...Introduction . . . . . . 95 • Activity 1: Structures of the Respiratory System 96 • Activity 2: Measuring Respiration . . . 96 • Activity 3: Film: “Deadly Ascent” . . . 100 [pic] Introduction The organs of the respiratory system include the nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, respiratory tree, and lungs. They function to transport air to the air sacs of the lungs (the alveoli) where gas exchange occurs. The process of transporting and exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the body cells is respiration. The process of taking in air is known as inspiration, while the process of blowing out air is called expiration. A respiratory cycle consists of one inspiration and one expiration. The point of respiration is to allow you to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide, and regulate the blood’s pH level. Respiration rate (breaths per minute) and depth (volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath) varies due to changes in blood chemistry that are monitored by the brain. For example, when you exercise, demand for oxygen increases because the cells require more ATP. In turn, more carbon dioxide is produced by cells and diffuses to the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide leads to a decrease in pH, causing the blood to be more acidic. The brain is especially sensitive to pH levels; as pH levels in the blood fall, the brain stimulates more rapid breathing and deeper breathing. The effect is to draw more air into the lungs...
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...Intro: Vital signs are a fundamental component of nursing care and indicate the body’s ability to maintain blood flow, regulate temperature and regulate oxygenate the body tissue. Taking vital signs are essential in revealing any sudden changes in the body, which could potentially indicate clinical deterioration of the patient. As a first year student I was assigned to take a patients vital sighs while my peer videoed it. Throughout the video blood pressure, pulse, respirations, and temperature was recorded to check if everything was in normal range, while ensuring a comfortable environment, and communicating with the patient to build trust and confidence in my ability to make an accurate assessment and judgement on the results of her vital signs results. Para 1: hand wash Prior to taking the vital signs, I demonstrated and explained how to theorectically wash your hand and dry them, this was a social hand wash lasting between 15 – 30 seconds (Tollefson, 2010). A social hand wash- The removal of any jewellery is essential before undertaking Hand hygiene and wash and must occur * before and after shifts, * between patients, and when * dealing with any bodily fluids. The social hand wash ensures the prevention of cross contamination between both patients/ staff and the increase of bacteria dispersing from one patient to another. Para 2: blood pressure I made sure that the environment was comfortable for the patient. Providing a clean quiet area for Catherine...
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...Know the body’s response to acute exercise Grading criteria – P1, M1 Musculoskeletal response to exercise Your skeletal system responds to acute exercise just like your muscles. High intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of bone loss. Regular exercise may provide long-term benefits, especially for skeletal systems in children and young adults. http://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/ Your skeletal system responds to exercise by taking in more calcium. Osteoblasts are cells that bring calcium into bones, they slow down and transport less calcium from your blood to your bones during inactivity, but when exercising it has the opposite effect and increases osteoblastic activity. Exercise that require force through a particular bone strengthens that bone. Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. During exercise oxygen is diffused into the muscles from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased oxygen concentration in the muscles. Exercise helps you increase the density and strength of your bones this enables us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance, which helps to prevent falls and related fractures later in life. Muscles and tendons becomes more pliable when they are warm, this helps reduce the risk of injury, and this is because during acute exercise the muscles contract quicker. These fast muscle contractions generate heat, which makes the muscles more pliable this increases...
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...Cardiovascular Responses to Posture and Hydrostatic Pressure Answer to Question# 1: The systolic blood pressure measurement using the auscultation method would be closer to the true value than palpation method. It is due to the use of stethoscope to measure blood pressure in the auscultation method, which is far sensitive than using fingers in the palpation method (i.e. due to her chances of human error during sensing the beats). With it, the auscultation method has the apparatus set parallel to the heart; hence pressure measurements taken are expected to similar to that of the heart and more accurate. Answer to Question# 2: Systolic Pressure – the physiological determinant is the ‘cardiac output’. According to following equation: Cardiac...
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...understand how both systems interact requires fundamental knowledge of how each system functions independently. The cardiovascular system is made up of blood, the heart and blood vessels which are divided into arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. (www.livestrong.com, 2013) Blood is a thick, red, slightly alkaline fluid and has 3 general functions; transportation, regulation and protection. There are 3 types of blood cell- red cells, white cells and platelets. Red blood cells transports oxygen in a pigment called haemoglobin, from the lungs which have, by pulmonary gas exchange, diffused into the cells and carbon dioxide from the body tissue back to the lungs for exhalation, this system of exchange is called, external respiration. Blood helps regulate Ph, the body’s temperature and the water content of the cells, it also provides protection by its ability to clot and carries antibodies which help protect against disease. (Tortora & Derrickson, 2011) The heart is the pump which circulates the blood around the body, called pulmonary circulation. The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs through arteries, arterioles and capillaries which then diffuses into body tissues by means of capillary exchange. This system is called internal respiration. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood (carbon dioxide) from the body tissue, again by capillary exchange via capillaries, venules and veins back to the...
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...Group 3 Respiratory System * Consists of organs responsible for carrying oxygen from the air to the bloodstream and for expelling the waste product carbon dioxide. * Air passes from the nose or mouth via various respiratory passages, to millions of balloons like sacs, the alveoli in the lungs. Respiration -term for the processes by which oxygen reaches body cells and is utilized by them in metabolism bywhich carbon dioxide is eliminated. Parts of the Respiratory System * Nose-The uppermost part of the respiratory tract bearing the nostrils, the outer opening for entrance of air and the organ of smell. Functions of the Nose: * Organ of Smell * Protecting the Lungs * It is also a resonator Parts of the Nose: * Nasal Septum- is the central partition inside the nose that divides it into two cavities, the right and left passages called fossae. * Nasal Cavity- a sticky mucous membrane lines the nasal cavity and traps dust particles. * Nose Hairs- hairs at the entrance to the nose trap the large inhaled particles. * Internal Nares- posterior opening connected to the pharynx. * Facial Sinuses- these are air spaces in the bones of the skull which communicate with nasal cavities and make it lighter. * Sinusitis- the inflammation of the membrane lining the facial sinuses caused by infection. * Rhinoplasty- an operation that alters the structure of the nose to improve its appearance or to correct a deformity caused...
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...confirm feedback on treatments performed. Specifically, vital signs measure the body's most basic functions. The four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the pulse rate, respiration rate (rate of breathing), blood pressure, and the body temperature. The pulse rate is the number of times that your heart beats in one minute. As the heart pushes blood through the arteries, the arteries expand and contract with the flow of the blood. A healthy pulse rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute, however the pulse rate may fluctuate and increase with exercise, injury, or illness. The pulse can be found on the side of the neck (carotid artery), the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), or at the wrist (radial artery). For most people, it is easiest to take the pulse at the radial artery, and the carotid following. To find the pulse rate, use the pointer and middle fingers, press firmly but gently on the arteries until you feel a pulse. Count the beats for 60 seconds, or for 30 seconds and multiply by 2....
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...you were to need any life saving measures of using blood products, then I would inform the client/patient to sign on this dotted line and so on. The patient signed to receive life saving measures. The patient was not on any medications currently. The patient refused to let students place IV’s, so I watched Mikayla place the IV and one thing I learned from her is that she will feel around the vein, if she doesn’t hit the vein straight on, and she will find a way to hook the vein with the needle (fish-hook the vein). She was successful on the first try. Patient’s have the right to refuse care from students, but the patient was still willing to allow me to help in other ways. I don’t...
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...The Reid Polygraph In 1945, John E. Reid of Reid and Associates in Chicago, Illinois developed what he called the “Reid Polygraph.” Besides recording blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and GSR, this new polygraph instrument recorded muscular activity in the forearms, thighs, and feet. These muscular movements were picked up from metal bellows under the arms and seat of the polygraph chair. This instrument was the first instrument to use a movement sensor to detect subject movement during the examination. The examiner in this picture is John E. Reid. It was manufactured by the C.H. Stoelting Company and was available only to examiners who were trained by John E. Reid and Associates. KEELER POLYGRAPH MODEL 6338 The 'Keeler Polygraph' Model 6338 shown here was the first 'Plethysmic Polygraph' manufactured by 'Associated Research' of Chicago, Illinois in the early 1950's. This instrument is the first in the 'Pacesetter Series' which incorporated for the first time a integral photo/optical plethysmograph. The Model 6338 was introduced as a four channel instrument, which recorded simultaneously changes in relative blood pressure, heart rate, pulse wave amplitude, blood volume, oxygenation of the blood, respiration and electrical skin resistance. These reading are obtained by utilizing electronic and pneumatic monitoring. The 6338 required a 115 volt AC current. It weighs twenty-four pounds and is 18" x 11" x 6". The 6338 incorporated newly designed printed circuits...
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...THE NEW ENGLAND CENTER FOR THEADVANCEMENT OF PARANORMAL SCIENCE | HUMAN ENERGY EMMISSIONS STUDY PHASE 1 - 3 Subject: Fei Wang (Chinese, Passport No.:E01774100) DOB: October 24, 1982 Abstract: On October 6th 2013 Mr. Fei Wang (Chinese, Passport No.:E01774100) contacted the NECAPS team claiming to have the ability to emit an unidentified energy from his right hand. His primary goal was to gain a better understanding of the phenomena and effectively document the effects. Mr. Wang claimed the energy he emits can be physically felt by volunteers willing to be subjected to its output. He also claims that those individuals who practice meditation have an increased potential to feel the energy and, according to Mr. Wang, 30% of all individuals in groups as large as 15 or better are able to experience this phenomena. Additionally, under certain quiet conditions, he may be able to pinpoint and relieve certain areas of pain felt in the volunteers. Our goal is to truly find a definitive answer as to whether Mr. Wang indeed possesses the ability he claims. It is our hypothesis that these effects may be caused by a suggestive or placebo-like effect. Blind tests with multiple volunteers will confirm or rule out this hypothesis. Procedure Phase 1 Performed: 19th Oct 2013 The experimentation with Mr. Wang was to be divided into multiple phases; the first of which was a preliminary interview and demonstration at a private meeting room in the Copley Square/Weston Hotel Boston...
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...reported muscle tension and rated pain a 4 before back massage; reported muscle relaxation and rated pain a 2 after back massage. Skin is moist, pink, and intact with no bruises, swelling, or redness. After back massage, patient’s respirations decreased from 20 to 16 per minute and pulse decreased from 78 to 70 beats per minute. (Back Massage) Complete bed bath given. Patient unable to assist but cooperative with turning. Skin on both legs dry and flaking, complains of severe itching. Bath oil added to bath water. Emollient lotion applied after bath. States itching is less after bath. (Complete or Partial Bed Bath) Perineal care given. Patient unable to assist but cooperative with positioning. No redness, drainage, or open areas noted. Patient complained of mild itching before perineal care. Patient reports reduced itching after perineal care. (Perineal care for Female Pt) Perineal care given. Patient unable to assist but cooperative with positioning. External genitalia show no signs of redness, swelling, or drainage. Indwelling catheter is intact and draining clear amber urine. Patient denies pain but states that he feels “very weak.” (Perineal care for a male Pt) Last BM 5 days ago. C/O abdominal fullness and rectal pressure. Abdomen distended, firm. 1,000-ml soap suds enema given with “mild” abdominal cramping during administration. Solution returned with large amount of dark-brown, soft-formed stool. (Cleansing Edema) States, “I feel better now.” Abdomen...
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...muscles more oxygen. (Important principal: Just because oxygen goes up does not mean carbon dioxide goes up) 2. Describe a situation and stimulus that would cause you to increase your respiration that is to hyperventilate. -Exercise will cause to hyperventilate. CO2 increases and this is the primary O2 drive. There are central and peripheral chemoreceptors that respond to CO2. The pH goes down. H+ ions increases. The signal then goes to brain. But what part? The medulla. 3. What kind of muscles are responsible for respiration? -Diaphragm which are smooth muscles and voluntary muscles. Does the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system play a role in respiration? Yes, the fight or flight. It is mediated through the hypothalamus. 4. What autonomic nerve innervates the lungs? -Vagus, which is a sympathetic cranial nerve. It doesn’t control the muscles so what does it do? It is responsible for sending irritants and is a afferent part of respiration. 5. Boyle’s law is an important aspect of respiration and describe how it relates to it. -Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional. If the volume increase the pressure decrease and vice versa. It is directly related to ventilation. Volume changes first because of muscle contraction and then the pressure changes. 6. What...
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...Which of the following people would be most severely affected by prolonged vomiting? a. 3-year-old male b. 15-year-old male c. 35-year-old male d. 35-year-old female e. 50-year-old male 3-year-old male Extracellular fluid has a higher sodium content than intracellular fluid. The predominant intracellular cation is potassium. The predominant extracellular cation is sodium Which of the following fluid compartments contains the largest volume of water? a. plasma b. interstitial compartment c. intracellular compartment d. extracellular compartment e. lymph intracellular compartment Water moves back and forth across the plasma membrane by the process of osmosis One difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid is that the plasma has significantly more _____ than interstitial fluid. protein The distribution of sodium and potassium ions between intracellular and extracellular compartments is a. potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular. b. sodium mainly intracellular; potassium mainly in extracellular. c. little of either intracellular but large amounts of both extracellular. d. equal amounts of both ions, in both intracellular and extracellular fluids. e. none of the above potassium mainly intracellular; sodium mainly in extracellular. Which of the following individuals would have the largest percentage of their bodyweight as water? a. a small 7-year-old female b. a lean 35-year-old male athlete c...
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...affected by martial arts. The cardiovascular system composes of blood, the heart, the lungs, veins, arteries and all other blood vessels. Its primary function is to pump oxygenated blood and all its nutrients around the body to the muscles and organs that need it, and in turn transport deoxygenated blood and any waste products, that have been used by the body, back to the lungs to be excreted. The cardiovascular system is also used by the body’s other systems to act as transport via the blood for hormones, water and electrolytes (charged atoms) and it is a thermoregulatory system; relaying information about the body’s core temperature back to the brain. The Blood Blood is a solution that travels around the body in blood vessels. It is made of a mixture of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma, electrolytes, proteins and other molecules essential for the bodily functions. Plasma consists of mostly water, with some glucose and other proteins. Red blood cells are the most abundant cell in the human body. Their function is to carry oxygen, which attaches to hemoglobin in the cell. This oxygen is then transported around the body and offloaded where it is needed most. Carbon dioxide, the waste product of respiration, is transported in the blood, but instead of binding to the red blood cells it is dissolved as a bicarbonate ion in the blood plasma. Platelets are used for the clotting of blood and white blood cells are immune response cells that attack and remove pathogens...
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...cartilage and cricoid cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Vocal cords including gender differences 7. List and describe several protective mechanisms and homeostatic imbalances of the respiratory system. 8. Describe the trachea and the bronchial tree 9. Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures. 10. Describe the makeup of the respiratory 11. membrane, and relate structure to function. 12. Describe the gross structure of the lungs and pleurae both parietal and visceral. 13. Describe the structure and function of the alveolus 14. explain the role of surfactant in alveolar function 15. Explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space. 16. Identify the value for atmospheric pressure at sea level. 17. Relate Boyle’s law to the events of inspiration and expiration. 18. Define: Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve volume Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Vital capacity Total lung capacity Apply these terms to graphs 19. Explain the relative roles of the respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in producing the volume changes that cause air to flow into and out of the lungs. 20. List several physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation. 21. Explain and compare the various lung volumes and capacities. 22....
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