. Applications 1. Usually on low voltage (less than 600 v). 2. Where current reduction requirements are low, or where load torque during acceleration is minimal. 3. Not often used with large motors because of the high heat loss in the resistors. 4. May be used for full acceleration or for system voltage recovery. Advantages 1. reduced heat loss 2. greater ease of start 3. (If correctly designed and constructed), this method will cause the motor to accelerate the load to almost full speed with the resistors in circuit before they are bridged out. Disadvantages 1. The resistors must be cooled in between starts because of the heat build up in the resistors during start...
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...Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics Names: A. Objectives *Study the effects of various antibiotics on the growth of bacteria, Escherichia coli (E. coli) *Learn how to culture bacteria in vitro (in the laboratory) *Connect genetics to evolution to the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics B. Materials *Agar dextrose growth medium; bacterial starter colony plate; 18 culture plates with growth medium; disposable sterile inoculating loops; disposable sterile microtainers, disposable sterile pipets; culture fluid, forceps, ampicillin disks, bacitracin disks, novobiacin disk, and tetracycline disks C. Procedure 1) Obtain one culture plate, with growth medium, per group of two. Divide the bottom plate into 3 pie-shapes. Mark which areas will contain which two of the four antibiotics. One area is the control or no antibiotic. 2) Add 0.25 ml of culture fluid to a microtainer 3) Using a sterile inoculating loop, obtain a small colony of bacteria from the starter plate and swirl the loop in the culture fluid to remove bacteria from the loop 4) Transfer the bacteria suspended in fluid to the culture plate and using a clean inoculating loop, gentle spread the bacteria across the agar growth medium. 5) Using forceps, add the antibiotic disk to the appropriate section of the plate. 6) Cover and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius. D. Results: Attached to back. E. Discussion: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has increased over time because of genetics and...
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...How does antimicrobial resistance happen? What is the process? Antibiotic resistance happens when an antibiotic has lost its capacity to control successfully or eliminate bacterial development; as it were, the microbes are "safe" and keep on increasing near significant levels of an antibiotic. Some microscopic organisms are normally impervious to specific sorts of antibiotics. Then again, bacteria may also get to be safe in two routes: 1) by a genetic transformation or 2) by procuring resistance from another bacterium. Mutations, once in a while certain changes of the bacteria's genetic material, are contemplated over a million cells. Distinctive genetic changes yield diverse sorts of resistance. A few transformations empower the bacteria to deliver strong chemicals (compounds) that inactivate anti-infection agents while different changes kill the cell focus on that the antibiotic assaults. Still others close up the passage ports that permit antimicrobials into the cell, and others are assembling pumping systems that far the anti-microbial back outside, so it never achieves its objective....
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...to discuss your son’s MRSA infection. MRSA stands for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. What that means is that the antibiotic, methicillin, which is normally used to kill this particular bacteria, doesn’t work. If you have ever heard the old adage “What doesn’t kill you, makes you stronger”, this is exactly how this “super bug” came to be. Due to the overuse of antibiotics over the last few decades the staph bug has learned how to beat the drugs we use to kill it. The bacteria is exposed to just enough medication to “wound” it or make it uncomfortable in its surroundings, but isn’t killed (Seppa, 2014). Similar to how vaccines work on our immune system, the exposure is enough to allow the bacteria to develop a resistance. This resistance is then passed on to the bacteria’s offspring and even other bacteria species (McKenna 2011) making infections harder to control. What we will do is take a sample of the bacteria that your son is carrying and run some lab tests to find out what this particular strain is sensitive to; in the mean time we will start him on an antibiotic to get the ball rolling. Depending on the results of the lab work we may continue this medication or we may change it to something more effective for his particular strain. It is imperative your son complete his full regimen of antibiotics because not doing so could lead to an even more serious infection that may be even harder to treat. Your son will also be placed under what we call “contact...
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...Peaceful resistance to laws for the benefit of the greater good have a positive impact on free society. Even in a democracy, when necessary, peaceful resistance holds the government accountable. Sometimes laws are legally right but morally wrong. Yet, the government appears stronger than individuals, and peaceful resistance is the only way to restore the balance of power to achieve social justice. While it is a not always successful in accomplishing its initial goal, peaceful resistance draws attention to the issue, changes the hearts and minds of others, and potentially creates a real change in the long-term. Civil disobedience is a not a recent concept, since it has been used throughout history, from the Plebeians protest at the Sacred...
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...Without peaceful resistance, there is no social change. Without social change, society remains constant. Peaceful protest most definitely is a necessity for change within a free society. Ultimately, without protest a society can not truly be free. Peaceful resistance allows people to stand for their beliefs. The best example of this event comes from Mahatma Gandhi's peaceful resistance allowing him to make a difference without violence. Gandhi's view of civil disobedience showed that it was the purest form of constitutional agitation. He began the protest of British rule in India. When the British arrived in India, the began to collect sea salt from the sea close to India. If the Indian citizens wanted salt, they had to purchase it from the British and pay the high tax. After Gandhi heard of this news, he began peacefully protesting. His mass case of civil disobedience, which consisted of he and his followers marching and protesting on the British bay resulted in his arresting, yet the Satyagraha continued and the British rule was eventually removed. Gandhi stood for what he knew was right, however used peace to bring forth the change he desired....
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...Introduction An antibiotic is one of wonderful and vital discoveries of 20th century which was first proposed by Selman Waksman. Although being astonishing discovery, the real wonder is rise of antibiotic resistance in communities, environment and hospitals with their extensive use. The outstanding microbe’s genetic capacities have gained a lot of benefit from overuse of antibiotics by human being which has let to exploitation of every resistance source of genes and every horizontal gene transmission means for development of various resistance mechanisms for each and every antibiotic that has been introduced agriculturally, clinically or otherwise in practice. The underlying paper discusses antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, background of...
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