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Respiratory Diseases

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What is the mechanism that Bordetella pertussis uses to invade epithelial cells in the lungs?
The bacteria, Bordetella pertussis causes cough which becomes serious cough as the bacteria stays in the upper respiratory track and releases toxins which lead to the inflammation. The lungs consist of the Epithelial cell lining which is invaded by this bacteria. There are two stages for this disease the first stage is the colonization of the bacteria in the upper respiratory track. And the second stage is known as toxemic stage. During the first stage fever, cough is observed and during the toxemic stage there will be prolonged cough. We need to identify in the first stage itself as the medication will be working but the medication will not be working in the second stage. Why does this Gram-negative bacteria cause the characteristic cough that it does?
Dry cough and sore throat are the common symptoms which are seen with Gram- negative bacteria. Cough lasts for almost 7-10 days. The Gram negative bacteria enters in to the respiratory track and involves in production of mucous and this results in the excess mucous production due to which cough effects the patient. Respiratory track is blocked by this mucous which leads to the breathing hard and whopping sound is also observed while coughing.

Why is infant mortality high?
All age groups might be affected with the disease; infants are at the high risk. As vaccination is not done infant mortality rate is high. Booster vaccines must be taken as immunity is decreased by time which lasts for only twelve years. Thus parents or care takers who look after the children should be immunised.

Based on the article from PBS, what does this suggest regarding the evolution (selection) of Bordetella pertussis strains? Should we expect our current treatments (antimicrobials) to continue working as well as they have in the past?
According to the article new strains are not so effective to treat the disease.so, it is better to accept the current practicing treatments for the disease .All the age groups are advised to take T dap vaccines to prevent the disease. special groups like children, aged persons are advised to take booster doses as they are likely to be effected by the disease. This disease spreads through cough and sneezes .Immunity protects the person only up to 12 years.

References Bentley, J., Pinfield, J., & Rouse, J. (2013). Whooping cough: identification, assessment and management. Nursing Standard, 28(11), 50-57. Hegerle, N., &Guiso, N. (2013). Epidemiology of whooping cough & typing of Bordetella pertussis. Future microbiology, 8(11), 1391-1403. Spector, T. B., &Maziarz, E. K. (2013). Pertussis. Medical Clinics of North America, 97(4), 537-552.

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